Electrical Fixtures Electrical Fittings

Electrical Fixtures Electrical Fittings
FIXTURE DESIGNING
LUMINAIRE - INDOOR
EXHAUST FANS
FANS
Illuminance guidelines- lux levels
Quality of light/ CRI - Selection of luminaire & lamp
Lux/ Illuminance level
Good lighting essential to perform visual tasks & increase productivity
But how much is good
Lux levels prescribed by BIS 3646 & SP-32, CIE (Commission International de l’Eclairage) & IES (Illuminating Engineers Society)
Quality of light - Colour Rendering Index
Colour is the interaction between
Light source/ reflector/ transmitter
our ability to detect the colour.
Colour cannot be perceived without light.

1. FIXTURE DESIGNING LUMINAIRE - INDOOR EXHAUST FANS FANS FIXTURES DESIGNING V K AGARWAL 23/24th Aug'12 1

2. LUMINAIRE LAYOUT Illuminance guidelines- lux levels Quality of light/ CRI - Selection of luminaire & lamp Lux/ Illuminance level Good lighting essential to perform visual tasks & increase productivity But how much is good Lux levels prescribed by BIS 3646 & SP-32, CIE (Commission International de l’Eclairage ) & IES (Illuminating Engineers Society) Quality of light - Colour Rendering Index Colour is the interaction between Light source/ reflector/ transmitter our ability to detect the colour. Colour can not be perceived without light. FIXTURES DESIGNING V K AGARWAL 23/24th Aug'12 2

3. Recommended Lux levels FIXTURES DESIGNING V K AGARWAL 23/24th Aug'12 3 Recommended lighting levels         Illuminance Examples of Area of Activity level (lux) General Lighting for rooms and areas used either infrequently and/or casual or simple visual tasks 20 Minimum service illuminance in exterior circulating areas, outdoor stores , stockyards 50 Exterior walkways & platforms. 70 Boiler house. 100 Transformer yards, furnace rooms etc. 150 Circulation areas in industry, stores and stock rooms. General lighting for interiors 200 Minimum service illuminance on the task 300 Medium bench & machine work, general process in chemical and food industries, casual reading and filing activities.

4. Recommended Lux levels General lighting for interiors 450 Hangers, inspection, drawing offices, fine bench and machine assembly, colour work, critical drawing tasks. 1500 Very fine bench and machine work, instrument & small precision mechanism assembly; electronic components, gauging & inspection of small intricate parts (may be partly provided by local task lighting) Additional localised lighting for visually exacting tasks 3000 Minutely detailed and precise work, e.g. Very small parts of instruments, watch making, engraving. FIXTURES DESIGNING V K AGARWAL 23/24th Aug'12 4

5. Quality of Light Different light sources radiate different wave lengths. Color Rendition is effect of light on appearance of colored objects . Colour Temperature in deg K - how the lamp itself appears when lit. Range 9000 K (Blue ) to 1500 K (Orange-red ). Higher colour temperature of 4000K or more being “cool ” Lower colour temperature of 3100K or less being ‘warm” CRI is the colour rendering capability of a lamp . In CRI test palette of specific colours R1 to R8 used to measure colour difference between a reference source & light source (6) Higher the CRI - less distortion of the object’s colour . CRI scale 0 to 100 . CRI of 100 - No colour shift as compared with a reference source. Lower CRI- shift may be more pronounced FIXTURES DESIGNING V K AGARWAL 23/24th Aug'12 5

6. CRI Color Palette R1 Light greyish red R2 Dark greyish yellow R3 Strong yellow green R4 Moderate yellowish green R5 Light bluish green R6 Light blue R7 Light violet R8 Light reddish purple FIXTURES DESIGNING V K AGARWAL 23/24th Aug'12 6

7. Quality of Light Factors a ffecting Colour Appea rance & selection of light source Finishes used on walls, floors, and furnishings The intensity level of the lighting Presence of daylight in the room All factors influence selection of light source Room decor is a critical consideration in selecting a light source. For Red & Oranges - warm light source (Temp below 3200 K) For blues and violets - Cool lamps (Temp above 4000 K) For areas with neutral colour ( Gray predominate) - Colour temperature source (3400 to 3600 K) FIXTURES DESIGNING V K AGARWAL 23/24th Aug'12 7

8. CRI for lamps Light Source Temp Efficacy Range CRI Hours Characteristics Effect on colour   deg K (lm/watt)         Incandescent 2750 - 3400 15-25 95+ 1k Warm Inviting light, Standard light source, Relatively inefficient Brghtens Reds, Oranges, Yellows & darkens Blues & greens Tungeston Halogen 2850 20 4k Brighter, whiter light, more efficient than Incandenscent Brghtens Reds, Oranges, Yellows & darkens Blues & greens CFL Compact Fluroscent 2700 63 82 12k More efficient   Fluorescent 2700 - 6300 50-95 48-90 25k Wide selection of phosphor colours , also from warm to cool lighting, high efficiency & much longer life Wide range of Colour temp & CRI to light effectively any indoor area with warm to cool environment as per décor or task T-8 75-98   T-5 75-98   Package LED white Cool 6500 132 75 50k Cool white   Package LED white warm 3150 78 80 50k Warm white   LED Lamp 3000 62 92 50k Warm white   FIXTURES DESIGNING V K AGARWAL 23/24th Aug'12 8

9. CRI for lamps FIXTURES DESIGNING V K AGARWAL 23/24th Aug'12 9 HID Lamps             Metal Halide 75-100 70 Different gases & phosphor colours can create variety of atmosphere, high efficiency & very long life Ceramic MH provide excellent Colour rendering. Mercury & Sodium provide have poor CRI. Mercury imparts blue green colour & Sodium imparts orange yellow colour. High Pressure Sodium 80-130 25 Low Pressure Sodium 1800 5 Mercury 6410 40 -63 17     High CR MH 80-93   Standard/ pulse start MH 65-70   White high pressue Sodium 60-85       CRI Value - Excellent > 80 -Retail (displays, stores & shops), showrooms,restaurants , Executive office, confrence rooms, lobbies Good/ Moderate 60 – 80 - Offices, class rooms, security lighting, super markets, manufacturing areas, High bay retail, Large scale exteriors (Sports areas)   Poor < 60 - Street lighting, warehouses, parking lots      

10. Lighting design method Zonal Cavity Method (sometimes called Lumen Method) best for indoor areas Room - three cavities. The space bet. the ceiling and the fixtures, if suspended , the “ceiling cavity ” CC The space between the work plane and the floor, the “floor cavity ” FC The space between the fixtures and the work plane, the “room cavity .” RC Cavity ratios Considers the effect of inter-reflectance on the level of illuminance Determine effective reflectance of the ceiling & floor cavities Then help to find the CU Basic steps in any calculation of illuminance level/ nos. of fittings Determine cavity ratios Assume reflectances & determine effective cavity reflectances Select coefficient of utilization Compute average illuminance level or Numbers of fittings FIXTURES DESIGNING V K AGARWAL 23/24th Aug'12 10

11. Zonal Cavity Method Step 1: Cavity ratios (CR) for a rectangular space CCR = 5* hcc *(L+W)/ L*W RCR = 5* hrc *(L+W)/ L*W FCR = 5* hfc *(L+W)/ L*W Hcc = distance luminaire to ceiling in m/ ft hrc -= distance luminaire to work plane in m/ ft Hfc = distance work plane to floor in m/ ft For other shapes CR=2.5* Cvt ht * Cvt perimeter/Area of cavity base Step 2 : Assume reflectances (S 15) From CCR, FCR & reflectance values, determine ρcc (effective ceiling cavity reflectance) and ρfc (effective floor cavity reflectance ) (S16 & 17) If luminaire is recessed/ surface mounted CCR =0 If the floor is the work plane FCR =0 The actual reflectance of the ceiling or floor = effective reflectance. FIXTURES DESIGNING V K AGARWAL 23/24th Aug'12 11

12. Zonal Cavity Method Step 3 : Calculate CU CU- % of lamp rated lumens that reach the work plane. It accounts for Light directly from the luminaire Light reflected from room surfaces Find CU in manufacturer’s luminaire table (18) from values of ρcc , ρfc , ρw (wall reflectance ) & RCR, The table is linear. Make Linear interpolations for exact cavity ratios & reflectance combinations . CU is for a 20% effective floor cavity. Find multiplier for calculated ρfc (29,30) CU final = CU (20% floor) x Multiplier for actual ρfc . If it is other than 10% or 30 %, interpolate or extrapolate and multiply by factor. Step 4: Calculate fitting by standard Lumen Method. N = (E*A)/ (Flux * CU*LLF) Where E= lux level ; A= Area in sqm Flux – lumens of the lamp CU – for actual ρfc as calculated LLF – Light Loss factor (Explained & calculated below) FIXTURES DESIGNING V K AGARWAL 23/24th Aug'12 12

13. Design Example Select the Illumination E for work place ( S 3 & 4 or BIS) –- ( say 500Lux) Select Luminaire & Lamp Determine Lamp Lumen Output from fixture/ lamp manufacturer. (2x28w mounting type )=Flux=2*2850 Procure COU tables from manufacturer Collect the room data - For Typical lecture hall Length – m ( Say 60’=18.29m) Width – m (Say 30’=9.15m) Area - sq. ft (A= 1800sq.ft)=167.31sq.m Ceiling height – 14’=4.27m Height of working plane – 2’=610mm Stem =4’=1220mm Luminaire height from floor =14-4=10’=3050mm Luminaire height from WP = 10-2=8’=2440mm FIXTURES DESIGNING V K AGARWAL 23/24th Aug'12 13

14. Design Example Reflectance - ceiling white 80 %, walls Green or Tan 30 %, floor wooden Mahogany 10% (S 15) Calculate Cavity Ratio CCR= 5*1.22*(18.29+9.15) / 18.29*9.15=1 RCR=5*2.44*( 18.29+9.15)/ 18.29*9.15=2 FCR=5*0.61*( 18.29+9.15)/ 18.29*9.15=0.50 Calculate effective cavity reflectance for CCR & FCR. ρcc for the ceiling is 62 %, while ρfc is 10 %. (Slide 16 & 17) Calculate CU from Luminaire table for RCR of 2 & ρcc 62% CU is 0.55.(For ρfc = 20 %) (Slide 18) But ρfc is 10%. Correct the CU to ρfc of 10%. For ρcc 70% & ρw 30% value is 0.957 & for ρcc 50 % & ρw30% value is 0.968. Inter- plote for ρcc 62 %, Multiplier value=0.964 (Slide 19 & 20) Corrected CU=0.55*0.964=0.5302 FIXTURES DESIGNING V K AGARWAL 23/24th Aug'12 14

15. FIXTURES DESIGNING V K AGARWAL 23/24th Aug'12 15

16. Percent effective ceiling or floor cavity reflectance for various reflectance combinations. FIXTURES DESIGNING V K AGARWAL 23/24th Aug'12 16

17. Percent effective ceiling or floor cavity reflectance for various reflectance combinations. FIXTURES DESIGNING V K AGARWAL 23/24th Aug'12 17   2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0   82 70 59 50 82 69 58 48 81 67 56 46 81 66 54 44 80 64 52 42   68 63 54 45 67 61 52 43 66 60 50 41 65 59 48 39 65 58 47 37   55 48 38 54 46 37 54 45 35 53 43 33 52 42 32   42 36 29 29 42 35 27 29 41 34 26 29 41 33 25 29 40 32 24 29   24 19 15 24 19 14 23 18 14 23 17 13 22 17 12   13 09 06 13 09 06 13 09 06 13 09 05 13 09 05   3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0   79 63 50 40 79 62 48 38 78 61 47 36 78 60 45 35 77 58 44 33   65 57 45 35 64 56 44 34 63 54 43 32 62 53 41 31 61 53 40 30   51 40 31 50 39 29 49 38 28 49 37 27 48 36 26   39 31 23 29 39 30 22 29 39 29 21 29 38 29 21 28 38 28 20 28   22 16 12 22 16 11 21 15 10 21 15 10 21 14 09   13 09 05 13 09 05 13 09 04 14 09 04 14 09 04   4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.0   77 57 43 32 76 56 42 31 76 55 40 30 75 54 39 28 75 53 38 28   60 52 39 29 60 51 38 28 59 50 37 27 58 49 36 26 58 48 35 25   47 35 25 46 34 24 45 33 24 45 32 23 44 31 22   37 28 20 28 37 27 19 28 36 26 18 28 36 26 18 28 35 25 17 28   20 14 09 20 14 09 20 13 08 20 13 08 19 13 08   14 09 04 14 08 04 14 08 04 14 08 04 14 08 04

18. Luminaire COU Typical FIXTURES DESIGNING V K AGARWAL 23/24th Aug'12 18 ρ cc 80% 70% 50% 30% 10% ρ w 70% 50% 30% 10% 70% 50% 30% 10% 50% 30% 10% 50% 30% 10% 50% 30% 10% RCR                   0 .78 0 .78 0 .78 0 .78 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.62 0.62 0.62 1 0.72 0.69 0.67 0.64 0.69 0.67 0.65 0.63 0.63 0.61 0.59 0.59 0.58 0.56 0.56 0.55 0.53 2 0.66 0.62 0.58 0.55 0.64 0.60 0.56 0.53 0.56 0.54 0.51 0.53 0.51 0.49 0.5 0.48 0.47 3 0.61 0.55 0.51 0.47 0.59 0.54 0.50 0.46 0.51 0.47 0.44 0.48 0.45 0.43 0.46 0.43 0.41 4 0.57 0.50 0.45 0.41 0.55 0.48 0.44 0.40 0.46 0.42 0.39 0.44 0.40 0.38 0.41 0.39 0.36 5 0.52 0.45 0.39 0.35 0.50 0.43 0.38 0.35 0.41 0.37 0.34 0.39 0.36 0.33 0.37 0.34 0.32 6 0.48 0.40 0.35 0.31 0.47 0.39 0.34 0.31 0.37 0.33 0.30 0.36 0.32 0.29 0.34 0.31 0.28 7 0.45 0.36 0.31 0.27 0.43 0.35 0.30 0.27 0.34 0.29 0.26 0.32 0.28 0.25 0.31 0.27 0.25 8 0.41 0.33 0.27 0.23 0.40 0.32 0.27 0.23 0.30 0.26 0.23 0.29 0.25 0.22 0.28 0.24 0.22 9 0.38 0.29 0.24 0.20 0.36 0.28 0.23 0.20 0.27 0.23 0.20 0.26 0.22 0.19 0.25 0.21 0.19 10 0.35 0.26 0.21 0.18 0.34 0.26 0.21 0.18 0.25 0.20 0.17 0.24 0.20 0.17 0.23 0.19 0.16

19. Correcting factors for other than 20 percent effective floor cavity reflectance FIXTURES DESIGNING V K AGARWAL 23/24th Aug'12 19 % Effective ceiling cavity reflectance, ρcc 80 70 50 30 10   % Wall reflectance, ρ w 70 50 30 10 70 50 30 10 50 30 10 50 30 10 50 30 10                     RCR For 30 per cent effective floor cavity reflectance (20 per cent = 1.00) 1 1.092 1.082 1.075 1.068 1.077 1.070 1.064 1.059 1.049 1.044 1.040 1.028 1.026 1.023 1.012 1.010 1.008 2 1.079 1.066 1.055 1.047 1.068 1.057 1.048 1.039 1.041 1.033 1.027 1.026 1.021 1.017 1.013 1.010 1.006 3 1.070 1.054 1 042 1.033 1.061 1.048 1.037 1.028 1.034 1.027 1.020 1.024 1.017 1.012 1.014 1.009 1.005 4 1.062 1.045 1.033 1.024 1.055 1.040 1.029 1.021 1.030 1.022 1.015 1.022 1.015 1.010 1.014 1.009 1.004 5 1.056 1 038 1.026 1.018 1.05 1.034 1.024 1.015 1.027 1.018 1.012 1.020 1.013 1.008 1.014 1.009 1.004 6 1.052 1.033 1.021 1.014 1.047 1.030 1.02 1.012 1.024 1.015 l.009 1.019 1.012 1.006 1.014 1.008 1.003 7 1.047 1.029 1.018 1.011 1.043 1.026 1.017 l.009 1.022 1.013 1.007 1.018 1.010 1.005 1.014 1.008 1.003 8 1.044 1.026 1.015 1.009 1.04 1.024 1.015 1.007 1.020 1.012 1.006 1.017 1.009 1.004 1.013 1.007 1.003 9 1.040 1.024 1.014 1.007 1.037 1.022 1.014 1.006 1.019 1.011 1.005 1.016 1.009 1.004 1.013 1.007 1.002 10 1.037 1.022 1.012 1.006 1.034 1.020 1.012 1.005 1.017 1.010 1.004 1.015 1.009 1.003 1.013 1.007 1.002

20. Correcting factors for other than 20 percent effective floor cavity reflectance   For 10 per cent effective floor cavity reflectance (20 per cent=1.00) % Effective ceiling cavity reflectance, ρcc 80 70 50 30 10     % Wall reflectance, ρ w 70 50 30 10 70 50 30 10 50 30 10 50 30 10 50 30 10 RCR                                   1 0.923 0.929 0.935 0.940 0.933 0.939 0.943 0.948 0.956 0.960 0.963 0.973 0.976 0.979 0.989 0.991 0.993 2 0.931 0.942 0.950 0.958 0.94 0.949 0.957 0.963 0.962 0.968 0.974 0.976 0.980 0.985 0.988 0.991 0.995 3 0.939 0.951 0.961 0.969 0.945 0.957 0.966 0.973 0.967 0.975 0.981 0.978 0.983 0.988 0.988 0.992 0.996 4 0.944 0.958 0.969 0.978 0.95 0.963 0.973 0.98 0.972 0.980 0.986 0.980 0.986 0.991 0.987 0.992 0.996 5 0.949 0.964 0.976 0.983 0.954 0.968 0.978 0.985 0.975 0.983 0.989 0.981 0.988 0.993 0.987 0.992 0.997 6 0.953 0.969 0.980 0.986 0.958 0.972 0.982 0.989 0.977 0.985 0.992 0.982 0.989 0.995 0.987 0.993 0.997 7 0.957 0.973 0.983 0.991 0.961 0.975 0.985 0.991 0.979 0.987 0.994 0.983 0.99 0.996 0.987 0.993 0.998 8 0.960 0.976 0.986 0.993 0.963 0.977 0.987 0.993 0.981 0.988 0.995 0.984 0.991 0.997 0.987 0.994 0.998 9 0.963 0.978 0.987 0.994 0.965 0.979 0.989 0.994 0.983 0.990 0.996 0.985 0.992 0.998 0.988 0.994 0.999 10 0.965 0.980 0.965 0.980 0.967 0.981 0.99 0.995 0.984 0.991 0.997 0.986 0.993 0.998 0.988 0.994 0.999 FIXTURES DESIGNING V K AGARWAL 23/24th Aug'12 20

21. Design Example Calculate LLF Light Loss Factor (LLF) = (Non – Recoverable factors)* (Recoverable factors) Non recoverable LLF (24-25) =Luminaire Ambient Temperature Factor*Heat Extraction thermal Factor*Supply Voltage Variation Factor*Ballast Factor*Optical factor (Ballast lamp photo- meteric factor)*Equipment operating factor*Lamp Position (Tilt) Factor*Fixture Surface Depreciation Factor) = 1*1.1*1*0.93*1*1*1*1=1.023 Recoverable LLF (26-30) = Lamp Lumen Depreciation factor* Luminaire dirt depreciation factor* Room surface dirt depreciation factor* Lamp burn out factor =0.85*0.87*0.959*0.95=0.6737 Light Loss Factor = Recoverable LLF* non – recoverable LLF =0.6737*1.023=0.6892 FIXTURES DESIGNING V K AGARWAL 23/24th Aug'12 21

22. Design Example Calculate nos. of fittings N = (E*A)/ (Flux *CU*LLF ) =500*167.31/(2*2850*0.5302*0.6892)=40.16 =Say 38 Actual lux with 38= 38*(2*2850*0.5302*0.6892)/167.31=473.07 Space the luminaires to achieve desired uniformity. Every luminaire has a recommended space to height ratio. Height is effective height = distance luminaire to work plane Recommended value for S to H ratio = 1.4 to 1.5. If the actual ratio is more, the uniformity of lighting will be less . For ILER see slide 36 FIXTURES DESIGNING V K AGARWAL 23/24th Aug'12 22

23. Light Loss Factor - LLF Light Loss Factor (LLF) = (Non – Recoverable factors)* (Recoverable factors) LLF = Lamp lumen MF x Luminaire MF x Room surface MF Typical LLF - For AC office – 0.8, Clean Industrial –0.7, Dirty Industrial - 0.6 Non-recoverable factors Attributable to equipment and site conditions Cannot be changed with normal maintenance. Luminaire Ambient Temperature Factor Heat Extraction thermal Factor Supply Voltage Variation Factor Ballast Factor Optical factor (Ballast lamp photo- meteric factor) Equipment operating factor Lamp Position (Tilt) Factor Fixture Surface Depreciation Factor) FIXTURES DESIGNING V K AGARWAL 23/24th Aug'12 23

24. Light Loss Factor - LLF Recoverable factors Cleaning & re-lamping luminaires Cleaning or painting room surfaces Lamp Lumen Depreciation factor Luminaire dirt depreciation factor Room surface dirt depreciation factor Lamp burn out factor Non-recoverable Factors Luminaire Ambient Temperature Factor - For normal indoor temperatures, use factor of 1 . Heat Extraction thermal Factor - Air-handling luminaires - 1.10 Otherwise - 1 Supply Voltage Variation Factor – For nominal voltage – 1 .0 For FTL – Voltage drop 10% - 0.96. Ballast factor (BF) – As per manufacturer’s data. depends on the lamp & ballast. (BF) =Published lamp lumens/ lumens delivered by the lamp on the ballast. - Typical HID ballast factors vary between .9 and .95. Magnetic ballasts (CBM) not less than 0.925 – 0.93 . For standard 30- and 40-W rapid-start lamps, between 0.94 – 0.95. FIXTURES DESIGNING V K AGARWAL 23/24th Aug'12 24

25. Light Loss Factor - LLF For highly loaded rapid-start lamps - 0.95. For various low-wattage lamps is 0.90 Ballast-lamp photometric factor - Refer manufacturer’s data or use a factor of 1 . Equipment operating factor(EOF) - For HID lamp-ballast combination only, refer to Manufacturer’s data or use a factor of 1 . Lamp-position (tilt) factor - Part of EOF -refer to Manufacturer’s data for specific lamp. Vertical 1 , 30deg -0.95, 45deg -0.90, 67deg - 0.82, 70deg – 0.84, 80deg 0.895, 90deg - 0.95. Luminaire surface depreciation factor - Fixture surface depreciate (some plastic lenses yellow,). In absence of data, use value of 1 . Non recoverable LLF =Luminaire Ambient Temperature Factor*Heat Extraction thermal Factor*Supply Voltage Variation Factor*Ballast Factor*Optical factor (Ballast lamp photo- meteric factor)*Equipment operating factor*Lamp Position (Tilt) Factor*Fixture Surface Depreciation Factor) = 1*1.1*1*0.93*1*1*1*1=1.023 FIXTURES DESIGNING V K AGARWAL 23/24th Aug'12 25

26. Light Loss Factor - LLF Recoverable factors Lamp Lumen Depreciation factor – Use Table for preliminary calculations Luminaire dirt depreciation factor Room surface dirt depreciation factor Lamp burn out factor FIXTURES DESIGNING V K AGARWAL 23/24th Aug'12 26

27. Luminaire Dirt depreciation factor LDD Luminaire dirt depreciation (LDD) factor Dirt on luminaires depreciates light output Light on work plane LDD is determined as follows: Luminaire maintenance category from the manufacturer’s data or from slide 28 Determine dirt conditions - Very clean/ Clean/ Medium/ Dirty/ Very Dirty Dirt sources - Adjacent Air/ Generated by work & whether Intermittent / Constant Dirt classification Adhesive - Clings due to stickiness – oil from cooking, particles from machine, oil vapour, water vapour in laundry, fumes from metal pouring/ plating tanks Attracted – held by electro static forces- hair, lint, fibers & electro-static charged dry particles from machine operations. FIXTURES DESIGNING V K AGARWAL 23/24th Aug'12 27

28. LDD – Luminaire maintenance category FIXTURES DESIGNING V K AGARWAL 23/24th Aug'12 28 Maintenance category Top Enclosure Bottom Enclosure I None None II - Apertured 1.None 1. None 2. Transparent 15% or more uplight 2. Louvres/ baffles 3. Translucent 15% or more uplight   4. Opaque 15% or more uplight   III - Apertured 1. Transparent with less than 15% upward 1. None 2. Translucent with less than 15% upward 2. Louvres/ baffles 3. Opaque with less than 15% upward   IV 1. Transparent unapertured 1. None 2.Translucent Unapertured 2. Louvres 3. Opaque Unapertured   V 1. Transparent unapertured 1. Transparent unapertured 2.Translucent Unapertured 2.Translucent Unapertured 3. Opaque Unapertured   VI 1. None 1. Transparent unapertured 2. Transparent unapertured 2.Translucent Unapertured 3.Translucent Unapertured 3.Opaque Unapertured 4. Opaque Unapertured  

29. Luminaire Dirt depreciation factor LDD Inert - varies nil on vertical surfaces to as much as a horizontal surface can hold before it is dislodged by gravity or air circulation. Non sticky uncharged particles flour, saw dust, fine cinder etc Step 1 – Evaluate prevailing dirt conditions from chart . Slide 30 Factors 1 to 5 should be assessed and inserted into the column spaces . “ Area Adjacent to Task Area” is separated but adjacent to luminaire area “ Area Surrounding Task ”. “ From Adjacent” column indicates the net amount of such dirt that can pass thru Filter Factor” is %age of dirt that will pass from the adjacent to surrounding An open window has a filter factor of 1.0 (no filtering at all) or an AC system has a filter factor of 0.1 (90 percent of the dirt is filtered out). The total of all the numbers in the “Subtotal” column is a number up to 60 This can be translated into the applicable atmosphere-dirt category. Step 2 – Otherwise select prevailing/ likely matching dirt condition from table slide 31 FIXTURES DESIGNING V K AGARWAL 23/24th Aug'12 29

30. Dirt conditions - Evaluation table FIXTURES DESIGNING V K AGARWAL 23/24th Aug'12 30

31. Prevailing/ likely dirt conditions FIXTURES DESIGNING V K AGARWAL 23/24th Aug'12 31

32. Luminaire Dirt depreciation factor LDD Step 3 – Assume proper elapsed time in months of the planned cleaning cycle Step 4 – Get LDD from curve by inter-plotting luminaire maintenance category, dirt condition & the proper elapsed time in months of the planned cleaning cycle . Slide 33 For example, if the category is I, the atmosphere is medium & cleaning occurs every 18 months, the LDD is approx. 0.87. Room surface dirt depreciation factor (RSDD) The dirt on room surfaces reduces Amount of luminous flux reflected And inter-reflected to the work plane. Step 1 –Find the expected dirt depreciation from prevailing dirt conditions & estimated time between cleanings . Slide 35 FIXTURES DESIGNING V K AGARWAL 23/24th Aug'12 32

33. FIXTURES DESIGNING V K AGARWAL 23/24th Aug'12 33

34. Room Surface Dirt depreciation factor If atmosphere is medium & cleaning period 18 months, the expected dirt depreciation is 22%. Step 2 – Determine type of luminaire distribution.(Direct) Step 3 – Determine Room cavity ratio (RCR) - 2 Step 4 – Get RSDD from curves. With 22% Dirt depreciation, RCR 2 & Direct luminaire distribution, RSDD is 0.959 . slide 36 Lamp Burn out (LBO) Factor = 1 - Percentage of Lamps Allowed to Fail Without Being Replaced. If lamps are replaced as they burn out, LBO is 0.95. If a group replacement maintenance is employed, use a factor of 1. Recoverable LLF = Lamp Lumen Depreciation factor* Luminaire dirt depreciation factor* Room surface dirt depreciation factor* Lamp burn out factor =0.85*0.87*0.959*0.95=0.6737 Light Loss Factor = Recoverable LLF* non – recoverable LLF =0.6737*1.023=0.6892 FIXTURES DESIGNING V K AGARWAL 23/24th Aug'12 34

35. Room Surface Dirt Depreciation Factor FIXTURES DESIGNING V K AGARWAL 23/24th Aug'12 35

36. Installed load efficacy ratio (ILER) What is installed load efficacy ratio? Installed load efficacy ratio (ILER) =Actual lux/ w/m2 divided by Target lux/ w/ m2 =473/500 = 0.946 How is the lighting performance assessed from Installed load efficacy ratio (ILER)?? ILER ratios of 0.75 or more may be considered to be satisfactory to good. ILER ratios of 0.51 – 0.74 need investigation for more efficient alternative. ILER of 0.5 or less certainly needs the installation to use more efficient lighting equipment. FIXTURES DESIGNING V K AGARWAL 23/24th Aug'12 36

37. Installed load efficacy ratio (ILER) Example - The ILER of a room is 0.7. If the lighting load is 1590 W, calculate the annual energy wastage? Assume the room is ON for 8hours/day for 300 days Annual Energy Wastage = (1 – ILER) x Watts x no. of operating hours =(1 – 0.7 )*1590*8*300= 1145 Kwh For Calculated ILER=0.946 Load =38*2*28*1.05=2234 watt Annual energy wastage=(1-0.946)*2234*8*300=290 Kwh Annual saving by improving ILER=1145-290=855Kwh FIXTURES DESIGNING V K AGARWAL 23/24th Aug'12 37

38. EXHAUST FANS FIXTURES DESIGNING V K AGARWAL 23/24th Aug'12 38

39. Designing of exhaust fans Calculate volume of the space. Select no. of changes (N) from table Select type of exhaust fan & its volumeteric flow in Cum/ hr (Q) Calculate nos. of exhaust fans= N*V/Q Building / Room Air Change Rates - n - (1/ hr ) All spaces in general min 4 Attic spaces for cooling 12 - 15 Auditoriums 8 - 15 Bakeries 20 Banks 4 - 10 Barber Shops 6 - 10 Bars 20 - 30 Beauty Shops 6 - 10 Boiler rooms 15 - 20 Bowling Alleys 10 - 15 Cafeterias 12 - 15 Churches 8 - 15 Club rooms 12 Clubhouses 20 - 30 Cocktail Lounges 20 - 30 Computer Rooms 15 - 20 Court Houses 4 - 10 FIXTURES DESIGNING V K AGARWAL 23/24th Aug'12 39

40. Mills, paper 15 - 20 Mills, textile general buildings 4 Mills, textile dye houses 15 - 20 Municipal Buildings 4 - 10 Museums 12 -15 Offices, public 3 Offices, private 4 Police Stations 4 - 10 Post Offices 4 - 10 Precision Manufacturing 10 - 50 Pump rooms 5 Restaurants 8 - 12 Retail 6 - 10 School Classrooms 4 - 12 Shoe Shops 6 - 10 Shopping Centers 6 - 10 Shops, machine 5 Shops, paint 15 - 20 Shops, woodworking 5 Substation, electric 5 - 10 Supermarkets 4 - 10 Town Halls 4 - 10 Taverns 20 - 30 Theaters 8 - 15 Turbine rooms, electric 5 - 10 Warehouses 2 Waiting rooms, public 4 FIXTURES DESIGNING V K AGARWAL 23/24th Aug'12 40 Dental Centers 8 - 12 Department Stores 6 - 10 Dining Halls 12 -15 Dining rooms (restaurants) 12 Dress Shops 6 - 10 Drug Shops 6 - 10 Engine rooms 4 - 6 Factory buildings, ordinary 2 - 4 Factory buildings, fumes and moisture 10 - 15 Fire Stations 4 - 10 Foundries 15 - 20 Galvanizing plants 20 - 30 Garages repair 20 - 30 Garages storage 4 - 6 Homes, night cooling 10 - 18 Jewelry shops 6 - 10 Kitchens 15 - 60 Laundries 10 - 15 Libraries, public 4 Lunch Rooms 12 -15 Luncheonettes 12 -15 Nightclubs 20 - 30 Malls 6 - 10 Medical Centers 8 - 12 Medical Clinics 8 - 12 Medical Offices 8 - 12

41. Designing of exhaust fans FIXTURES DESIGNING V K AGARWAL 23/24th Aug'12 41 Size Polarity Phase RATED POWER INPUT (Watts) RATED SPEED (RPM) MIN.AIR DELIVERY (Cu.mtr/Hr) 300mm 4 pole Single 90 1400 1710 380mm 4 pole Single 150 1400 3250 380mm 6 pole Single 100 950 2000 450mm 4 pole Single 410 1400 6120 450mm 6 pole Single 145 950 3900 600mm 6 pole Single 550 950 9400 600mm 8 pole Single 225 700 7100 900mm 8 pole Three 1320 700 25200

42. Designing of exhaust fans Example Calculate exhaust fans for a kitchen measuring 8x6x3m. Calculate volume=8*6*3=144Cum Select Air changes- 15 to 60- assume worst 60. Select Exhaust fan a)380mm 1P 950Rpm Q 2000 Cum/hr. OR b)450mm 1P 950Rpm Q 3900 Cum/hr. a) Nos. of Exhaust fans =(144*60/2000) =4 appr . b ) Nos. of Exhaust fans =Round(144*60/3900,0)=2 FIXTURES DESIGNING V K AGARWAL 23/24th Aug'12 42

43. CEILING FANS FIXTURES DESIGNING V K AGARWAL 23/24th Aug'12 43

44. Designing of Ceiling fans Ceiling Fan can be selected from table. Distance between two fans 2- 2.5D – D sweep of fan. Zigzag pattern provides better circulation for more than two fans Fan efficiency is measured by Service Value (SV) SV= Air delivery (in cu m/min )/ power input (For 1200 mm sweep, air delivery of 210Cum/min SV is 3.5 which gives power as 60w) Typically inefficient fans consume 80w & efficient 45w. Fans should be suspended 8’ - 9' from the floor. Fan blades should be at least 7' away from the floor & at least 8 1/2" from the ceiling. If there is less space, airflow is reduced. For high ceilings (10’-14’) - cool air circulation or heat reclamation is improved by lowering the ceiling fan, Down rod size chart next slide FIXTURES DESIGNING V K AGARWAL 23/24th Aug'12 44

45. Designing of Ceiling fans Fan Size (in mm) Room Size (in sq metres) 900 <7 1050 07-10 1200 10-12 1400 12-14 >1400 greater than 14 sq meters or Use 2 or more fans FIXTURES DESIGNING V K AGARWAL 23/24th Aug'12 45