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1. SEVA NURSING INSTITUTE , DHULE DIABETES MELLITUS Presented By: Mr. Imtiyaz Shaikh. Class: 3 rd Semester BSc. Nursing.

2. INTRODUCTION: A disease in which the body's ability to produce or respond to the hormone insulin is impaired, resulting in abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates and elevated levels of glucose in the blood.

3. Definition : . Diabetes mellitus is a chronic multisystem disease related to abnormal insulin production, impaired insulin utilization, or both. • Diabetes is due to either the pancreas not producing enough insulin, or the cells of the body not responding properly to the insulin produced.

4. Insulin : It is a hormone produced by pancreas. It maintains the level of blood glucose by regulating the production and storage of glucose. As well as carbohydrates, fat and protein metabolism also affected in this case.

5. Types of diabetes mellitus: 1. IDDM (Insulin Dependent Diabetes mellitus): - Effects children Caused due to deficiency of children Genetic variations & auto-immune response are leading cause. 2. NIDDM (Non-Insulin Dependent DM) Diabetes Mellitus : - Effects adults caused due to insulin resistance by body. Obesity, inactive lifestyle, heredity are leading cause.

6. Types of diabetes mellitus: 3 . Gestational Diabetes :- Occurs during pregnancy Excessive weight gain, genetic history of dibetes 4. Mody :- Very rare caused in adults below 25 year of age caused due to genetic variation

7. Etiology: Type 1-Diabetes Mellitus: Auto-immune disease Genetic & hereditary reasons Eating unhealthy food Viruses and infections Stress Obesity Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: . Genetic factors . Lack of Exercise . Lower sleep duration . High blood pressure . Smoking . Age

8. Pathophysiology: Destruction or inflammation of B-cells of pancreas Decrease secretion of insulin Insulin requirement is not sufficient for total body Disturbances in carbohydrates metabolism Increase blood sugar level (hyperglycemia) Decreases Glycogen level and decreases energy, patient feels fatigue Weight loss due to improper carbohydrates metabolism and also increases appetite

9. Pharmacological management: 1. Insulin injection should be given according to blood sugar level. It should given before meal (half an hours) in three times in a day. 2. Hypoglycemic drugs Example: -Pioglitazone Hydrochloride - Metformin (Biguanides) -Glipizide (Second generation sulfonylureas).

10. NURSING MANAGEMENT: 1.assessment - medicines, allergies, symptoms, family history 2.regular glucose monitoring 3.Nutritional Modification 4.drug therapy 5.regular exercise

11. NURSING DIAGNOSIS 1)Fluid volume deficit related to hyperglycemia and restricted intake. 2) Risk for unstable blood glucose level related to deficiency of insulin. 3) Self care deficit related to disease process. 4)Altered daily living pattern related to fatigue and weakness. 5)Activity intolerance related to poor glucose control.

12. CONCLUSION: Diabetes mellitus is a rare disorder which leads to an imbalance of fluids within the body and this imbalance makes you very thirsty even after having something to drink. Because of the vast water intake, it leads you to need to frequently pass large quantities of urine.

13. SUMMARY: Treatable, but not curable. Preventable in obesity, adult client. Diagnostic Tests Signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia Nursing implications- monitoring, teaching and assessing for complications.

14. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Book Reference: A text book of “Adult Health Nursing – I” AUTHOR NAME : MJ. Kumari Page No: 475 – 489 Web Reference: https://www.slideshare.net https://www.slideplayer.com https://www.diabetesed.net

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