Economic importance and Phenological description of maize

Phenology is the qualitative and quantitative description of a plant’s life cycle from seed to seed.

1. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND PHENOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF MAIZE ( Zea mays L.) Malik Ghulam Asghar Department of Agronomy Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan

2. INTRODUCTION

3. Introduction Scientific name : Zea mays L . Family : Poaceae ( Gramineae ) Zea is an ancient Greek word which means “ sustaining life ” Mays is a word from Taino language meaning “ life giver ” (Kumar & Jhariya , 2013)

4. Introduction Chemical composition of maize kernel Moisture contents 12.2% Carbohydrate 75.9% Ash (Minerals) 1.2% Protein 5.8% Crude fibre 0.8% Ether 4.1 % ( Shah, et al., 2015; Cortez et al., 1972)

5. Maize status in Pakistan (GOP, 2018)

6. Maize status in World ( USDA, 2018; Anon, 2018 )

7. Maize status in World ( USDA, 2018; Anon, 2018 )

8. Economic Importance Maize is a good source of: Carbohydrates Vitamins Minerals D ietary fiber ( Rouf , et al., 2016 ) Maize is cultivated for fodder and grain purposes.

9. Economic Importance Maize fodder Green plants are chopped and feed to animals as fresh or silage. ( Indriani , et al., 2015 )

10. Economic Importance Maize grain Corn syrup (cosmetics, edible products) Corn starch (thickener, bio-degradable plastic) Corn oil (used in cooking, margarine) Glue (used in industries) Ethanol (used as solvent in varnish and paints ) ( Gwirtz , et al., 2014)

11. Phenology “Phenology is the qualitative and quantitative description of a plant’s life cycle from seed to seed.”

12. Qualitative description Development It includes division of plant life cycle into distinct stages, such as, Emergence Seedling development Tasseling Silking Maturity Quantitative description Growth It includes rate of dry matter accumulation, it can be assessed by: LAI LAD TDM CGR NAR Phenology Phenology of plant can be described in two aspects.

13. MATERIALS AND METHODS

14. To study phenological development and growth analysis of maize ( Zea mays L.) an experiment was conducted at Research area of Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan . Materials and Methods

15. Field Preparation Field was ploughed three times with cultivator followed by planking. Materials and Methods

16. Field Preparation Materials and Methods

17. Field Preparation Materials and Methods

18. Field Preparation Materials and Methods

19. Sowing P X P = 9.0 inches 0.75 feet 22.5 cm R X R = 30 inches 2.50 feet 75.0 cm Materials and Methods

20. Development parameters (Qualitative) Observation of following phenological stages according to calendar days: Emergence Tasseling Silking Maturity Parameters studied

21. Growth Parameters (Quantitative) Leaf area index (LAI) Leaf area duration (days) Total dry matter (g m -2 ) Crop growth rate (g m -2 day -1 ) Net assimilation rate (g m -2 day -1 ) Parameters studied

22. Allometric Parameters Plant height (cm) Root length (cm) Number of leaves Shoot fresh weight (g) Shoot dry weight (g) Root fresh weight (g) Root dry weight (g) Parameters studied

23. Leaf area index (LAI) Leaf area was measured manually with interval of 15 days. One plant was harvested, all leaf were removed from plant. Weight of one leaf was taken, then its length was recorded, width was taken from top, mid and bottom then averaged. Leaf area = Length ✕ mean width (cm 2 ) Leaf area index was calculated by the following formula: Leaf area index =   Procedure to record parameters (Hunt, 1978)

24. Leaf area duration (days) Leaf area was calculated by the formula given below: LAD = ✕ (T 2 – T 1 ) where, LAI 1 = leaf area index at T 1 LAI 2 = leaf area index at T 2 T 1 = time of first observation T 2 = time of second observation   Procedure to record parameters (Hunt, 1978)

25. Crop growth rate (g m -2 day -1 ) Crop growth rate is dry weight accumulated per unit land area per unit time. CGR = (g m -2 day -1 ) where , W 2 = total dry weight at T 2 W 1 = total dry weight at T 1 T 1 = time of first observation T 2 = time of second observation   Procedure to record parameters (Hunt, 1978)

26. Net assimilation rate (g m -2 day -1 ) Net assimilation rate was determined by the formula given below: NAR = (g m -2 day -1 ) where, TDM = total dry matter LAD = leaf area duration   Procedure to record parameters (Hunt, 1978)

27. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

28. Phenological description Germination Maize seeds are monocotyledons. Mode of germination was hypogeal.

29. Phenological description Leaf structure and orientation Maize leaves are long with parallel leaf venation. Number of leaves vary from 8 to 20.

30. Phenological description

31. Phenological description Root system Maize has profusely branched, fine root system. Root can go deeper up to 1.5 meters.

32. Phenological description Emergence phase Emergence of maize completed in 7 DAS.

33. Phenological description Vegetative development phase 3 rd leaf stage 15 DAS 6 th leaf stage 28 DAS 8 th leaf stage 39 DAS

34. Phenological description Tasseling Tassel is male inflorescence, present on top of plant. Tassel emerged 62 – 67 DAS.

35. Phenological description Silking Ear is female inflorescence, present in between of leaves. Silking occurred 65 – 72 DAS.

36. Phenological description Milking phase It occurred 90 DAS. Dough phase It occurred 100 DAS. Dent phase It occurred 110 DAS .

37. Results and discussion

38. Results and discussion

39. Results and discussion

40. Results and discussion

41. Results and discussion

42. Results and discussion

43. Results and discussion

44. Dry sample of maize stem Dry sample of maize leaves Results and discussion

45. References Anonymous, 2018. www.indexmundi.com [Accessed: 10 July, 2018] CortÚz , A., Wild- Altamirano , CB, Braham, JE and BÚhar , M., 1972 . Contribution to the technology of corn flour. Nutritional improvement of corn . Institute of Nutrition of Centro AmÚrica y Panamá , Guatemala (Guatemala) AID, Washington (USA) GOP, 2018. Economic survey of Pakistan. Economic Advisor’s Wing, Finance Division, Islamabad. Gwirtz , J.A. and Garcia‐ Casal , M.N., 2014. Processing maize flour and corn meal food products. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , 1312(1), pp.66-75. Han, J.J., Jackson, D. and Martienssen , R., 2012. Pod corn is caused by rearrangement at the Tunicate1 locus. The Plant Cell, pp.tpc-112. Hunt, R., 1978. Growth analysis of individual plants. Plant Growth Analysis. Indriani , N. P.; Yuwariah , Y.; Rochana , A.; Djuned , H., 2015. Effect of intercropping between corn (Zea mays) and peanut ( Arachis hypogaea ) with arbuscular mycorrhizal ( amf ) on the yield and forage mineral content. Pak. J. Nutr., 14 (6): 362-365

46. References Kumar , D. and Jhariya , A.N., 2013. Nutritional, medicinal and economical importance of corn: A mini review. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ISSN, 2319 (2), pp. 7-8. Linda Campbell Franklin , "Corn," in Andrew F. Smith (ed.),  The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013 (pp. 551–558), p. 553. Rouf Shah, T., Prasad, K. and Kumar, P., 2016. Maize—A potential source of human nutrition and health: A review. Cogent Food & Agriculture , 2(1), p.1166995. Shah, T.R., Prasad, K. and Kumar, P., 2015. Studies on physicochemical and functional characteristics of asparagus bean flour and maize flour . In Conceptual frame work & innovations in agroecology and food sciences (pp. 103-105). New Delhi: Krishi Sanskriti Publications . [Accessed: 10 July, 2018] USDA , F., 2018. World agricultural production. United States Department of Agriculture. [Accessed: 10 July, 2018]

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