Ekologi Manusia dan Lingkungan: Pendahuluan

EKologi

1. Ekologi Manusia dalam transisi demografi (S-3 PKLH) Prof. Dr. hafid Abbas P rof Dr. Sc. HM. Ahman Sya , Drs., M.Pd ., M.Sc. PROF. DR. NADIROH, M.Pd .

2. Referensi Ehrlich, Paul R., Anne. H. Ehrlich, John P. Holdren (1973) . Human Ecology: Problems and Sollutions . San Fransisco : W.H. Freeman and Company. -----------------------(1977). Ecoscience : Population, Resources, Environment. San Fransisco : W.H. Freeman and Company. Fischer, Frank., Maarten A. Hajr (1999) . Living with Nature: Environmental Politics as Cultural Discourse . USA: Oxford Univesity Press. Brubaker, Sterling (1972), To Live on Earth: Man and His Environment in Perspective. Baltimore: John Hopkins Press. Levine, Norman D (1975). Human Ecology . California: Duxbury Press. Marten, Gerald G (2001). Human Ecology: Basic Concepts for Sustainable Development. USA: Earthscan .

3. Topik diskusi The nature of human ecology Man’s environment Man’s biological environment Man’s physical evolution The appearance of man Human variation and individuality Human life cycle Homeostasis human self-regulation Man’s socio-cultural evolution Antecedents and forces of socio-cultural evolution Demography and human population dynamics The urban system Man’s confrontation with his environment The ecology of disease Population and the quality of the human environment The future of man

4. 10 STANDARD KUALIFIKASI MAHASISWA DOKTORAL Intelligence Independence/confidence Commitment Literacy/numeracy Time management/organizational skills Curiosity/ability to learn Enthusiasm and passion Ability to think Hard working/diligence Motivation

5. The Nature of Human Ecology Human ecology is literally, the science of man in his house, and man’s house is the planet Earth. What is the Earth? Characteristic and capacity of the Earth Relation (interrelation, interaction, interdependency). A daptation, evolution Social change and culture External and internal environment Ecological system: Dynamic system, fractal system, chaos system Ecological approach: Interdisciplinary approach.

6. Demographic Transition …is a phenomenon and theory which refers to the historical shift from high birth rates and high infant death rates in societies with minimal technology, education (especially of woman) and economic development, to low birth rates and low death rates in societies with advanced technology, education and economic development, as well as the stages between these two scenarios.

7. Teori Fisis determinisme Positivisme / posibilisme

8. PRINSIP PENCAGARAN BENEFISIASI OPTIMALISASI ALOKASI REKLAMASI SUBSTITUSI RESTORASI INTEGRASI PRESERVASI TUJUAN: PEMULIHAN, PEMBAHARUAN, PEMBANGUNAN

9. MODEL KEARIFAN Hukum Sosial Ruang daya dukung  ekonomi  waktu  Binaan Ekosistem budaya Iptek

10. Segitiga kebutuhan hidup (Abraham Maslov ) 5. Self-actualization need 4. Love belongingness need 3. Esteem need 2. Safety need 1. Physiological need

11. Kearifan lokal Baduy Banten : Pembagian wilayah lingkungan hidup (1) zona reuma ( pemukinan ), (2) zona huma ( tegalan dan tanah garapan ), (3) zona leuweung kolot ( hutan tua , yang tetap harus terpelihara ). Prinsip : Gunung ulah dilebur , lebak ulah diruksak ( gunung jangan dihancurkan , lembah jangan dirusak ) Naga Tasikmalaya : (1) Zona bersih ( pemukiman ), (2) zona kotor (MCK dan kolam ), (3) leuweung larangan ( hutan yang tidak boleh diganggu gugat ), (4) z ona pertanian , dan (5) zona keramat ( wilayah resapan air dan makam leluhur ).

12. Signal alam , adptasi tumbuhan , hewan , dan manusia Jenis tumbuhan Suara binatang Perilaku binatang Perilaku manusia , relasi , interelasi , interaksi , interdependensi ( kolaborasi , adaptasi , aksi-reaksi , ketergantungan ) Habit, custom, values, culture, civilization

13. Man’s biological environment Organism are adapted to their environment structurally and psychologically , in case of animals, behaviorally and socially as well . Teori Liebigs (1803-1873) a khli kimia Jerman : Law of the Minimum “ the functioning or even survival of an organism is limited by the essential factor or combination of factors present to the last favourable extent. Adaptation, evolution, revolution (?). The survival of the fittest. Getrude Whipple (1878-1976)(5): The earth as a planet, varied ways of living, varied natural regions, the significance of region to man, the importance of location in understanding world affairs. Henry J Warman (1887) (15): Regional concept, life-layer concept, man ecological dominant concept, globalism concept, spatial interaction concept, areal relationship concept, areal likeness concept, areal differences concept, areal uniqueness concept, areal distribution concept, relative location concept, comparative advantage concept, prepetual ( abadi ) transformation concept, culturally defined resources concept, round earth on flat paper concept.

14. MODEL PRP

15. PRINSIP KEHIDUPAN MANUSIA PRINSIP PENYEBARAN PRINSIP INTERELASI PRINSIP DESKRIPSI PRINSIP KOROLOGI

16. Teori evolusi Jean Baptise Lamarck Charles Darwin Alfred Wallace Count de Buffen Sir Charles Lyell Thomas Robert Malthus Anaximender Aristoteles Epicurus August Weismann

17. THE URBAN SYSTEM THE STUDY OF HUMAN ECOLOGY: The human ecology: Man’s relationship to the climate, resources, and other living organisms in his environment, evolutionary and developmental biology, and that interplay of culture and social organization with the biological aspects of ecology. The urban environment: The structure and function of cities and the activities and interrelationships of people within cities: a. The cities as an economic community (economic order and natural order, central place theory (Walter Christaller dan Losch,1933), urban land use and spatial structure, economic base theory). b. The city as an environment c . Elements of urban structure (access to facilities urban form, hierarchy, the whole and the part, density, specialized area, density and residential amenity, urban growth and its consequences, regaining control of our cities)

18. CeNTRAL PLACE THEORY SUATU DAERAH DAPAT MENJADI PUSAT ATAU SENTRAL YANG BERKAITAN DAN MEMBERIKAN DAMPAK UNTUK PEMUKIMAN MAUPUN KOTA-KOTA YANG ADA DI SEKITARNYA. DAERAH PUSAT ATAU SENTRAL MENJADI PUSAT KEGIATAN YANG MENYEDIAKAN BERBAGAI MACAM BARANG ATAU JASA UNTUK PEMUKIMAN ATAU KOTA-KOTA DI SEKITARNYA. TEORI TEMPAT YANG SENTRAL MENEKANKAN DUA ASPEK, YAITU AMBANG DAN JANGKAUAN: AMBANG ( THRESHOLD) : WILAYAH AMBANG ADALAH JUMLAH MINIMUM ORANG YANG DIBUTUHKAN SUPAYA KEGIATAN PENYEDIAAN DAN DISTRIBUSI BARANG DAN JASA BISA TETAP BERJALAN. JANGKAUAN ( RANGE ): MERUPAKAN JARAK TEMPUH YANG DIPERLUKAN UNTUK MEMPEROLEH BARANG ATAU JASA (MANUSIA CENDERUNG LEBIH SUKA MEMBELI BARANG UNTUK MEMPEROLEH BARANG YANG SAMA)

19. ASUMSI CENTRAL PLACE THEORY TEORI INI DIKEMBANGKAN UNTUK MENEMUKAN TITIK TENGAH TERBAIK DARI SUATU PUSAT PELAYANAN AGAR MAMPU MELAYANI SEMUA WILAYAH YANG ADA DALAM ZONANYA. ASUMSI TEORI: Topografi yang datar dan tidak mempunyai batas Penduduk yang tersebar secara merata Setiap pemukiman mempunyai jarak yang sama Sumberdaya tersebra dengan merata Ada mekanisme distance decay ( peluruhan jarak ) Ada kompetisi sempurna dimana setiap penjual adalah makhluk ekonomi Setiap konsumen mempunyai pendapatan dan kebiasaan belanja yang sama Konsumen meminimalisir jarak yang harus ditempuh Tidak ada pennual yang bisa memperoleh untung berlebih ataupun memperluas wilayah pasar Didasarkan pada threshold ( ambang ) dan range ( jangkauan ) suatu produk .

20. Man’s environment Physico -Chemical habitat: Some aspects of the earth and its history, gravity and physical limits of size, the atmosphere and life, solar radiation, climate and weather, soil, periodicity, non-periodic cycles (water and the hydrologic cycles, the carbon cycles, the nitrogen cycles, the sulfur cycles, the oxygen cycles, the cycles of phosphorus and mineral nutrients), resources (air and water, resources from living organism, mineral resources, energy).

21. MAN’S ENVIRONMENT: THE EARTH AND ITS HISTORY BUMI TERBENTUK 3-3.5 MILYAR TAHUN YANG LALU BUMI MEMILIKI GRAVITASI BUMI DIKELILINGI OLEH ATMOSFER SEHINGGA MEMUNGKINKAN ADA KEHIDUPAN BUMI MEMPEROLEH RADIASI SINAR MATAHARI IKLIM DAN CUACA BERGANTI LAPISAN TANAH GERAKAN PERIODIK BUMI (ROTASI, REVOLUSI, PRESESI) GERAKAN NON-PERIODIK BUMI (WATER AND HYDROLOGIC CYCLES, THE CARBON CYCLES, THE NITROGEN CYCLES, THE SULFUR CYCLES, THE OXYGEN CYCLE, THE CYCLES OF PHOSPORUS AND MINERAL NUTRIENTS). RESOURCES (RESOURCES FROM LIVING ORGANISMS, MINERAL RESOURCES, ENERGY) THE HUMAN FACTOR

22. THE FUTURE OF MAN: MAN ECOLOGICAL DOMINANT The role of science: Scientific approach? Man’s impact on the Earth: food, water, minerals and other nonrenewable resources, energy, weather and climate, pollution, population, health, government and political system, economic system, language, religion, problems ( equlibrium , aggressive, opposition, conflicts and wars, racial problems, etc ).

23. HUMAN LIFE CYCLE Internal vs External >>> Physiology as a branch of human ecology How the external environment affects >>>Adaptive variations (temperature, climate, nutrition, psycho-social setting, pollution, drugs and variety of toxic agents | | | ECOLOGIC SETTING

24. HOMEOSTASIS:HUMAN SELF-REGULATION Homeostasis: Proses dan mekanisme otomatis yang dilakukan makhluk hidup untuk mempertahankan kondisi konstan agar tubuh dapat berfungsi dengan normal meskipun terjadi perubahan pada lingkungan di dalam atau di luar tubuh . Homeostasis (Latin) dari bahasa Yunani Kuno , HOMOIOS ( mirip ) dan STASIS ( diam ). Claude Bernard (1849) ( akhli fisiologi France)– Konsep pengaturan lingkungan internal Walter Bradford Cannon (1926) – Pencipta kata homeostasis Joseph Barcroft (1931) ( akhli fisiologi Inggris ) – Fungsi otak yang lebih tinggi memerlukan lingkungan internal yang paling stabil JENIS HOMEOSTASIS: GENETIC HOMEOSTASIS DAN SOCIAL HOMEOSTASIS BAGAIMANA DENGAN ECOLOGICAL HOMEOSTASIS? HOMEOSTASIS DALAM EKOLOGI MANUSIA DAN TRANSISI DEMOGRAFI?

25. SOCIO-CULTURAL EVOLUTION Human evolution: Physical, mental, and cultural aspects. The principle of adaptive change in culture is a basic one. Cultural change > social change: a. Immanent b. Contact: Directed contact change, selective contact change c. Rogers Curve: Innovator (2.5%), Early Adopter (13.5%), Early Majority (34%), Late Majority (34%), Laggard (16%) >>>>> Mean Referensi : E.M. Rogers (1987). Diffusion of Innovation . New York: Holt-Rinehart & Winston.

26. KURVA ROGERS