Electric Circuit 4th final bquarter.pptx

gill

1. Electric Circuit

2. Types of Electronics Components Passive components – These components do not have gain or directionality. They are also called electrical elements or electrical components example: Resistor, capacitor, diodes Active components: These Components are those that have gain or directionality. Example: Transistor, Integrated Circuits

3. Basic electronics circuit

4. Resistor A Resistor is an electrical device that resist the flow of electrical current. It is passive devices used to control the flow of electric circuit in an electric by providing resistance, thereby developing a drop in voltage across the device

5. Capacitor Capacitor is a passive electrical components that can stored energy in a electric field between a pair of conductors called plates. Capacitor to differentiate between high frequency and low frequency signals.

6. Switches A switch is an electrical co ponents that controls the flow of electricity in a circuit by opening(ON) or closing ( OFF) the electrical path. It acts as controller to turn devices o or off , redirect currect or change circuit operations

7. Transformer Is an Electrical device that transfer electrical energy form one circuit to another through electromagnetic induction. It is mainly used to increase ( step up) or decrease (step down) voltage in electrical circuits.

8. Inductor Is a passive electronic components that stores energy in a magnetic field when an electric current flows through it. It resists changes in current, making it useful in filtering, energy storage, and tunning circuits

9. Diodes A diode is one way valve for electricity. Diodes allow flow of electricity in one direction. Most diodes have a painted line on one end showing the direction or flow. The negative side is normally white

10. Transistors A transistor is a semi conductor device. A transistor has very fast response and is used in a number of functions including voltage regulation, amplification, switching, signal modulation.

11. Integrated Circuits IC’s are Package of several complex circuits. IC’s are available in a wide variety of packages and sizes.

12. Light dependent resistor Also called photoresistor, is a special type of resistor that change its resistance based on light intensity. When light increases, its resistance decreases, allowing more currect to pass through.

13. 1. Fixed resistors – have a set value does not change. 2. Variable resistors – allows adjustments of Resistance. 3. Special Resistors- Have unique properties for specific application. Three Types of Resistor

14. 1. CARBON Composition resistor- Made of a carbon- based materials, commonly used in general circuits 2. Metal film resistor- More precise and stable, used In high- accuracy applications. 3. Wire wound resistor - Made by winding a metal wire around a core, used for high power applications. Fixed resistor

15. 1. Potentiometer- used in volume controls and dimmer switches. 2. rheostat – Controls current in high power circuits. 3. trimmer Resistor ( trimpot ) – small adjustable resistor for fine tunning circuits. Variable resistor

16. 1. Thermistor – changes resistance with temperature ( used in temperature sensor). 2. LDr ( light dependent Resistor) – Change resistance based on light intensity. ( used in automatic streetlights) 3. varistor( Vdr - Voltage dependent resistor)- Protects circuits from voltages spikes Special resistor

17. 1. Fixed resistors – have a set value does not change. 2. Variable resistors – allows adjustments of Resistance. Two Types of Capacitor

18. 1. Ceramic Capacitor – Small, Inexpensive used in high-Frequency applications. 2. Electrolytic capacitor – High capacitance, used for power supply filtering and energy storage( commonly polarized) 3. tantalum capacitor – More stable than electrolytic capacitors, used in precision circuits. Fixed capacitor

19. 4. Film capacitor – Durable and stable, used in audio and power applications. 5. Mica capacitor- High precision and stability, used in radio frequency (rf) circuits Fixed capacitor

20. 1. Trimmer Capacitor- small, used in for fine-tuning circuits. 2. Tunning capacitor- used in radio tuners to select frequencies. variable capacitor

21. 1. Rectifier Diodes- Used in power to convert ac to dc 2. Light emitting diodes- emits lights when current flow through it. 3. Zener Diode- Allow current to flow in reverse when voltage exceeds a certain level. 4. Schottky diode- has low forward voltage drop and fast switching speed. Types of Diodes

22. 5. Photodiod e- convert light into electrical current. 6. Tunnel diode- Has negative resistance, allowing very fast switching. 7. Varactor diode ( varicap )- acts as a variable capacitor when reverse-biased. 8 . Avalanche diode- operates in avalanche breakdown mode for high- voltage protection. Types of Diodes

23. 1. Bipolar Juction transistor (BJT )- has three layers; emitter, base, and collector. types of bipolar junction transistor : Npn - Current flows from collector to emitter when the base is activated. PNP- Current flows from emitter to collector when the base is activated. Types of transistor

24. 2. Field effect transistor ( Fet )- controlled by voltage instead current. Types of Field effect transistor Junction fet ( Jfet ) – Used in amplifiers and voltage controlled switches. Metal-oxide semiconductor fet ( mosfet )- Used In digital circuits and power applications. Types of transistor

25. 3. Darlington transitor - a pair of BJt’s connected for high gain and current amplification. 4. phototransistor - sensitive to light,used in optical sensors and remote controls. 5. Insulated gate bipolar transistor ( iGBT )- Combines Mosfer and bjt properties for high power switching. Types of transistor

26. Reading value of resistor

27. Reading value of capacitor

28. Mini audio amplifier is a simple circuit designed to amplify weak audio signals and fribe a speakers. How it works. Bc546 transistor 1kilo ohms resistor 100 microfarads 16 v capacitor 4 ohms speaker aux wire 5v power supply Mini audio amplifier

29. 1. Audio input (aux wire)- the audio signal from a phone or other device enter the circuit through the aux wire. 2. Transistor Ampliication . The bc546 transistor amplifies the weak signal. The 1k ohms resistor control the amount of current flowing to the transistor base, ensuring stable operation. 3. Signal filtering( capacitor)- THE 100uF CAPACITOR REMOVES UNWANTED DC COMPONENTS, ALLOWING ONLY THE AC AUDIO SIGNAL TO REACH THE SPEAKER. 4. Speake output- the amplified signal is sent to yhe 4 ohms speaker, converting the electrical signal into sound. 5. Power supply (5v)- the circuit operates on a 5v dc supply which provides power to the transistor and speaker. How It works

30. step 1. Place the bc546 transistor onto the breadboard step 2. Connect the 1k ohms resistor, attach one end to the base of the transistor and attach the other end to the collector of the transistor. Step 3. Connect the capacitor, attach the positive lead of 100uF capacitor to the base of the transistor,and attach the negative lead of the capacitor to the ground of the aux wire. Step 4. connect the aux wire- attach the gnd of aux wire to the negative lead of the capacitor, and attach the lr of aux to the emitter of the transistor. Step 5. connect the speaker, attach the negative lead of the speaker to the collector of the transistor, and attach the positive lead of the speaker to the positive of 5v power supply. Step 6 . Connect the 5v power supply- attach the negative to the emitter of transistor and the positive to the positive lead of speaker. Step by step assembly

31. THANK YOU