ELectricity from Ocean Waves

These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to analyze how wave energy is becoming more economically feasible. The potential for wave energy is particularly large in northern parts of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, for example near Canada, the UK, and other parts of Europe. There are a number of emerging designs and these designs benefit from increases in scale. Increasing their scale and other design changes are causing the costs to fall and it is estimated that the cost of electricity from wave energy will fall below that of wind turbines and other sources of clean energy in the near future.

1. Team members
Aryoko Wibowo S. A0082149A
Jerico Juico A0091472E
Lim Shoa Siong A0068312L
Padmanaban Vivek A0035842H
Prakash Sambasivam A0027237J
Yeo Lian Sheng A0081976N

OCEAN WAVE ENERGY

MT5009
ANALYZING HI-TECH OPPORTUNITIES

2. OUTLINE
•INTRODUCTION TO WAVE ENERGY
•WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS
OSCILLATING WATER COLUMN (OWC)
OVERTOPPING
•WAVE ENERGY STATUS & OPPORTUNITIES
•CONCLUSION

2

3. The Process Conversion of Wave’s Potential and Kinetic energy into
Electrical energy.



Notable
Characteristics
Constantly generated.
Do not deplete
More depict able and reliable as a source of energy
Can be harnessed close to the shoreline, offshore, or
anywhere in-between.
Good forecast ability.
With 12 m/s wave velocity, 10hrs or more forecast ability.
Significance Estimated that 0.2% of Ocean’s untapped energy could
provide power sufficient for the entire world !
[1]
[1] Ocean Wave energy Current Status and Future Prospective by João Cruz
Wave-Energy’s Characteristics
3

4. - Wave resource is strongest on the west coasts, and toward the poles
- At approx. 30 kW/mcl in the Northwest (yearly avg.), a single meter (3.3 feet) of wave has the raw power
for 23 coastal homes.
4
Approximate global distribution of wave
power levels (kW/m of wave front)

5. Wave-Energy’s Potential
Wave power available compared to electricity consumption for continents.
The error bars show the 95% confidence intervals.
Quantifying the global wave power resource
Kester Gunn*, Clym Stock-Williams E.ON New Build & Technology, Technology Centre, Ratcliffe-on-Soar, Nottingham, England, UK
5

6. 6
Oscillating Water Column
Attenuator
Point-Absorber
Overtopping
Methods of Wave Capturing

7. Wave Energy Conversion
Source: Frost & Sullivan, “European Wave Energy Market Assessment”, Published Jan 2012
Mohamed, K.H.; Sahoo, N.C.; Ibrahim, T.B., “A Survey of Technologies Used in Wave Energy Conversion Systems”
Primary
Energy
Capture
Power
Takeoff
Generator
Device Name Wave Capturing Method Power Takeoff Generator Storage
Limpet (1) Oscillating Water Column Wells Turbine Induction Flywheel
Wave Dragon (2) Overtopping Kaplan Turbine PMSG Reservoir
DFIG: Doubly-Fed Inductor Generator PMSG: Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator
LPMG: Linear Permanent Magnet Generator
7
(1) Control System of WEC
(2) Wave Capturing Methods

8. OUTLINE
•INTRODUCTION TO WAVE ENERGY
•WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS
OSCILLATING WATER COLUMN (OWC)
•Overview
•Efficiency
•Cost
•Scaling
•Components
OVERTOPPING
•WAVE ENERGY STATUS & OPPORTUNITIES
•CONCLUSION

8

9. Oscillating Water Column (OWC)
As the wave rises
within the
Oscillating Water
Column (OWC),
Air is compressed
and pushed
through the
turbine
1
As the wave
recedes, the air is
sucked back into
the OWC and past
the turbine
2
The turbine rotates
in the same
direction
regardless of the
direction of air
flow
3
9

10. Oscillating Water Column (OWC)
Hydrokinetic & Wave Energy Technologies Technical & Environmental Issues Workshop October 26-28, 2005 Cynthia Rudge –Business
Development EnergetechAustralia
10
Video Link

11. Typical OWC Efficiencies
11
Source: The Carbon Trust, 2005. Marine energy challenge: oscillating water column wave energy converter evaluation report.

12. Power losses
Generates useful
power
Factors Affecting Wave Capture
Efficiency
Water column
heave
Front wall
swash /down-
rush
Water
column slosh
Power
take-off
(PTO)
Outgoing
waves
Viscous
losses
Incoming
waves
12

13. Optimum Damping To Reduce
Power Loss

13
Source: The Carbon Trust, 2005. Marine energy challenge: oscillating water column wave energy converter evaluation report.

14. Available Energy Flux vs Ocean
Depth
14
Available
wave energy
flux
increases as
ocean depth
increases
Source: The Carbon Trust, 2005. Marine energy challenge: oscillating water column wave energy converter evaluation report.

15. Damaging Waves Occurrence vs
Ocean Depth
15
Occurrence
of
damaging
waves
decreases
as ocean
depth
increases
Source: The Carbon Trust, 2005. Marine energy challenge: oscillating water column wave energy converter evaluation report.

16. CAPEX vs Ocean Depth
16
CAPEX generally
increases as ocean
depth increases
Source: The Carbon Trust, 2005. Marine energy challenge: oscillating water column wave energy converter evaluation report.

17. Cost Power Production vs Ocean
Depth
17
Lowest cost of
power production
occurs at ocean
depth of 10 metres
Source: The Carbon Trust, 2005. Marine energy challenge: oscillating water column wave energy converter evaluation report.

18. Unit Power Cost vs Scale of
Power Plant

18
Unit cost of power
production decreases
as scale of power
plant increases
Source: The Carbon Trust, 2005. Marine energy challenge: oscillating water column wave energy converter evaluation report.

19. Deeper Water and Larger Scale
Reduces Power Production Cost

19
Source: The Carbon Trust, 2005. Marine energy challenge: oscillating water column wave energy converter evaluation report.

Shallow water with
single wave collector
Low energy
flux
Low
CAPEX
High unit
cost of
power
production
Deep water with multiple
wave collectors
High
energy flux
High
CAPEX
Low unit cost
of power
production

20. Improvement Sensitivity
20
Improvements in available
wave energy resource and
capture efficiency has greatest
impact on reducing unit cost of
power production
Source: The Carbon Trust, 2005. Marine energy challenge: oscillating water column wave energy converter evaluation report.

Quality improvement

Cost reduction

21. Geometrical Scaling
in Wave Power Capture
Parameter Symbol Scaling Ratio For Constant Fr
Length L L
P / L
M
S
Area A A
P / A
M S
2
Volume V V
P / V
M S
3
Mass M M
P / M
M S
3
Time T T
P / T
M S
0.5
Velocity V V
P / V
M S
0.5
Acceleration g N.A. 1.0 (g is constant)
Force F F
P / F
M S
3
Power P P
P / P
M S
3.5
• Geometric Scaling Factor, S = L
P / L
M Time
Lengthon x Accelerati x Mass
Time
Distance x Force
Time
DoneWork
Power 
By Definition, Power = Rate of Work Done   
 
PS
T
gLM
S
SS
ST
gSLSM
T
LgM
P M
M
MM
M
MM
P
PP
P
XX
5.3
5.0
3
5.0
3

Thus for 1:10 geometrical scaling, P
P increases by S
3.5
which is equivalent to ~3000 times
(Assuming all the system components scale up proportionally)
21
Massive
scaling
potential!

22. Limitations to Geometric Scaling
•Collector that is linked to a crest in one location
and a trough in another would have reduced
capture efficiency

•Max of 40m wave collector width recommended

•Hence, most companies are scaling up power
plant capacity by using multiple collectors instead
of further scaling up the size of each collector
22

23. 23
Air Turbines - (Wells) OWC

24. Air Turbine Scaling, Material & Price
24

25. Oscillating Water Column
Potential for different types of Generator
Induction Generator has lower cost
since it is not using expensive
permanent magnet
Machado, I.R.; Bozzi, F.A.; Watanabe, E.H.; Garcia-Rosa, P.B.; Martinez, M.; Molina, M.G.; Mercado, P.E.; , "Wave energy conversion system using
asynchronous generators - a comparative study," Power Electronics Conference (COBEP), 2011 Brazilian , vol., no., pp.286-291, 11-15 Sept. 2011doi:
10.1109/COBEP.2011.6085300URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6085300&isnumber=6085159
Per Unit (P.U.) Power
25

26. Oscillating Water Column
Output Power at Different Sea State
Variable speed generator
performs more efficient in
lower power sea states
otherwise with fixed speed
generator
Synchronous and
Permanent Magnet
generator output
power is more
efficient compare to
Induction Generator
26
O'Sullivan, D.L.; Lewis, A.W.; , "Generator selection for offshore oscillating water column wave energy converters," Power Electronics and Motion
Control Conference, 2008. EPE-PEMC 2008. 13th , vol., no., pp.1790-1797, 1-3 Sept. 2008doi:
10.1109/EPEPEMC.2008.4635525URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4635525&isnumber=4635237

27. OUTLINE
•INTRODUCTION TO WAVE ENERGY
•WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS
OSCILLATING WATER COLUMN (OWC)
OVERTOPPING
•Overview
•Capacity
•Cost
•Efficiency
•Components
•WAVE ENERGY STATUS & OPPORTUNITIES
•CONCLUSION

27

28. Overtopping – “Wave Dragon”
Two wave reflectors act
to focus the incoming
waves
1
Waves overtop the
double curved ramp to
reach the reservoir
2
Electricity is generated
by running the water
through
turbines in the bottom
of the structure
3
28

29. Overtopping – “Wave Dragon”
29
Video Link

30. Installed Global Capacity of Wave
Power on Trial (MW)
http://clean-future.com/renewable-energy/wave-power/wave-farms
EU Energy directive January 2008 2000 2008 2009 2011 2012 2020
MW 0.5 2.25 0.34 6.4 73.6 1530
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Ongoing
as planned
Based on National
Targets set by 4
EU Countries
30

31. Cost Comparison Amongst
Various Technologies
OCEAN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES for RENEWABLE ENERGY GENERATION
AUGUST 2009 Peter Meisen President, Global Energy Network Institute (GENI)
Alexandre Loiseau Research Associate, Global Energy Network Institute [email protected]
*Centre for Renewable Energy Sources. (2002). Wave energy utilization in Europe – Current status and
perspectives. European thematic network on wave energy.
•By YEAR 2025: electricity costs of €0.08/kWh
•By YEAR 2050: electricity costs of €0.03-0.04/kWh*
Wave Dragon Solar PV Wind Biomass
Natural Gas and
Coal
Energy Density High Moderate Moderate High High
Approx. 1000 x denser
than wind
Low – Moderate Low Moderate Very High NA
Predictability High. Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate
Accurate forecasts
days in advance
Moderate
Low except in
some sites
Dispatchable,
subject to fuel supply
Dispatchable Dispatchable
Capacity Factor 30% - 45% 12% - 25% 20% - 40% 85% 50% - 90%
Visual Impact Moderate Unobtrusive Moderate High Very High
Potential Sites Extensive
Limited for large
capacity sites
Moderate
Extensive but
permitting process
can be lengthy
Extensive but
permitting process
can be lengthy
Cost Per Kilowatt
Hour – Utility Power
12¢* 9 - 19¢ 5 - 24¢ 9 - 14¢ 7 - 15¢
31

32. Costs Reduction Opportunity
How is electricity cost expected to reach about
0.03-0.04 €/kWh by 2050?

Main part of the cost reduction and efficiency improvement
should be realized by:
•R&D
–Multi-Level Reservoirs
–Improvised Wave ramp
–Wave Prediction Control Algorithm
•Technical Learning Effects
•Cumulative effects on Costs
32

33. Multi-level
Reservoir
VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF WAVE OVERTOPPING FOR DESIGN OF MULTI LEVEL OVERTOPPING BASED WAVE ENERGY
CONVERTERS Jens Peter KOFOED M. Sc., Ph. D., Assist. prof. Department of Civil Engineering, Aalborg University E-mail:
[email protected]
33
Maximize Potential Energy
Improve Constant water
flow to turbine
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF A MULTILEVEL OVERTOPPING WAVE POWER DEVICE, Jens Peter
Kofoed, Tud Hald and Peter Frigaard, Hydrulics and Costal Engineering Laboratory, Department of
Civil Engineering Aalborg University, Sohngaardsholmsveu 57, DK-9000, Aalborg, Denmark
3-Levels
1-Level
http://waveenergy.no/res/animasjoner/workingprincipl
e4raskere.gif

34. Improvised Wave Ramp
•This wave energy converter
makes use of overtopping
wave energy conversion
technology to rotate a dual
rotor system and convert
wave energy directly into
continuous rotary motion.
•This is done via mini
buckets which are lined up
along the ramp in a angled
direction to support the
rotation.
•Current Overall wave-to-
wire efficiency at 18% could
be increased up to 30%
http://www.kineticwavepower.com/
34

35. Wave Prediction Control Algorithm

•20% higher power production with the improved water flow with
opportunity for further improvement
•This is achieved by improving controls algorithm to better predict Wave
Height, Hs so that Ramp Height, Rc could be adjusted accordingly
Rc:
Ramp
Height
Hs:
Wave
Height
35 SIXTH FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME Project no: 502687 NEEDS; New Energy Externalities Developments for Sustainability INTEGRATED PROJECT
Priority 6.1: Sustainable Energy Systems and, more specifically, Sub-priority 6.1.3.2.5: Socio-economic tools and concepts for energy strategy.

36. Technical Learning Effects
•Learning Rate of 14% (progress ratio of 0.86) for the whole period, which is
at the same level as known from the wind industry.
•The investment cost will decrease with increasing accumulated sales
Installation cost depending of production accumulated sales volume in GW
36 SIXTH FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME Project no: 502687 NEEDS; New Energy Externalities Developments for Sustainability INTEGRATED PROJECT
Priority 6.1: Sustainable Energy Systems and, more specifically, Sub-priority 6.1.3.2.5: Socio-economic tools and concepts for energy strategy.
€/kw

37. 0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
2007 2025 2050
Very Optimistic Optimistic-realistic Pessimistic Cumulative effects on Costs
•Gradual cost reduction is anticipated with the technical learning, volume
growth and R&D for improvement in overall efficiency and output. 0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
2007 2025 2050
Very Optimistic Optimistic-realistic Pessimistic
Electricity Production Cost for Years 2007,
2025, 2050
€/kwh
Electricity Investment Cost for Years 2007,
2025, 2050
37 SIXTH FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME Project no: 502687 NEEDS; New Energy Externalities Developments for Sustainability INTEGRATED PROJECT
Priority 6.1: Sustainable Energy Systems and, more specifically, Sub-priority 6.1.3.2.5: Socio-economic tools and concepts for energy strategy.
€/kw

38. Hydro Electric Turbine - Overtopping
38
Kaplan turbine is the most
effective for Overtopping
devices.
high flow rate is required
for low headed turbine.
Opportunity for Efficiency will be
the adjustable blades and
adjustable gates.

39. Structure Material
•Improved understanding of real-
sea performance should result in
is expected to lead to design
optimization and especially
reduction in safety factor of main
structures.
•Innovations in manufacturing
processes such as ‘batch
production’ of multiple units are
likely to reduce manufacturing
costs and improve design through
learning.
•Use of alternative structural
materials such GRP (glass-
reinforced plastics), concrete and
rubbers.
39
1. maintenance and servicing
2. surface treatment
3. assembly (adjustment on site, crane, earthing)
4. production (e.g. welding, manufacture, adjustment)
5. material
6. project planning
http://fibrolux.com/main/grp-profiles/advantages-cost/

40. OUTLINE
•INTRODUCTION TO WAVE ENERGY
•WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS
•WAVE ENERGY STATUS & OPPORTUNITIES
Current Status
Motivations & Challenges
Technology Roadmap
Opportunities
•CONCLUSION

40

41. Current Status
Source: Frost & Sullivan, “Marine Energy in Europe”, Published Jul 2008
41

42. Current Status
Source: Frost & Sullivan, “European Wave Energy Market Assessment”, Published Jan 2012
42

43. Current Status
Source: Frost & Sullivan, “European Wave Energy Market Assessment”, Published Jan 2012
43

44. Breakdown Costs
Source: Hayward, "The potential of wave energy”, Published in 2011
44 44

45. Motivations & Challenges
Source: Frost & Sullivan, “European Wave Energy Market Assessment”, Published Jan 2012
45

46. Technology Roadmap
Source: Frost & Sullivan, “European Wave Energy Market Assessment”, Published Jan 2012
46

47. Opportunities
Source: Frost & Sullivan, “European Wave Energy Market Assessment”, Published Jan 2012
47

48. Opportunities In Singapore
Source: Frost & Sullivan, “European Wave Energy Market Assessment”, Published Jan 2012
48
Opportunities
in Singapore
MADE IN
SINGAPORE

49. Opportunities In Singapore
49
Keppel and Sembcorp Marine has shown that it is possible to produce 70% of the
world’s oil rig even though Singapore does not have any oil resources
Similarly, Singapore could potentially venture into the wave energy market and
become a leader in designing and building WEC platforms (or even power
plants!)
Cross leveraging from the Emerging regional hub for high-tech alternative energy
research
Solar photovoltaic cell manufacturing plant, REC, YR 2006
Wind Energy Giant, VESTAS $500 millions regional research facility setup, YR
2007
Biodiesel plant (200,000 tonne) commissioned by Peter Cremer of Germany
Home to the world's most advanced and largest commercial-scale biodiesel
facility producing diesel fuel from renewable feedstocks
Singapore as Asia's Carbon Hub; Home to the only carbon emissions trading
exchange in Asia
REFRAMING GLOBAL WARMING: TOWARD A STRATEGIC NATIONAL PLANNING FRAMEWORK Scott Victor Valentine
National University of Singapore, 469C Bukit Timah Road, Singapore 259772E-Mail: [email protected]
MADE IN
SINGAPORE

50. 50
Opportunities In Singapore
•Hann-Ocean Technology Pte Ltd
–7030 Ang Mo Kio Avenue 5, #09-
61, Northstar @ AMK, Singapore
569880

•WEC product - Drakoo
–Patented Technology
–Sponsored by Sembcorp and
SPRING Singapore
–Status as of Dec 2011: Sea trial
& testing
–Maximum output 4kW
–Efficiency 65~80%
MADE IN
SINGAPORE

51. Conclusion
Wave energy is a continuous, predictable and immerse source of
energy compared to other forms of renewable energy
Wave energy has immerse potential to provide as much renewable
energy as wind energy
Wave energy technology is currently at the same stage as that of wind
energy industry 10 years ago
Increasing fossil fuel prices will drive the growth of wave energy
Wave energy is expected to become competitive by 2025 with projected
technology improvement and cost reduction
Singapore could potentially venture into the wave energy market and
become a leader in designing and building WEC systems
51

52. Are you ready to ride the wave !?

53. References
•Journal / Conference Articles
–Ted Brekken, “Fundamentals of Ocean Wave Energy Conversion, Modelling and Control”, IEEE International
Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE), 2010, Page(s): 3921 - 3966
–Lagoun, M.S.; Benalia, A.; Benbouzid, M.E.H., “Ocean Wave Converters: State of the Art and Current Status”,
IEEE International Energy Conference and Exhibition (EnergyCon), 2010, Page(s): 636 – 641
–Mohamed, K.H.; Sahoo, N.C.; Ibrahim, T.B., “A Survey of Technologies Used in Wave Energy Conversion
Systems”, International Conference on Energy, Automation, and Signal (ICEAS), 2011, Page(s): 1 – 6
–Kazmierkowski, M.P.; Jasinski, M., “Power electronic grid-interface for renewable ocean wave energy”, 7th
International Conference-Workshop Compatibility and Power Electronics (CPE), 2011, Page(s): 457 – 463
–Sabzehgar, R.; Moallem, M., “A review of ocean wave energy conversion systems”, IEEE Electrical Power &
Energy Conference (EPEC), 2009, Page(s): 1 - 6
–António F. de O. Falcão, “Wave energy utilization: A review of the technologies”, Review Article, Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 14, Issue 3, April 2010, Pages 899-918
–AbuBakr S. Bahaj, “Generating electricity from the oceans”, Review Article, Renewable and Sustainable
Energy Reviews, Volume 15, Issue 7, September 2011, Pages 3399-3416
–Drew, B, Plummer, A R, Sahinkaya, M N, “A review of wave energy converter technology”, Proceedings of the
Institution of Mechanical Engineers – A, Volume 23, Issue 8, June 2009, Pages 887 - 902
53

54. References
•Market Research Report
–Frost & Sullivan, “European Wave Energy Market Assessment”, Published on 12 Jan 2012
–Frost & Sullivan, “Hydro, Wave, and Tidal Power--Market Penetration and Roadmapping (Technical Insights)”,
Published on 30 Mar 2010
–Frost & Sullivan, “An Assessment of Current Technologies in Ocean Energy (Technical Insights)”, Published
on 31 Dec 2008
–Frost & Sullivan, “Marine Energy in Europe”, Published on 23 Jul 2008

•Books
–Joao Cruz, “Ocean Wave Energy: Current Status and Future Perspectives”, SpringerLink 2008
–“Wave energy conversion”, Engineering Committee on Oceanic Resources, Working Group on Wave Energy
Conversion, Elsevier 2003
54