EFFECT OF LIQUID BIO-FERTILIZERS ON GROWTH, YIELD AND QUALITY OF PULSES

Liquid biofertilizers are suspensions having agriculturally useful microorganisms, which fix atmospheric nitrogen and solubilize insoluble phosphates and make it available for the plant.

1. WEL COME

2. Seminar O n Research Guide Dr. V. G. TAKANKHAR Associate Professor Dept. of soil Science and Agril . Chemistry, Ambajogai Presented by CHATARKAR D.V. 2015A/39ML Dept. of SSAC Seminar Incharge Dr. P.H VAIDYA Associate Professor Dept. of soil Science and Agril. Chemistry, Latur . EFFECT OF LIQUID BIO-FERTILIZERS ON GROWTH, YIELD AND QUALITY OF PULSES

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4. Liquid biofertilizers are suspensions having agriculturally useful microorganisms, which fix atmospheric nitrogen and solubilize insoluble phosphates and make it available for the plant. Liquid biofertilizer formulation is the promising and updated technology which in spite of many advantages over the agrochemicals left a considerable dispute among the farmer community in terms of several reasons major being the viability of the organisms . Liquid biofertilizer is increasingly available in the market as one of the alternatives to chemical fertilizer and pesticide. . What is liquid Biofertilizer

5. Traditionally liquid biofertilizer produced from fermentation of effective microorganisms (EM) was recommended to be used within one year. Liquid biofertilizer known to influence nodulation, symbiotic nitrogen fixation and growth, yield quality of pulses . They reduces the use of chemical fertilizer by 15-40 %. They have long shelf life and easy to produce and apply . More temperature tolerant and contamination free.

6. BENEFITS OF LIQUID BIOFERTILIZER The advantages of liquid biofertilizer over conventional carrier based biofertilizer are listed below: Longer shelf life 12-14 month. NO contamination. Easy to identification by typical fermented smell. Better survival on seeds and soil. Easy to apply. High commercial revenues.

7. ROLE OF LIQUID BIOFERTILIZER They supplement chemical fertilizers for meeting the integrated nutrients demand for the crop. Appilication of bio-fertilizers results in increased and water uptake,root development,vegetative growth and nitrogen fixation. They acts as antagonists and suppress the incidence of soil borne plant pathogens an thus, helps in the bio-control of diseases. They can add 20-200kg N/ha under optimum soil condition and there by increased crop yield 15-25%of total crop yield. Some bio-fertilizer ( e.g.Rhizobium,BGA,Azotobactor sp.) stimulate the production of growth promoting substance like vitamine -B complex ,indole acetic acid and gibberellic acids etc

8. Phosphate solubilizing or mobilizing biofertilizer convert the insoluble soil phosphate into soluble forms by secreting several organic acid and under optimum conditions they can solubilize/mobilize about 30-50 kg p 2 o 5 \ ha due to which crop yield increased by 10 to 20%. They liberate growth promoting substances and vitamins and help to maintain soil fertility. They are cheaper,pollution free and renewable energy sources. They improve the soil fertility and soil productivity. Play important role in the recycling of plant nutrient

9. OBJECTIVE OF APPLYING OF LIQUID BIO-FERTILIZER To increased the number and biological activity of useful micro- organisn that accelerate certain microbial processes to augment the of availability nutrients which can be easily assimilated by plants. The need for the use of biofertilizers arisen primarily due to two reasons i.e.through the chemical fertilizers increase crop productivity and crop production but intensive use of the chemical fertilizer has caused serious concern to soil texture, soil fertility and other environmental problems;use of biofertilizer is both economical as well as environment friendly.

10. HOW TO APPLY LIQUID BIOFERTILIZER There are three ways of using liquid Bio-fertilizer Seed treatment 2. Root dipping 3. Soil application

11. Seed Treatment Seed Treatment is a most common method adopted for all types of inoculants. The seed treatment is effective and economic.For small quantity of seeds (up to 5 kgs quantity) the coating can done in a plastic bag. For this purpose, a plastic bag having size (21” x 10”) or big size can be used. The bag should be filled with 2 kg or more of seeds. The bag should be closed in such a way to trap the airs as much as possible. The bag should be squeezed for 2 minutes or more until all the seed are uniformly wetted. Then bag is opened, inflated again and shaked gently. Stop shaking after each seeds gets a uniform layer of culture coating. The bag is opened and the seed is dried under the shade for 20-30 minutes. For large amount of seeds coating can be done in a bucket and inoculant can be mixed directly with hand. Seed Treatment with  Rhizobium ,  Azotobacter ,   Azospirillum , along with PSM can be done.

12. Root dipping For application of  Azospirillum / /PSM on paddy transplating / vegetable crops this method is used. The required quantity of  Azospirillum /  /PSM has to be mixed with 5-10 litres of water at one corner of the field and the roots of seedlings has to be dipped for a minimum of half-an-hour before transplantation. Soil application Use 200ml of PSM per acre. Mix PSM with 400 to 600 kgs of Cow dung FYM along with ½ bag of rock phosphate if available. The mixture of PSM, cow dung  and rock phosphate have to be kept under any tree or under shade for over night and maintain 50% moisture. Use the mixture as soil application in rows or during leveling of soil.

13. Sr. No. Groups Examples N2 fixing Biofertilizers 1 Free living Azotobactor,Clostridium,Nostoc 2 Symbiotic Rhizobium , frankia,Anabaena azolla 3 Associative Symbiotic Azospirillum P Solubilizing Biofertilizers 1 Bacteria Bacillus megaterium , Phosphaticum 2 Fungi Penicillium sp.,Aspergillus awamori P Mobilizing biofertilizers 1 Arbuscular mycorrhiza Glomus sp.,Gigaspora sp. 2 Ectomycorrhiza Laccaria sp.,Amanita sp. 3 Ericoid mycorrhiza Pezizella ericae 4 Orchid mycorrhiza Rhizoctonia solani Biofertilizers for Micro nutrient 1 Silicate and Zinc solubilizers Bacillus sp. Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria 1 Pseudomonas Pseudomonas fluorescens

14. Crop Recommended Biofertilizer Application method (5 ml / kg seed) Pulses ( chicpea,Green gram,Black gram Pigeon pea etc ) Rhizobium /PSB Seed treatment Cereals ( Wheat,Oat,Rice etc ) Azotobacter / Azopirillum,PSB Seed treatment Oil seed ( Musterd,Seasum , Sunflower,Castor etc ) Azotobactor /PSB Seed treatment Millets ( Pearl millets,Finger millets,Kodo millets etc ) Azotobactor /PSB Seed treatment Dosage of Liquid biofertilizer in Different Crops

15. Particulars Area Percent Production percent Productivity Chickpea 73.7 38.71 58.9 48.28 799.19 Tur 36.3 19.07 27.6 22.62 760.33 Mungbean 34.4 18.07 14 11..48 406.98 Uradbean 31 16.28 14 11.48 451.61 Lentil 15 7.88 9.5 7.79 633.33 Total 190.4 100.0 124 101.64 651.2

16. Growth Of Black Gram influenced by various treatment Treatment Mean plant height at harvest No. of leaves at harvest Total dry matter at harvest (g) T1-RDF+Rhizobium(CB) 38.87 3.07 12.25 T2-RDF+PSB(CB) 37.60 3.05 9.58 T3-RDF+Rhizobium(CB)+PSB(CB) 42.67 3.36 13.90 T4-RDF+Rhizobium(LB) 40.33 3.23 13.58 T5-RDF+PSB(LB) 37.67 3.08 11.50 T6-RDF+Rhizobium(LB)+PSB(LB) 44.20 3.80 14.50 T7-RDFOnly 35.07 2.47 7.41 SE± 1.6 20.2 10.74 C.D at 5% 4.88 0.64 2.22 General Mean 39.49 3.15 11.82 Dorle et. al. (2015) Department of Agronomy,VNMKV,Parbhani

17. Seed, straw yield and biological yield (kg /ha)of black gram as influenced by various treatment Treatment Seed yield (kg /ha) Straw yield (kg/ha) Biological yield(kg/ha) T1-RDF+Rhizobium(CB) 979.48 2084.10 3063.58 T2-RDF+PSB(CB) 934.01 1928.67 2862.68 T3-RDF+Rhizobium(CB)+PSB(CB) 1079.74 2131.6 3210.73 T4-RDF+Rhizobium(LB) 1034.74 2116.51 3151.25 T5-RDF+PSB(LB) 952.5 1962.63 2914.68 T6-RDF+Rhizobium(LB)+PSB(LB) 1209.72 2248.13 3457.84 T7-RDFOnly 781.15 1774.71 2555.87 SE± 73.71 87.21 118.90 C.D at 5% 222.55 263.31 358.97 General Mean 995.75 2035.20 3030.95 Dorle et. al.(2015) Department of Agronomy,VNMKV,Parbhani

18. Effect of biofertiizers on yield of cowpea and nutrient status of harvested soil treatment Seed yield q/ha Straw yield q/ha Organic carbon(%) Available Nitrogen kg/ha Available Phosphorouskg /ha Available Potassium kg/ha Biofrtilizer No inoculation 10.50 18.55 0.245 121.53 15.86 150.26 Rhizobium 12.15 21.33 0.256 131.42 19.86 169.53 PSB 11.93 21.01 0.253 131.14 19.90 164.70 Rhizobium+PSB 13.65 23.78 0.267 155.67 20.89 179.54 S.Em - 0.34 0.65 0.003 3.20 0.34 2.53 CD(P=0.05) 0.98 1.84 0.009 9.13 0.96 7.22 Khan et al . (2013) S.K.N. Agriculture University, Jobner,Rajasthan-303 329

19. Growth parameters,root nodulation and yield attributing characters of blackram as influenced by sulphur levels and bioretilizer trearment (Mean of two years) Plant height (cm) NO of branches/plants Wt of root nodules/plant DRY matter /plants Pods/plants Seeds/plants 1000-grain weight(g) Seed weight/plants (g) Straw wt/plants (g) ‘S’ level 22.47 7.91 4.85 30.82 30.72 8.00 50.84 3.43 8.98 15 22.61 8.38 5.28 31.83 32.58 8.16 52.47 3.77 9.11 30 22.95 8.50 5.80 33.00 34.34 8.17 52.39 3.67 9.68 45 22.86 9.11 6.18 34.28 34.54 8.20 52.84 3.99 10.17 60 23.55 9.37 6.46 35.94 37.16 8.43 54.93 4.15 10.81 C.D.(P=0.05) 0.26 0.11 0.22 0.31 4.60 0.16 2.04 0.31 1.14 Biofertilizers No biofertilizer 21.24 7.52 4.73 23.01 29.22 7.35 49.47 3.52 8.08 Rhizobium bacteria 23.23 8.73 5.64 36.14 34.54 8.12 52.25 3.69 9.66 PSB 22.07 7.94 5.14 33.70 32.68 8.35 52.65 3.61 9.35 Rhizobium+PSB 25.01 10.43 7.31 39.84 39.02 8.95 56.40 4.39 11.90 C.D.(P=0.05) 0.23 0.10 0.20 0.28 4.12 0.14 1.83 0.28 1.02 Interaction Sig Sig Sig Sig Sig Sig Sig Sig Sig Marko et. al. (2013) Department of Crop science,Santa,M.P .

20. Effect of fertility levels and biofertilizer on growth parameters of cowpea Treatment Plant height (cm) No.of branches/plant Chlorophyll content(mg/g) Total root nodules Effective root nodules Fresh wight (mg/plant) Dry weight (mg/plant) Leghaemoglobin content(mg/g) Fertility levels F0:Control 58.26 7.90 1.95 4509 29.58 424.5 90.98 1.44 F1: 100%rRDF 61.38 8.73 2.17 47.96 31.44 455.0 98.46 1.69 F2: 75%rRDF+ VC(2t/ha) 63.21 9.47 2.37 51.00 33.58 503.3 106.50 2.09 F3: 100%rRDF+VC(2t/ha) 66.18 9.72 2.46 53.20 34.80 525.3 111.31 2.20 S.E. 1.34 0.25 0.06 0.98 0.65 10.02 2.38 0.05 C>D>(P=o.o5 3.88 0.72 0.17 2.84 1.87 28.93 6.86 0.15 Biofertilizers 424.0 B0:No inculation 58.46 7.98 1.92 45.13 29.13 91.20 1.32 B1:Rhizobium 62.45 9.10 2.29 49.49 32.58 480.0 103.41 2.01 B2:PSB 62.09 8.93 2.26 49.07 32.44 474.0 101.04 1.92 B3:Rhizobium+ PSb 66.03 9.81 2.48 53.59 35.25 530.0 111.60 2.17 S.E. 1.34 0.25 0.06 0.98 0.65 10.02 2.38 0.05 C.D.(P=0.05) 3.88 0.72 0.17 2.84 1.87 28.93 6.86 0.15 Meena et. al. (2015) Dept. of SSAC, SKN Agril Univercity , Jobner

21. Effect of fertility levels and biofertilizer on yield attributes and yield of cowpea Treratnent No.of pods /plant No.of seeds /pod Test weight(g) Seed yield (q/ha) Straw yield (q/ha) Biological yield (q/ha) Harvest index % Fertility levels F0:Control 7.03 7.24 75.80 9.20 16.26 25.46 35.88 F1: 100%rRDF 8.49 8.08 76.30 10.90 20.93 31.83 34.01 F2: 75%rRDF+ VC(2t/ha) 9.21 8.79 76.80 16.11 24.96 40.37 39.64 F3: 100%rRDF+VC(2t/ha) 9.40 9.21 76.98 16.61 25.19 41.80 39.47 S.E.± 0.24 0.23 2.13 0.27 0.61 0.98 0.95 C>D>(P=o.o5 0.68 0.67 NS 0.77 1.76 2.84 NS Biofertilizers B0:No inculation 7.22 7.27 75.88 9.10 16.81 25.91 34.77 B1:Rhizobium 8.75 8.45 76.60 14.10 22.74 36.79 37.95 B2:PSB 8.65 8.39 76.48 13.52 22.61 36.26 36.92 B3:Rhizobium+ PSb 9.51 9.21 76.92 16.09 24.40 40.49 39.36 S.E. 0.24 0.23 2.13 0.27 0.61 0.98 0.95 C.D.(P=0.05) 0.68 0.67 NS 0.77 1.76 2.84 NS Meena et. al. (2015) Dept. of SSAC, SKN Agril Univercity , Jobner

22. Productivity, economicsand qulities of black gram as influenced by sulphure levels and biofertilizer treatment Treatment Grain yield (q/ha) Harvest index (%) Net income(%) Differences over control (Rs./ha) Benefit : Cost ratio Seed protein Protein yield Carbohydrate content (%) Sulphur levels 9.23 35.24 16070 - 1.90 20.29 188.0 0348 15 10.10 36.59 18683 2613 2.01 21.42 216.9 0.385 30 10.70 37.56 20323 4253 2.07 22.52 241.5 0.441 45 11.27 37.93 21883 5813 2.13 23.30 263.2 0.478 60 11.97 38.36 23908 7838 2.20 23.88 286.4 0.503 C.D.(P=0.05) 0.67 2.00 - - - 0.38 2.41 0.018 Biofertilizer No biofertilizer 9.40 36.63 15940 - 1.86 21.77 205.6 0.373 Rhizobium bacteria 10.73 39.24 20176 4236 2.10 22.16 238.8 0.465 PSB 10.25 35.58 18707 2767 1.98 22.29 229.5 0.372 Rhizobium +PSB 12.24 36.14 25870 9930 2.35 22.91 281.4 0.512 C.D. (P=0.05) 0.60 2.33 - - - 0.34 2.17 0.016 Interaction Sig. Sig. - - - Sig. Sig. Sig Marko et. al.(2013) Department of Crop science, Satna , M.P.

23. Performance of Black gram under various Biofertilizers treatment Treatment Average No of pod/plant Average Length of pod (cm) Average No of grains/pod Test weight Yield/ha.(q) Control 31.96 3.87 5.03 33.17 8.23 25 kg P 33.60 4.10 5.47 34.17 9.16 10 kg N 23.20 4.10 5.40 33.17 8.57 25 kg P+ 10 kg N 35.37 4.17 5.87 34.37 9.62 PSB 32.27 3.90 5.17 33.33 8.49 PSB+ 25 kg P 34.00 3.93 5.60 34.23 9.45 PSB + 10 kg N 32.47 3.93 5.43 33.80 8.60 PSB+25 kg P+ 10 kg N 36.20 4.17 6.13 34.50 10.11 Rhizobium 32.00 4.03 5.10 33.33 8.39 Rhizobium + 25 kg P 34.30 4.10 5.53 34.17 9.27 Rhizobium + 10 kg N 34.40 3.90 5.43 33.57 8.58 Rhizobium + 25 kg P+ 10 kg N 36.10 3.03 6.07 34.37 9.71 Rhizobium +PSB 32.30 3.90 5.20 33.40 8.51 Rhizobium + PSB + 25 kg P 34.63 4.17 5.87 34.27 9.62 Rhizobium + PSB+ 10 kg N 33.43 3.90 5.47 34.13 8.88 Rhizobium +PSB +25 kg P+10 kg N 37.17 4.20 6.17 34.60 10.31 CD @ 5 % (P=0.05) 0.84 0.20 0.32 0.29 0.77 Sheikh et.al. (2012) Dept. of Agronomy Deemed Univrsity , Allahabad

24. Effect of biofertilizer and sulphur levels on growth and yield of black gram Treatment Plant ht (cm ) (30DAS) Nodules (45DAS) Dry weight (60 DAS) Yield (q/ha.) Straw yield (Q/ha) Control 25.78 32.67 12.63 7.23 24.40 20 kg S / ha 27.29 34.00 13.08 7.43 24.50 30 kg S /ha 27.28 33.10 13.00 7.40 24.43 PSB 27.34 34.60 13.88 7.57 25.43 PSB +20 kg S / ha 27.77 37.80 14.61 8.20 26.17 PSB +30 kg S/ ha 27.67 37.60 14.45 7.87 26.07 Rhizobium 28.27 40.00 8.43 8.43 26.47 Rhizobium + 20 kg S / ha 28.86 43.67 16.53 8.90 27.33 Rhizobium + 30 kg S/ ha 28.47 41.60 16.05 8.60 27.10 Rhizobium +PSB 29.60 43.93 16.89 9.23 27.67 Rhizobium +PSB + 20 kg S / ha 31.13 50.74 17.97 10.57 28.37 Rhizobium +PSB + 30 kg S / ha 30.09 49.73 17.63 9.77 27.39 S.Em 0.17 0.32 0.08 0.08 0.06 C.D. at 5 % 0.35 0.67 0.16 0.16 0.13 Khatkar et. al. (2007) Dept. of Agronomy Deemed Univrsity , Allahabad

25. Integrated nutrient management with biofertilizers in Pigeonpea under rainfed situation Treatment Nodule number/plant Dry wt/plant (mg) Plant height (cm) Dry wt /plant at 45 DAS Plot PL.dry wt (kg) Yield (kg/ha) Uninoculated control 6.93 18.40 46.00 2.54 2.33 859 RDF(20:50NP kg/ha ) 4.93 24.87 42.67 3.04 3.17 1157 RDF+( Rh+PSB ) 6.53 34.40 59.33 3.67 3.43 1208 Compost(10t/ha) 7.53 33.17 60.67 3.58 3.33 1033 Compost+( Rh+PSB ) 8.53 31.53 70.00 3.51 3.50 1054 RDF(50%) +compost (2.5t/ha)+( Rh+PSB ) 10.07 33.87 65.53 3.80 3.90 1111 RDF (50%) + compost (5t/ha) + ( Rh+PSB ) 11.27 37.73 69.33 4.59 4.37 1265 RDF(25%) + compost (5t/ha) +( Rh+PSb ) 11.80 35.40 72.67 3.64 3.63 1219 S.Em ± 0.27 1.70 2.17 0.17 0.14 60 CD at 5 % 1.72 5.16 8.41 0.51 0.43 182 CV(%) 11.61 9.46 7.91 8.25 7.08 Patil et. al. (2004) Department of Agril . Microbiology college of agri. Bijapur

26. Effect of biofertilizers on yield and yield characters of summer green gram Treatment Pods/plant Pod length(cm) Seeds/pod Test wt.(cm) Seed yield/plant(g) Seed yield (kg/ha) Stover yield (kg/ha) Harvest index (%) Bio- fertilizerts B0 : control 21.49 6.83 8.49 44.91 3.57 800 5189 13.35 B 1 : PSB inoculation 22.90 7.20 9.04 45.43 3.75 1075 5753 15.74 B 2 : Rhiziobium inoculation 23.03 7.28 9.48 45.98 4.08 1100 5800 16.40 S.E.± 0.24 0.07 0.20 0.23 0.13 36.60 134.91 0.58 C.D. at 5% 0.70 0.20 0.56 0.66 0.38 105.32 388.17 NS Interaction (P) Sig. Sig. NS NS NS NS NS NS C.V. (%) 4.35 3.91 8.75 4.57 14.04 14.04 9.73 14.66 Gajera et.al.(2014) Krushi Vigyan Kendra, Dedipada Gujarat

27. Yeild attributes and yield of pigeonpea influenced by different fertility level Treatment (Fertility levels) No.of pods/plant Test wt.(1000) Grain yield(kg/ha) Stalk yield (kg/ha) Harvest Index 50% RDF 129.90 94.80 1235 3706 18.3 100 %RDF 135.87 96.42 1445 4548 19.0 50 % RDF + 5t FYM 139.66 98.60 1649 4942 19.2 50 % RDF +5t Fym +Rh + PSB 142.53 99.76 1800 5481 19.4 50 % RDF +Rh + PSB 132.70 95.31 1317 4337 19.0 100 % RDF+5t FYM 142.43 99.63 1763 5322 19.4 100 % RDF+5t FYM+Rh +PSB 144.77 101.10 1837 5531 19.6 100%RDF+Rh+PSB 136.86 97.32 1499 4624 19.2 CD at 5 % 1.31 1.04 199.4 62.3 0.34 S ingh et. al. Department of Agronomy BHU, Varansi

28. C onclusion Combined inoculation of liquid biofertilizers such as Rhizobium,PSB , Azospirillum , Azotobacter could enhance the morphological parameters such as height of the plant, number of leaves, Shoot length, Root length, number of roots, root nodules, and biochemical constituents such as Chlorophyll, Protein. Compared to individual inoculation and control, could be the collective effect of liquid biofertilizer , and also reduce the use of chemical fertilizers. Bio-fertilizer like Rhizobium and PSB plays an important role in increasing availability of phosphorous and nitrogen through increase in biological N- fixation and enhance the phosphorous availability to crop. Use of liquid biofertilizer significantaly increase yield and quility of pulses.

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