Electric Vehicles WPT is a very goof thing that is good in this world

very good

1. Electric Vehicles: Driving Towards a Sustainable Tomorrow Training Seminar Guided By – Dr. Kishor Bhaskarrao Nandapurkar Mahesh Kumar Meena ( 22115088)

2. History of Electric Vehicles Early Development (1820s–1900s) 1828: Hungarian engineer Ányos Jedlik built a small-scale electric motor and powered a simple vehicle model. Decline (1910s–1970s) Mass production of the Ford Model T reduced the cost of gasoline cars. Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) offered longer ranges and faster refueling, leading to EV decline. Revival (1990s–2010s) 1970s oil crises and environmental concerns spurred renewed interest. Early 2000s: Advances in Lithium-ion batteries improved range and performance. Modern Era (2010–Present) Launch of Tesla Cars set new benchmarks for EV range and design. Government incentives and global climate policies accelerated adoption. EV sales have grown exponentially, supported by expanding charging infrastructure.

3. Basics of Electric Vehicles An Electric Vehicle (EV) is powered by one or more electric motors using energy stored in rechargeable batteries . Key Components Electric Motor – Converts electrical energy into mechanical motion. Battery Pack – Stores electrical energy. For example - Lithium-ion . Power Electronics Controller – Manages energy flow between battery, motor, and regenerative braking system. Charging System – Connects the vehicle to an external power supply for battery recharging. Energy flows from Battery → Inverter → Motor → Wheels

4. Types of Electric Vehicles Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) Power Source: 100% Electric and runs solely on rechargeable battery packs. Fuel: No gasoline, recharged via external electricity sources. Pros: No exhaust, quiet and efficient. Cons: Limited range, Slow Charging. Examples: Tesla Model 3, Nissan Leaf, BYD Atto 3.

5. Types of Electric Vehicles Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) Power Source: Combination of battery-powered motor and an internal combustion engine (ICE). Fuel: Can run on electric power for short trips and can switch to gasoline for longer distances. Pros: Extended driving range, flexibility. Cons: More complex, still uses fossil fuels. Examples: Toyota Prius Prime, BMW 330e.

6. Types of Electric Vehicles Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) Power Source: ICE with small electric motor for assistance. Fuel: Gasoline is primary, motor assists for fuel economy. Pros: Better fuel efficiency than conventional cars, no charging required. Cons: Cannot run solely on electricity for long distances. Examples: Toyota Prius (standard), Honda Accord Hybrid.

7. Working Principle of EVs Energy Flow in Driving Mode Battery Pack stores DC electrical energy. Inverter converts DC from the battery into AC (for AC motors) or controls DC supply (for DC motors). Electric Motor converts electrical energy into mechanical torque. Regenerative Braking Process When braking, the motor acts as a generator , converting kinetic energy back into electrical energy. The recovered energy is sent to the battery pack , improving efficiency and range.

8. Charging Infrastructure Types of Charging Level 1 – Uses standard home socket (slow: 8-20 hours). Level 2 – Uses special home/public chargers (faster: 4-8 hours). DC Fast Charging – Very fast (20-60 mins for 80% charge). Charging Locations Home Charging – Convenient, low cost, slow to moderate speed. Public Charging Stations – Shopping malls, petrol pumps, hotels, and parking areas. Highway Charging Corridors – Designed for long-distance travel. Global Trends Rapid expansion of fast-charging networks (e.g. Tesla Supercharger, Tata Power EZ Charge). Standardization of charging connectors. Integration with renewable energy for green charging.

9. Advantages of EVs 1. Environment Friendly Zero emissions → reduces air pollution and greenhouse gases. Can be powered by renewable energy (solar, wind) for even cleaner operation. 2. Lower Operating Costs Electricity is cheaper than petrol/diesel per km. Fewer moving parts → less maintenance (no oil changes, fewer mechanical failures). 3. High Efficiency Electric motors converts 85–90% of energy to movement vs 25-30% for ICE engines. Regenerative braking recovers energy during slowing down.

10. Challenges of EV Adoption 1. Limited Driving Range Many affordable EVs have ranges of 200–300 km per charge, which may cause “range anxiety”. Long trips require careful charging planning. 2. Charging Time & Availability Even with DC fast charging, it takes longer than refueling with petrol/diesel. Public charging networks are still growing, especially in rural areas. 3. High Upfront Cost Battery packs are expensive hence EVs often cost more than equivalent ICE vehicles.

11. Future of Electric Vehicles 1. Better Batteries Solid-State Batteries : Higher range, faster charging, safer operation. Using low-cost batteries (e.g. sodium-ion) to make EVs more affordable. 2. Faster Charging Ultra-fast chargers reducing charging time to 5–10 minutes . Wireless (Inductive) charging for convenience. 3. Autonomous & Connected EVs Self-driving EVs for safer and more efficient transportation. Smart connectivity for real-time navigation, charging spot reservations. 4. Wider EV Adoption Expansion into buses, trucks, and construction equipment . Affordable models for mass-market buyers, especially in developing countries.

12. Thank You