EHS Center for Excellence - Laser Safety.pptx

laser safety

1. 00-HS20-00019 Laser Safety Program EHS Center for Excellence Training is muted until the end.

2. Agenda Responsibilities Introduction to Lasers Laser Hazards Laser Requirements Engineering Controls Administrative Controls PPE Labels Laser Hazard Evaluation Laser Controlled Areas Training This procedure is not mandatory, however sites are required to follow all regulations and laws that are relevant to them.

3. Responsibilities Laser Safety Officer (LSO) Maintain knowledge of local, state and federal regulations applicable to laser systems within their areas of responsibility. Approve laser equipment prior to use (including modifications to existing equipment) Suspend, restrict or terminate the operation of a laser system is it is determined that the hazard controls are inadequate. Ensure lasers have appropriate engineering and administrative controls and employees are not exposed to radiation levels above the Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE). Maintain an appropriate inventory of all Class 3B and Class 4 lasers Coordinate/provide employee Laser Safety Training and maintain training records. Participate in accident investigations involving lasers Perform periodic inspections of the lasers and laser areas Perform periodic audits of the local laser safety program

4. Laser Safety Regulations Regulatory Agencies U.S. Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) No specific laser safety regulations, but will cite safety issues under the General Duty Clause and will enforce the ANSI standard for laser safety. U.S. Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA), Chapter V, Subchapter C – Electronic Product Radiation control Establishes design requirements for lasers European Commission Directive 2006/25/EC Artificial Optical Radiation Consensus Standards American National Standards Institute (ANSI) ANSI Z136.1 American National Standard for Safe Use of Lasers ANSI Z136.9 American National Standard for Safe Use of Lasers in Manufacturing Environments.  British Standards Institute (BSI) BS EN 60825 2016 Safety of Laser Products

5. Introduction to Lasers LASER is an acronym : L ight A mplification by the S timulated E mission of R adiation

6. Laser Light Laser light is monochromatic , unlike ordinary light which is made of a spectrum of many wavelengths. Because the light is all of the same wavelength, the light waves are said to be synchronous. is directional and focused so that it does not spread out from the point of origin. Synchronous, monochromatic, directional light waves Asynchronous, multi-directional light.

7. Uses of Lasers Lasers are used in industry, communications, military, research and medical applications.

8. How a Laser Works A laser consists of an optical cavity, a pumping system, and a lasing medium. The optical cavity contains the media to be excited with mirrors to redirect the produced photons back along the same general path. The pumping system uses various methods to raise the media to the lasing state. The laser medium can be a solid (state), gas, liquid dye, or semiconductor.

9. Laser Media There are different safety hazards associated with the various laser media. Solid state lasers Gas lasers Excimer lasers (a combination of the terms excited and dimers ) use reactive gases mixed with inert gases. Dye lasers (complex organic dyes) Semiconductor lasers (also called diode lasers)

10. Types of Lasers Which part of the electromagnetic spectrum is represented: Infrared Visible Ultraviolet The length of time the beam is active: Continuous Wave Pulsed Ultra-short Pulsed Lasers can be described by:

11. Laser Hazard Classes The ANSI Laser Safety standard has defined Laser Hazard Classes , which are based on the relative dangers associated with using these lasers. Class 1 Class 2 Class 3a Class 3b Class 4 Most Hazardous Least Hazardous

12. Class 1 Lasers This class cannot produce a hazardous beam because it is of extremely low power, or because it has been rendered intrinsically safe due to the laser having been completely enclosed so that no hazardous radiation can escape and cause injury.

13. Class 2 Lasers These lasers are visible light (400-760 nm) continuous wave or pulsed lasers which can emit power between 0 and 1 milliwatt This class is hazardous only if you stare directly into the beam for a long time , which would be similar to staring directly at the sun. This class may be hazardous if viewed with optical instruments that magnify the power. Because class 2 lasers include only visible wavelengths, the aversion reaction (0.25 seconds) will usually prevent us from permanently damaging our eyes. The aversion reaction refers to our tendency to look away or blink from bright light.

14. Class 3a Lasers This class of lasers includes any wavelength of light generated at power between 1mW and 5mW This class may be hazardous if viewed with optical instruments that magnify the power or if natural aversion response is not functioning properly This class will not cause thermal skin burn or cause fires.

15. Class 3b Lasers This class of lasers includes any wavelength of light generated at power between 5mW and 500mW Visible and near-IR lasers are very dangerous to the eye. Pulsed lasers may be included in this class. This class will not cause thermal skin burn or cause fires. Laser Safety Officer and written Standard Operating Procedures should be required.

16. Class 4 Lasers These high-powered lasers are the most hazardous of all classes. This class of lasers includes any wavelength of light generated at power greater than 500mW Even a reflection can cause injury. Visible and near-IR lasers will cause severe retinal injury and burn the skin. Even reflections can cause retinal injuries. UV and far-IR lasers of this class can cause injury to the surface of the eye and the skin from the direct beam and specular reflections. This class of laser can cause fires. Laser Safety Officer and written Standard Operating Procedures should be required.

17. Class 3B or 4 Lasers – Guarded to Class 1,2 or 3a If the beam path is fully enclosed during operation, service, alignment and maintenance with no possible exposure, lasers may be* exempt from this procedure. * Check with Corporate EHS on legal requirements

18. Electromagnetic Spectrum Laser wavelengths are usually in the Ultraviolet, Visible or Infrared Regions of the Electromagnetic Spectrum. All of the light that the human eye can see falls between 400-760 nm

19. Common Ultraviolet Lasers Ultraviolet (UV) radiation ranges from 200-400 nm. 10 -12 10 -10 10 -8 10 -6 10 -4 10 -2 10 10 2 10 4 10 6 10 8 x-rays gamma rays Ultra- violet Infrared Radar Radio waves Electric waves Ionizing Radiation Wavelength (cm) Common Ultraviolet Lasers Argon fluoride Krypton chloride Krypton fluoride Xenon chloride Helium cadmium Nitrogen Xenon fluoride 193 nm 222 nm 248 nm 308 nm 325 nm 337 nm 351 nm Ultra- violet Ultra- violet

20. Common Infrared Lasers 10 -12 10 -10 10 -8 10 -6 10 -4 10 -2 10 10 2 10 4 10 6 10 8 x-rays gamma rays Ultra- violet Infrared Radar Radio waves Electric waves Ionizing Radiation Wavelength (cm) Infrared radiation ranges from 760-1,000 nm. Infrared Infrared Common Infrared Lasers Near Infrared Far Infrared Ti Sapphire Helium neon Nd:YAG Helium neon Erbium Hydrogen fluoride Helium neon Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide 800 nm 840 nm 1,064 nm 1,150 nm 1,504 nm 2,700 nm 3,390 nm 9,600 nm 10,600 nm

21. Common Visible Light Lasers Violet Helium cadmium 441 nm Blue Krypton 476 nm Argon 488 nm Green Copper vapor 510 nm Argon 514 nm Krypton 528 nm Frequency doubled Nd YAG 532 nm Helium neon 543 nm Yellow Krypton 568 nm Copper vapor 570 nm Rohodamine 6G dye (tunable) 570 nm Helium neon 594 nm Orange Helium neon 610 nm Red Gold vapor 627 nm Helium neon 633 nm Krypton 647 nm Rohodamine 6G dye 650 nm Ruby (CrAlO 3 ) 694 nm The wavelength range for light that is visible to the eye ranges from 400-760 nm.

22. Light Reflection Hazards Types of Reflections Specular reflection is a reflection from a mirror-like surface. A Class 3B or 4 laser beam will retain all of its original power when reflected in this manner. Diffuse reflection is a reflection from a dull surface. Diffuse laser light reflection from a Class 4 laser can result in an eye injury.

23. Eye and Skin Exposures Intrabeam viewing Specular Reflection Diffuse Reflection

24. Intrabeam exposure Where the eye (Class 3B or 4) or skin (Class 4) is directly in the path of the laser May occur: If laser is handheld. If laser is not fixed and topples over during operation If employees are stationed at eye level of the laser (i.e. quality inspections) Eye and Skin Exposures Intrabeam exposure

25. Specular Reflection Where the eye (Class 3B or 4) or skin (Class 4) is in the path of a reflection of the laser beam. The laser beam is reflected off of a shiny flat surface Mirror Stainless Steel May occur if: There are reflective surfaces in the beam path Eye and Skin Exposures Specular Reflection

26. Diffuse Reflection The laser (Class 4) is reflected from a dull and/or uneven surface into eyes May occur: Class IV Laser is in use There are non reflective surfaces in beam path NOTE: Diffuse reflection hazard zone is generally much smaller than specular reflection hazard zone Eye Exposures Diffuse reflection

27. Biology of the Eye Cornea Lens Fovea (focal point) Retina

28. Retinal Hazard Region Near Ultraviolet Wavelengths (UVA) 315 - 400 nm Most of the radiation is absorbed in the lens of the eye. The effects are delayed and do not occur for many years (e.g.; cataracts). Far Ultraviolet (UVB) 280 - 315 nm and (UVC) 100 - 280 nm Most of the radiation is absorbed in the cornea. Keratoconjunctivitis (snow blindness/welder's flash) will result if sufficiently high doses are absorbed. Visible (400 -760 nm) and Near Infrared (760 - 1400 nm) Most of the radiation is transmitted to the retina Overexposure may cause flash blindness or retinal burns and lesions. * Laser retinal injury can be severe because of the focal magnification (optical gain) of the eye which is approximately 100,000 times. This means that an irradiance of 1 mW /cm2 entering the eye will be effectively increased to 100 W/cm2 when it reaches the retina. Far Infrared (1400 nm - 1 mm) Most of the radiation is transmitted to the cornea. Overexposure to these wavelengths will cause corneal burns. Lens Cornea Retina

29. Biological Hazards - Skin Ultraviolet (UV) UV can cause skin injuries comparable to sun burn. As with damage from the sun, there is an increased risk for developing skin cancer from UV laser exposure. Thermal Injuries High powered (Class 4) lasers, especially from the infrared (IR) and visible range of the spectrum, can burn the skin and even set clothes on fire.

30. Non-Beam Hazards Non-beam hazards refer to anything other than the laser itself that can create a hazard. This type of hazard includes: Electrical Hazards Fire Hazards Laser Generated Air Contaminants (LGAC)

31. Non-Beam Hazards – Electric Shock and Fire Electric Shock Use controls when employees must work on or near the high-voltage power supplies used for high-power Class 3 and 4 lasers; there is sufficient voltage in these power supplies to injure or kill. Fire High powered Class 4 lasers will easily ignite flammable materials (such as flammable liquids). You should have a fire extinguisher if you have a class 4 laser. In some circumstances, Class 3 lasers could also ignite flammable liquids.

32. Chemical Hazards Air contaminated due to interaction of laser beam with target material (metals) can result in the production of toxic chemicals and fumes. Lasers use a variety of lasing mediums, and some of these are comprised of toxic chemicals, such as dyes, solvents and hazardous gases. Many laser dyes and solvents are toxic and carcinogenic. A few of the hazardous gases which may be part of your lasing system include chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride. As with all hazardous chemicals, you should review the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for the chemicals which are used in or around your laser.

33. General Considerations Lasers emit radiation, LSO’s should consult with the laser manufacturer, installer or a consultant to establish the Accessible Emission Level (AEL) caused by the laser beam path and all reflections. The AEL should be below the Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE) Modifications of Laser Systems from original manufacturer’s design should only be performed by original manufacturer or authorized representative. If required, Laser’s should be registered with the owning authority An inventory should be maintained onsite and include: Laser location Purpose Class Type (CW, pulsed) Manufacturer Model Power Any relevant comments

34. Engineering Controls E-stop Visual Indication of emission Interlocks on access doors Service panels require tools to unlock Beam stops or attenuators Collecting optics Protective Housing Key control master switch LOTO Fire Extinguisher

35. Other (optional) Engineering Controls Engineered safety controls are preferable to PPE or Administrative controls. Examples include Beam path enclosures A beam path enclosure contains the radiation to within MPE, if used, the requirements for protective housing (interlocks and service panels) should be followed. Exhaust Ventilation Where the potential for industrial hygiene exposure occurs, fume extractor hoods should be implemented

36. Administrative Controls Written Standard Operating Procedures (SOP’s) which are required, approved and enforced by the Laser Safety Officer. Warning signs at entrances to room. Training for all personnel who will be operating the laser or in the vicinity of the laser while it is in operation. Allow only authorized, trained personnel in the vicinity of the laser during operation. Class 4 Laser Standard Operating Procedures

37. Beam Alignment Procedure The LSO should require and approve written standard operating procedures for beam alignment . The following safety precautions should be included in the beam alignment procedure: Remove unauthorized and unnecessary personnel from the laser area during alignment Whenever possible, use low power visible lasers for path simulation Wear Laser Protective Eyewear and protective clothing to the extent practicable

38. PPE for Skin Ultraviolet lasers and laser welding/cutting operations may require that tightly woven fabrics be worn to protect arms and hands. For lasers with wavelengths > 1400 nm, large area exposures to the skin can result in dryness and even heat stress. Personnel Protective Equipment (PPE) for Skin exposed to Class 4 lasers:

39. Laser Protective Eyewear (LPE) Personnel Protective Equipment (PPE) for eyes exposed to Class 3b or 4 lasers radiation may be required. Eyewear with side protection is best. LPE is rated by Optical Density, the OD considers: Laser Power and/or pulse energy Laser Wavelength(s) Exposure time criteria Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE)

40. Other PPE PPE may also be required to provide protection from hazardous chemicals and gases. Industrial Hygiene assessments and Job Hazard Analysis assessments may indicate other PPE (i.e. hearing protection, respiratory protection etc.)

41. Equipment Labels The Class of the Laser The emitted wavelength, pulse duration (if appropriate) and maximum output power The following precautionary statements: Class 3b : “Laser Radiation – Avoid Direct Eye Exposure.” Class 4 : “Laser Radiation – Avoid Eye or Skin Exposure to Direct or Scattered Radiation.” Laser labels are generally required by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) or other approval authority, at a minimum equipment labels should contain

42. Warning Signs Warns of the presence of a laser hazard in the area Indicates specific laser safety policies Indicates the relative hazard such as the Laser Class and the location of the Nominal Hazard Zone Indicates precautions needed such as PPE requirements for eyewear, etc. All rooms with class 3b or 4 lasers should have appropriate signs posted at all entrances. Signs should:

43. Laser Area Warning Signs “ DANGER ” indicates a very dangerous situation that could result in serious injury or death. This sign should be used for extremely high powered Class 3B or 4 lasers. “ WARNING ” indicates that laser and laser system output exceeds the applicable MPE for irradiance “ CAUTION ” should be used for all laser systems that do not exceed the applicable MPE

44. “DANGER” Sign Safety Instructions may include: Eyewear Required Invisible laser radiation Knock Before Entering Do Not Enter When Light is On Restricted Area

45. “Warning” Sign Safety Instructions may include: Eyewear Required Invisible laser radiation Knock Before Entering Do Not Enter When Light is On Restricted Area

46. “Caution” Sign Safety Instructions may include: Eyewear Required Invisible laser radiation Knock Before Entering Do Not Enter When Light is On Restricted Area

47. The laser hazard evaluation should be conducted in the following steps: Determine and evaluate the Nominal Hazard Zone (NHZ) of all possible beam paths. Include multiple beam paths where the laser is not in a fixed position and unintended beam paths due to unstable mounts or vibration etc. Determine the NHZ from specular reflections Determine the extent of hazardous diffuse reflections Determine the likelihood for operation or maintenance personnel being within the NHZ during operation. Determine whether collecting optics such as magnifiers will be used Determine whether other hazards exist A Laser Hazard Analysis should be conducted when the beam path is not fully enclosed. Laser Hazard Analysis The NHZ should be provided by the manufacturer, installer or external consultants.

48. Let’s Look at the Hazard Evaluation Guideline

49. A Laser controlled area should be effected by the LSO when the laser hazard analysis determines that the maximum level of accessible radiation exceeds the applicable MPE. Must be designed for rapid egress The Laser Controlled Area may be: Non- Defeatable Defeatable Procedural Temporary (beam path is only exposed during service) Permanent (beam path is not fully enclosed) Laser Controlled Area

50. All windows and doors within the nominal hazard zone should be covered to reduce the transmitted laser radiation at or below the MPE. Be designed to allow both rapid egress by laser personnel at all times and admittance to the laser controlled area under emergency conditions. Laser Controlled Area

51. Incident Reporting Sites should consider adding laser injury as a category in their local incident reporting procedure. Sites should consider creating emergency action plan for a laser injury in the local emergency action procedure. LSO should refer to local regulations for medical benefits following a laser injury Where no regulations exist an ophthalmologist visit is recommended within 48 hours. ALL injuries must be recorded in EHSIP

52. Laser Safety Officer Laser Safety Officers should be externally certified US: Laser Institute of America: https://www.lia.org/training/non-medical/online-courses/laser-safety-officer-training-online Europe (France): Laser Conseil: http://www.laserconseil.fr/Laser-safety-training-Competent Europe (UK): Bioptica : http://www.bioptica.co.uk/laser_safety_training.htm Asia (China): World of Photonics: https://www.world-of-photonics-china.com/media/website/files/pdf/congress/workshop-on-laser-safety-2018.pdf Asia (China): Chinese Optical Society – Laser Processing Committee: https://www.world-of-photonics-china.com/media/website/files/pdf/congress/workshop-on-laser-safety-2018.pdf

53. Training Jabil employees that operate, service or maintain Class IIIB or IV lasers, should attend laser safety training that covers the following topics: Fundamentals of Laser Operation Bioeffects of laser radiation on the eye and skin Significance of Specular and Diffuse Reflections Non-Beam Hazards of Lasers Laser and Laser system classifications Control Measures Management and Employee responsibilities Medical Examination Practices (if applicable) Emergency Response Procedures Laser Safety training should be offered at orientation or prior to initial assignment and at least annually thereafter.

54. Short Poll Please indicate the success of your learning experience by answering this short poll.

55. Questions Email: [email protected] Phone: [phone]