Ehs3. aim, principles and rules of first aid

First aid basic understanding

1. 3. Aim, Principles and Rules of First Aid SEMESTER-III ENVIRONMENT, HEALTH AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT DSC301 Col. (Prof.) Rajive Kohli, Ph.D. 17, 21 & 23 September 2020

2. F i r s t Ai d ? I m m e di a t e a ss i s t a n c e o r treatment g i v e n t o s o m e o n e b ef o r e t h e arrival of medical staff/ ambulance the first and immediate assistance given to any person suffering from either a minor or serious illness or injury, with care provided to preserve life, prevent the condition from worsening, or to promote recovery.

3. First Aid The immediate care given to a person/victim who has suddenly become ill or has been injured. “Help given to a sick or injured person until full medical treatment is available” “…provision of initial care for an illness or injury”

4. " measures to be taken immediately after an accident not with an idea to cure but in order to prevent further harm being done". It uses the available human and material resources at the site of accident to provide initial care to the victim of injury or sudden illness until more advance care is provided. First Aid ( Encyclopaedia Britannica)

5. FIRST AID The initial process of assessing and addressing the needs of someone who is experiencing medical emergencies. Allows a “non-medical expert” to quickly determine a person’s physical condition and the course of treatment. Can make a difference to a person’s recovery and could save their life.

6. Purpose of First Aid To Sustain the life To Prevent suffering To Prevent secondary complications To Promote speedy recovery

7. So w hat d oes t h i s m ean? First aid can be anything from putting on a plaster to saving someone’s life You don’t need formal first aid training to help someone in need

8. Objectives of first aid For example, applying a plaster is preventing the condition (a cut) from worsening by stopping infection! To preserve & prolong life To alleviate suffering & prevent the victim's condition from worsening To prevent further or added injury & promote recovery

9. Aims of first aid 3 P s 3 Ps: Preserve life Prevent injuries/condition from worsening Promote recovery For example, applying a plaster is preventing the condition (a cut) from worsening by stopping infection!

10. P r e s erv i n g l i f e Control bleeding Treat probable cause of shock M a in t a i n a ir w a y i n c o rr e c t po s i t i o n Perform CPR when needed (no breathing or pulse)

11. Ps: 1 ) D r e s s w ou n d t o p r e v e n t inf e c t i o n 2) Provide comfort t o casualty 3 ) Plac e cas u a l t y i n a c o m f o r t a b l e po s i t i o n Prevent condition from worsening:

12. Relieve casualty from anxiety Encourage confidence and trust A t t em p t t o r e li e v e p ai n an d d i s c o m f o r t Handle casualty gently 5) Protect casualty from cold and wet Promote recovery:

13. PRINCIPLES OF FIRST AID (4 C’s) Call for Help Calmly Take Charge Check the scene & the casualty Carefully apply FIRST AID

14. PRINCIPLES of FIRST AID DO s in giving First Aid DO stay calm DO reassure & comfort the victim DO check for a medical bracelet indicating a condition DO loosen any tight clothing DO keep the victim covered to reduce shock

15. PRINCIPLES of FIRST AID DON’T s in giving First Aid DON’T give food & drink to an unconscious person DON’T move an injured person unless you need to place him/her in the recovery position

16. Characteristic of a Good First Aider Observant - notice all signs Resourceful- make best use of all things Gentle- shouldn’t cause pain Tactful- shouldn’t be alarming Sympathetic - should be comforting

17. Q u a l i t i e s o f a first aide r ❚ ~ Calm ❚ ~ Confident ❚ ~ Willing to offer assistance whenever necessary ❚ ~ Patience

18. Role of First Aider Bridge the gap between the time of the accident and the arrival of the physician. Ends when medical assistance begins. Doesn’t intend to compete with or take place of the physician.

19. Responsibility of a First Aider To assess the situation quickly and safely and call for appropriate help. To identify the level of injury or the nature of illness affecting the casualty / victim. To give early and appropriate treatment in a sensible order of priority. To make and pass on a report, give a further help if its required.

20. DO AND DON’Ts casualty use: Mask Gloves Head Cover Apron D O DON’ T s Before handling the • First Aider can never Prescribe Medicine Declare DEATH

21. Assessing the Skills of a First Aider Observer Listen Feel Talk Touch Provide Build Trust

22. Essential to protect yourself from injury and infection Ensure  surroundings are safe   Protection from infection to prevent “cross infection” (transmitting germs to a casualty or contracting  an  infection yourself) wear gloves or wash hands before doing a dressing P r o t e c t i n g y ou r s e l f a s a f i rs t a id e r

23. EMERGENCY FIRST AID If you are the first on the scene of accident that results in an injury or serious illness, you may be the only link between a victim and emergency medical care. Your role is to take action , whether by providing first aid, seeking medical help or calling emergency . Your actions may improve the victims chance of recovery.

24. Calling for emergency help In many first aid situations, help from the emergency services may be required. Ensure you know which number to call! If the area is remote/difficult to access, consider sending someone to meet the emergency services in a known location Give clear, precise information about The location of the incident The number of casualties / people involved The nature of their injuries In some cases, their age Any hazards at the incident (e.g: spilt fuel, fire, electricity)

25. Managing an incident Always be aware of potential dangers at an incident ( e.g : traffic, fire, electricity) Never put yourself or other bystanders in danger You are the most important person If the incident is too dangerous to approach, stay back and call for emergency help

26. ❚ Ambulance: ❚ Police n u m b e r : ❚ F i r e B r i ga d e : Emergency Hotlines

27. First Aid kit - Medicines Pain reliever Antacid Aspirin ORS Packets Rubbing Alcohol Povidone Iodine Hydrogen Peroxide Petroleum jelly

28. F irst Aid Kit - Items Cotton wool Adhesive tape Bandage (all sizes) Crepe bandage Sterile Dressing Gauge pads Band aid Medical tape Thermometer Scissors Gloves Soap Penlight Safety pins Forceps Tweezers Splints Tongue depressor

29. ACTION PLAN Assess the Situation Safety of yourself and the casualty Assess the casualty Treat the casualty Arrange the removal of the casualty to hospital or safe area Write a report / Communicate the status

30. This Action Plan is a vital aid to the first aider in assessing whether the victim has any life-threatening conditions and if any immediate first aid is necessary. They are DRABC . D - Check for DANGER To you To others To victim R - Check RESPONSE Is victim conscious? Is victim unconscious?

31. A - Check AIRWAY Is airway clear of objects? Is airway open? B - Check for BREATHING Is chest rising and falling? Can you hear victim's breathing? Can you feel the breath on your cheek? C - Check for CIRCULATION Can you feel a pulse? Can you see any obvious signs of life?

32. DRABC Danger Response Airway Breathing Circulation

33. D - DANGER To yourself To others To casualty

34. R - RESPONSE Gently “Shake and Shout” at the casualty Is the casualty is conscious? Is the casualty drowsy or confused? Is the casualty unconscious, but reacting? Is the casualty unconscious with no reaction? If unconscious, place the casualty in the stable side position.

35. A - AIRWAY Is the airway is open and clear? Is there noisy in breathing? Are there Potential obstruction such as blood etc? If so, open and clear the airway!

36. HOW TO OPEN AN AIRWAY Tilt Head and Back and Lift Chin up with fingers under the jaw to establish Airway (Move head as little as possible if there may be a neck injury.)

37. B - BREATHING Look for chest movements Listen for sounds for breathing Feel for breathes on your cheek If not breathing give 2 rescue breathes

38. C - CIRCULATION Is there a carotid pulse? Is it strong? Is it regular” Is there a major blood loss? IF NO PULSE PRESENT THEN START CPR ( CIRCULATION PULSE RESPIRATION)