ED 111 - DEMO REPORTING For Review ACT.pptx

Child and Adolescent Reviewer

1. ED 111 : THE CHILD AND ADOLESCENT LEARNERS AND LEARNING PRINCIPLES

2. COURSE DESCRIPTION This course   deals with the study of the patterns of human development especially focusing on the cognitive, biological, social, moral and emotional development of the child and adolescent learners . It focuses on child and adolescent development with emphasis on current research and theory on biological, linguistic, cognitive, social and emotional dimensions of development. Further, this includes factors that affect the progress of development of the learners and shall include appropriate pedagogical principles applicable for each developmental level.

3. SPACE RACE How to Play: - Make 2 teams -One team is the ‘ Rocket ’ and one team is the ‘ Alien Ship ’ - The teams take turns in choosing a letter and then answering the question. The team who get the correct answer will get 10 points. After answering the question, click on the Rocket / Alien Ship and it will move. The first team to arrive at Mars is the winner .

4. SPACE RACE Choose One: Rocket Ship or Alien Ship ?

5. SPACE RACE 3 2 1 GO! ROCKET SHIP WINS! ALIEN SHIP WINS!

6. SPACE RACE 1 5 9 13 2 6 10 14 3 7 11 15 4 8 12 16

7. Q1. Who presented the notion that certain behavior like thumb-sucking is a normal behavior ? A . Sigmund Freud B.Erik Erikson C. John Bowlby D . Urie Bronfenbrenner A

8. Erik Erikson Is a german - american who developed the 8 stages of psychosocial development, such as the (Trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. Shame and doubt, Initiative vs. guilt, Industry vs. Inferiority, Identity vs. Role Confusion, Intimacy vs. Isolation, Generativity vs. stagnation, Ego Integrity vs. Despair.) John B owlby Develop the attachment theory , Attachment is an emotional bond with another person. Bowlby believed that the earliest bonds formed by children with their caregivers have a tremendous impact that continues throughout life. He suggested that attachment also serves to keep the infant close to the mother, thus improving the child's chances of survival . Urie Bronfenbrenner Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory is  one of the most accepted explanations regarding the influence of social environments on human development . This theory argues that the environment you grow up in affects every facet of your life .

9. SIGMUND FREUD -Is an Austrian Neorologist who developed the pschosexual theory. Freud's psychosexual theory emphasizes  the importance of basic needs and biological forces , while Erikson's psychosocial theory is more focused upon social and environmental factors. Erikson also expands his theory into adulthood, while Freud's theory ends at an earlier period . - The question falls to Oral stage, In the first stage of psychosexual development, the libido is centered in a baby's mouth. During the oral stages, the baby gets much satisfaction from putting all sorts of things in its mouth to satisfy the libido, and thus its id demands.  Which at this stage in life are oral, or mouth orientated, such as sucking, biting, and breastfeeding.  Freud said oral stimulation could lead to an oral fixation in later life.  We see oral personalities all around us such as smokers, nail-biters, finger-chewers, and thumb suckers.  Oral personalities engage in such oral behaviors, particularly when under stress.

10. Q2. Which state of psycho-sexual theory does young boys experience rivalry with their father for their mother's attention and affection ? A . Oral stage B. Phallic stage C. Anal stage d D. Latency stage B

11. ORAL STAGE ( BIRTH- 18 MONTHS) In this stage the main concern of the infants are with oral gratification. ANAL STAGE( 1-3 yrs. Old) -During the anal stage of psychosexual development the libido becomes focused on the anus, and the child derives great pleasure from defecating.  The child is now fully aware that they are a person in their own right and that their wishes can bring them into conflict with the demands of the outside world. Latency Stage (6 years to puberty) The latency stage is the forth stage of psychosexual development, spanning the period of six years to puberty. During this stage the libido is dormant and no further psychosexual development takes place (latent means hidden).  Freud thought that most sexual impulses are repressed during the latent stage, and sexual energy can be  sublimated  towards school work, hobbies, and friendships. 

12. PHALLIC STAGE ( 3-6 yrs. Old) -The phallic stage is the third stage of psychosexual development, spanning the ages of three to six years, wherein the infant's libido (desire) centers upon their genitalia as the erogenous zone. The child becomes aware of anatomical sex differences, which sets in motion the conflict between erotic attraction, resentment, rivalry, jealousy and fear which Freud called the  Oedipus complex   . The name of the Oedipus complex derives from the Greek myth where Oedipus, a young man, kills his father and marries his mother. Upon discovering this, he pokes his eyes out and becomes blind.  This Oedipal is the generic (i.e., general) term for both Oedipus and Electra complexes. In the young boy, the Oedipus complex or more correctly, conflict, arises because the boy develops sexual (pleasurable) desires for his mother.  He wants to possess his mother exclusively and get rid of his father to enable him to do so.

13. Q3. What stage in the cognitive theory of development explained that using images and language to represent and understand various lessons to pre- school learners ? A . Sensorimotor stage B. Concrete operational C . Pre operational D . Formal Operational C

14. S ensorimotor stage is   the first of the four stages of Piaget's theory of cognitive development . It is marked by a child's knowledge that the outside world exists separately from themselves . During the sensorimotor stage, babies learn by using their senses to explore their environments. Providing a range of activities that involve the five senses help them develop their sensory abilities as they move through the substages . C oncrete-operational stage -   thinking in this stage is characterized by logical operations, such as conservation, reversibility or classification, allowing logical reasoning . The concrete operational child is able to make use of logical principles in solving problems involving the physical world. For example,  the child can understand principles of cause and effect, size, and distance . F ormal operational stage - begins at approximately age twelve and lasts into adulthood. As adolescents enter this stage,  they gain the ability to think in an abstract manner by manipulating ideas in their head, without any dependence on concrete manipulation

15. P reoperational stage (2–7 years) -During this stage, children build on object permanence and continue to develop abstract mental processes . This means they can think about things beyond the physical world, such as things that happened in the past . -During the preoperational stage, children also become increasingly adept at using symbols, as evidenced by the increase in playing and pretending. 1 For example, a child is able to use an object to represent something else, such as pretending a broom is a horse.

16. Q4. What does it shows if a girl gets jealous whenever she sees her father showing love and affection to her mother according to freud ? A . Complex B Electra Complex C. Phallic D. Oedipus Complex B

17. COMPLEX According to psychoanalysis a related group of emotionally significant ideas that are completely or partly repressed and that cause psychic conflict leading to abnormal mental states or behavior . Phallic the third stage of psychosexual development beginning around age 3, when the libido is focused on the genital area (penis or clitoris) and discovery and manipulation of the body become a major source of pleasure . Oedipus complex - is   a Freudian term that was named after a man that unknowingly killed his father and slept with his mother . Freud said that a boy develops an unconscious infatuation towards his mother, and simultaneously fears his father to be a rival. This happens at an unconscious level.

18. Electra complex - is   a term used to describe the female version of the Oedipus complex . It involves a girl, aged between 3 and 6, becoming subconsciously sexually attached to her father and increasingly hostile toward her mother. In Freud's view, the Electra Complex, if left unresolved, results in  neurosis and mental illness . The Electra Complex has been lambasted by modern psychology and is widely considered to be an antiquated concept, not least because there is little evidence in support of the concept.

19. Q5. In what development stage is the pre-school child in? Early Childhood Infancy Babyhood Late Childhood A

20. Infancy is a period when the baby grows very fast. During infancy, the baby doubles in length and triples in weight. Other important changes also happen during infancy: The baby's teeth start to come in, usually at about six months of age. Babyhood -A critical stage of life . Dependency decreases with the increasing age. A critical stage of life . Your babyhood is  the period of your life when you were a baby . L ate childhood  - spans the ages between early childhood and adolescence, approximately ages 6 to 11 years . Children gain greater control over the movement of their bodies, mastering many gross and fine motor skills that eluded the younger child.

21. Early childhood - spans the period  up to 8 years of age , is critical for cognitive, social, emotional and physical development, a child's brain is highly sensitive to the environment around them . As children grow into early childhood, their world will begin to open up. They will become more independent and begin to focus more on adults and children outside of the family.

22. Q6. Which teaching activity is found on Bandura's social learning theory? Inductive reasoning Modeling Question and Answer Deductive reasoning B

23. I Inductive reasoning is   a logical process in which multiple premises, all believed true or found true most of the time, are combined to obtain a specific conclusion . Inductive reasoning is often used in applications that involve prediction, forecasting, or behavior . Ex. Most of our snowstorms come from the north. It's starting to snow. This snowstorm must be coming from the north. Deductive Reasoning: All of our snowstorms come from the north . Question & Answer is   a situation in which a person or group of people asks questions and another person or group of people answers them .  Deductive reasoning - is  a logical approach where you progress from general ideas to specific conclusions . It's often contrasted with inductive reasoning, where you start with specific observations and form general conclusions. Deductive reasoning is also called deductive logic or top-down reasoning. Ex. All dogs have ears; golden retrievers are dogs, therefore they have ears.   All racing cars must go over 80MPH; the Dodge Charger is a racing car, therefore it can go over 80MPH.

24. MODELING -According to Bandura,  learning can occur by watching others and then modeling what they do or say . This is known as observational learning. There are specific steps in the process of modeling that must be followed if learning is to be successful. These steps include attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation . Bandura's work identified four steps in the modeling process: Attention : Observing the model's behavior. Retention: Remembering what you observed. Reproduction: Imitating the model's behavior. Motivation: Having a good reason to reproduce the behavior.

25. Q7. Which stage of psychosexual theory when a child focuses her attention on the school worls and vigorous play that consume most of her physical energy ? A. Oral b. Phallic c. Anal d. Latency D

26. ORAL STAGE - initial psychosexual stage during which the developing infant's main concerns are with oral gratification . PHALLIC STAGE - children focus on genitals as the erogenous zones. ANAL STAGE - the period in a child's psychosexual development during which the child's main concerns are with the processes of elimination . LATENCY STAGE -During this stage  the libido is dormant and no further psychosexual development takes place  (latent means hidden). Freud thought that most sexual impulses are repressed during the latent stage, and sexual energy can be sublimated towards school work, hobbies, and friendships.

27. Q8. Which of the following is likely to be developed if infants are shown genuine affection? Trust Initiative Autonomy Industry A

28. INITIATIVE - Psychologist Erik Erikson argues that children in early childhood go through a stage of “initiative vs. guilt”.  If the child is placed in an environment where he/she can explore, make decisions, and initiate activities, they have achieved initiative . AUTONOMY - The second stage of Erikson's developmental theory is autonomy vs. shame and doubt. Autonomy is  the will to accomplish things independently and do things on their own . This developmental stage occurs during early childhood, specifically ages two to three .

29. INDUSTRY is   a critical stage in setting a foundation for the next stage of identity and establishing confidence in life . Successful completion of this stage promotes the feeling of being capable and working toward goals in life. The key is for children to find a balance between achievement and perfection . TRUST between birth and 18 months of age , under which the child goes through a psychological crisis of “trust vs. mistrust”. They must rely on the mother for their needs; the response of the mother determines whether the child develops trust or mistrust . This care and attentiveness must be consistent in order to build trust. If an infant is getting some care from its mother, but cannot rely on consistent care, mistrust and anxiety will still form. With consistent care, the child will also develop hope.

30. Q9. What level has a four- year- old learners reached when she acquired new skills such as putting the same shapes and the same colors together? Development Zone of Proximal Development Maturation Learning B

31. Development - is  a process that creates growth, progress, positive change in economic, environmental, social and demographic component without damaging the resources of the environment . Maturation -is   a stage of completion of growth and strengthening of acquired mental, social and emotional development . Maturation is essentially a process of refinement and modification from within and inborn ripening and progress of capacities of the organism. Maturation is an essential precondition of learning . Learning -it can be defined in many ways, but most psychologists would agree that it is  a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience .

32. ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT -The core idea of the ZPD is that a more knowledgeable person can enhance a student's learning by guiding them through a task slightly above their ability level. As the student becomes more competent, the expert gradually stops helping until the student can perform the skill by themselves . - To apply the concept of the zone of proximal development in the classroom,  teachers instruct in small steps according to the tasks a child is already able to do independently. This strategy is referred to as scaffolding . The teacher should also support and assist the child until he or she can complete all of the steps independently.

33. Q10. It is the ability to think logically by applying the general rule to a particular situation. Analogical reasoning Deductive Reasoning Hypothetical reasoning Transductive reasoning B

34. Analogical Reasoning – is the ability to perceive the relationship in one instance and then use that relationship to narrow down possible answers in another similar situation or problem . Ex: There might be life on Europa because it has an atmosphere that contains oxygen just like the Earth. HYPOTHETICAL REASONING - Piaget stated that " hypothetico -deductive reasoning " becomes important during the formal operational stage. This type of thinking involves hypothetical "what-if" situations that are not always rooted in reality, i.e. counterfactual thinking. It is often required in science and mathematics . For example, if a child has to create a model of the solar system using materials they have at home, there are a number of ways they could use them. Thinking of several possibilities and then using the one that is the most logical or effective shows they have hypothetical-deductive reasoning skills.

35. Transductive reasoning -refers to  when a child reasons from specific to specific, drawing a relationship between two separate events that are otherwise unrelated . Here's an example: A child hears a dog bark and then sees a train arrive. He concludes that the train comes because the dog barks. The professor told us that transductive reasoning is characteristic of children between 2 and 7 years of age. Deductive reasoning - is  a logical process in which a conclusion is based on the concordance of multiple premises that are generally assumed to be true . Deductive reasoning is sometimes referred to as top-down logic . -With this type of reasoning,  if the premises are true, then the conclusion must be true . Examples : All dogs have ears; golden retrievers are dogs, therefore they have ears. All racing cars must go over 80MPH; the Dodge Charger is a racing car, therefore it can go over 80MPH.

36. B Q11. In Piaget's Cognitive Development theory it happens when an existing schema does not work and needs to be changed to deal with a new object or situation. Assimilation Accommodation Equilibration Centration

37. ASSIMILATION - Piaget defined assimilation as  a cognitive process in which we take new information and experiences and incorporate them into our pre-existing ideas or viewpoint . Ex: A college student learning a new computer program. A child sees a new type of dog they've never seen before but recognizes it as a dog.  EQUILIBRATION to   describe how new information is balanced with existing knowledge . It involves the processes of assimilation (fitting new information into existing mental schemas) and accommodation (adjusting or changing a schema to fit new information ). Ex: T he spring equinox is the day halfway between the solstices with days and nights of equal length, and an equidistant building is located halfway between two other locations. The equilibration meaning also denotes a sense of balance.

38. Centration is   the act of focusing all attention on one characteristic or dimension of a situation while disregarding all others . An example of centration is a child focusing on the number of pieces of cake that each person has, regardless of the size of the pieces . ACCOMMODATION - Psychologist Jean Piaget defined accommodation as  the cognitive process of revising existing cognitive schemas, perceptions, and understanding so that new information can be incorporated . This happens when the existing schema (knowledge) does not work, and needs to be changed to deal with a new object or situation . Example : One classic example of accommodation involves a child who understands that a four-legged creature is called a dog. Then, the child encounters a cat and refers to it as a dog until corrected by a parent. After being corrected, the child can distinguish between a dog and a cat.

39. Q12. What particular crisis does a child is experiencing if he is vulnerable to criticism and feelings of failure? Identity vs. Role Confusion trust vs. Mistrust Initiative vs. Guilt Efficacy vs. Helplessness C

40. Identity vs. Role confusion is  characterized by the adolescent question of “Who am I,” during which time they are conflicted with dozens of values and ideas of who they should be and what they should think . Trust vs. Mistrust - This stage begins at birth and lasts through around one year of age.  The infant develops a sense of trust when interactions provide reliability, care, and affection . A lack of this will lead to mistrust . Efficacy vs. Helplessness - If a person's sense of self-efficacy is very low, he or she can develop learned helplessness , a perception of complete lack of control in mastering a task. The attitude is similar to depression, a pervasive feeling of apathy and a belief that effort makes no difference and does not lead to success .

41. INITIATIVE VS. GUILT -Initiative leads to a sense of purpose and can help develop leadership skills; failure results in guilt . Essentially, kids who don't develop initiative at this stage may become fearful of trying new things. When they do direct efforts toward something, they may feel that they are doing something wrong . If the child is placed in an environment where he/she can explore, make decisions, and initiate activities, they have achieved initiative. On the other hand,  if the child is put in an environment where initiation is repressed through criticism and control, he/she will develop a sense of guilt.