Electrolyte introduction

Introduction about electrolyte

1. Electrolytes By Dr.N.Gopinathan M.Pharm Ph.D Assistant Professor Faculty of Pharmacy Sri Ramachandra Medical college and Research institute ( Deemed University) Chennai, Tamilnadu India.

2. In our body most of the chemical exist in two forms Inorganic Organic Inorganic contains water, salts, acid and bases. Body water contains dissolved mineral salts or electrolytes that dissociate in solution, yielding Cations : positively charged ions Anions: negatively charged ions

3. Body fluids: electrically neutral Sum of cations balanced by sum of anions In disease, ion concentrations may vary but the electrical neutrality is always maintained. Osmotic ally active substance are Glucose Urea Phospholipids Cholesterol Neutral fat exist either in anionic or cationic form

4. Body consists of 70% water Intracellular water (inside cells) Extracellular water (within interstitial tissues surrounding cells, blood plasma, and lymph) “Rule of thirds” 2/3 of body weight is H 2 O 2/3 of H 2 O is within cells 1/3 of H 2 O is extracellular in tissues surrounding cells (interstitial fluid) Adult female: water content is 10% lower than adult male due to higher body fat than water

5. Interstitial and vascular fluid are called as extracellular fluid Sodium and chloride are rich in extracellular fluid. Potassium and phosphate are rich in intracellular fluid.

6. Fluids and electrolytes diffuse freely between the intravascular and interstitial fluids capillaries are impermeable to protein. The interstitial fluid contains very little protein Intracellular fluid and interstitial fluid are separated by a cell membrane which is f reely permeable to water Impermeable to Na + and K + ions

7. Chief intracellular ions K + (potassium) PO 4 2– (phosphate) Chief extracellular ions Na + (sodium) Cl – (chloride) Differences in concentration of ions on different sides of the cell membrane result from metabolic activity of the cell Amount of sodium in the body determines the volume of extracellular fluid as the chief extracellular cation Amount of potassium in the body determines the volume of intracellular fluid as the chief intracellular cation

8. Resting membrane potential A change existing on the membrane due to the presence and transfer of ions between the membrane.

9. It has certain ion channels for the movement of ions through it. The main role played by these cat ions and anions is to propagate the impulses all along the neurons of the body.

10. Action potential It helps to conduct nerve impulses from brain to different parts of the body, which is basis for all physiological and biological processes of the body. This process is called as action potential. Based on the movement of ions through ion channels of the plasma membrane has two phases depolarisation and repolarisation .

11. Depolarisation An impulse is generated on the neuron, received by its dendrite and transmitted to axon. During this process the impulse activates intially voltage gated sodium channels Na+ on the membrane causing its opening.

12. Depolarisation Na+ concentration is rich extracellularly , which diffuse from outside to inside the cells [ cytoplasam ]. This changes the – ve membrane potential to zero then to + ve . This phase is depolarisation .

13. Repolarisation The sodium channels are closed and potassium channels are opened leading to outward flow of K+ concentration is more in cytoplasm. This leads to change of membrane potential to negative this is called as repolarisation . After a resting stage the next potential begins

14. Isotonic solutions have a concentration of dissolved particles equal to that of intracellular fluid. Osmotic pressure is the same both inside and outside the cell. Cells neither shrink nor swell with fluid movement. Same tonicity as plasma Isotonic solution containing electrolytes such as NaCl , KCl , CaCl , and sodium lactate  

15. Hypotonic solutions have less particles than does intracellular fluid. Fluid flows into cells   Osmotic pressure is greater than that of intracellular fluid. Water is drawn from the cells to equalize the concentration, which causes the cells to shrink. Hypotonic solution containing glucose to provide calories for metabolism . Glucose moves into cells rapidly Inappropriate use can cause fluid overload and pulmonary edema  

16. Hypertonic solutions have a greater concentration of dissolved particles than does intracellular fluid. Fluid is pulled from cells Osmotic pressure is less than intracellular fluid Water is drawn into the cells from the extracellular fluid causing them to swell Inappropriate use can result in increased ICP and cardiovascular collapse from volume depletion. May cause blood cells to burst

17. Chloride Chloride ion is formed when the element chlorine picks up one electron to Cl -. It is responsible for maintain proper hydration, osmotic pressure and normal cation -anion balance in vascular and intestinal fluid component. The total concentration of Na in human body is 50meq/kg. Best food source include animal foods and table salt. The daily requirement is 5-10 g as Nacl

18. Chloride In CNS , the inhibitory action of glycine and GABA’s action relies on the entry of Cl - ion into specific neurons. Cl - maintain the osmotic balance of the body fluids along the sodium. It maintain the membrane potential between intracellular and extracellular fluid.

19. Chloride imbalances cause Hypochloremia Abnormal depleted level of chloride in the body. Chronic polynephritis leads to salt loss. Metabolic acidosis in diabetic and renal failure patient. Prolonged vomiting Hypoventilation. Hyper chloremia - Abnormal elevated level of chloride in the blood. Diarrhoea . Over acidity of parathyroid gland.

20. Phosphate Its function is to store and release energy via high energy phosphates and is an integral to the structure of proteins, lipids and bones. It occurs in inorganic and organic forms in plasma. Inorganic phosphates is maintained between 3- 4.5 mg in adults.

21. Phosphate Parathyroid hormone inhibits proximal tubular inorganic phosphate reabsorption and increases inorganic phosphate excretion. In hyperparathyroid patients- hypophosphatemia , respiratory alkalosis, poor dietary intake. Tissue damage, cell death, renal failure, liver failure cause hyperphosphatemia .

22. Bicarbonates Intermediate form in deprotonation of carbonic acid. It plays a role in physiological PH buffering system. It is alkaline in nature, it plays a role in maintaining acid base homeostasis. 70-75% of CO2 in body is converted to carbonic acid which in turn into HCO3-

23. Bicarbonates It is a part of buffer system and provide resistance to drastic PH change in body. It also regulate PH in small intestine. It is released from pancreas and neutralise the acidic chyme which enters deuodenum from stomach.

24. Sodium It is critical ion in determining the extracellular and intracellular osmolarity . Infants 3 meq /kg/day During growth 0.5 meq /kg/day Adults 1.5 meq /kg/day. The renin angiotensin system plays an important role in sodium homoestasis . Sodium is obtained from diet and water through NaCl

25. Sodium The human body contains 1.3 g of sodium. One third is present in bones and rest is in body fluids Sodium helps in water retention and PH balances. It plays a role in nerve function i.e stimulation of neurons and also in muscle contraction.

26. Sodium It plays a major role in controlling heart beat. It is associated with chloride and bicarbonate in regulating acid base equilibrium. It helps in the maintenance of osmotic pressure of various body fluids and protects body against excessive fluid loss. Food source of sodium-common salt, pickle, bread and tomato sauce Dietary requirement is 3-5 g / day

27. Sodium Hyponatremia In plasma sodium is less than 135 meq / litre . Loss due to excessive sweating, burns , vomiting, diarhoea , diabeties . Hypernatremia Increased extracellular sodium concentration. Lack of antidiuretic harmone . Inadequate water intake Excess salt intake.

28. Potassium It is the most abundant exchangeable cation in the body. It is 140-150 meq / lit concentration intracellularly . 3.5-5 meq /lit in extracellular fluid. Around 120g of potassium is found in the body. Whole grains, vegetables, fruits. Helps to maintain normal blood pressure and sometimes lower the elevated blood pressure

29. Potassium Body contains more potassium than sodium. K is absorbed from intestine and distribution is wide. Its elimination in kidney is regulated by aldosterone . In body along with sodium k regulates the water balance and acid base balance in tissues and blood. In nerve sodium potassium flux generates action potential for conduction of nerve impulses.

30. Potassium It is important in glycolysis , glucose metabolism, synthesis of protein in cell and also in growth and development of muscles. Hypokalemia – K+ low in blood. Hyperkalemia – K+ high in blood.

31. Calcium Its level is regulated by parathyroid hormone. Hormone regulates re absorption of ca 2+ from bone, re absorption in kidney back into circulation and increase the activation of vitamin D3 to calcitriol . Calcitriol promotes the absorption in calcium from intestine and the mobilization of Ca2+ from bone matrix.

32. Calcium Calcitonin also effects Ca2+ levels in the body by opposing parathormone . Dietary source: Cheese, almonds, milk molasses, lentils, wheat grains. Daily requirement 748-908 mg / day for females. 871-1266 mg / day for males.

33. Calcium It is required for vascular constriction and vasodilation muscle function, nerve transmission, hormone secretion and fertilization. Hypocalcemic tetany affects signal transduction and blood coagulation. Hypercalcaemia – cardiac arrhythmias, decreased neuro muscular excitability, damage cells and neurodegenerative diseases. Excessive entry of calcium into a cell may leads to apoptosis or necrosis

34. Magnesium Essential nutrient for life and present in every cell type in every organism. Eg.ATP must be bound to Mg2+ in order to be biologically active.[ Na+ - K+ ATP pump ]. Over 300 enzyme require Mg 2+ for their biological and catalytical roles. Spinach, peas, milk, Oats, Peanut,butter are rich in magnesium

35. Magnesium 400-420 mg/ day Hypomagnesia - sleepiness, muscle weakness and hyper excitability. Causes- burns, low blood level of calcium malabsorption . Hypermagnesia - excess magnesium in plasma. Symptoms- apathy, confusion, insomnia, muscle twitching and poor memory. Causes- Rapid heart beat, muscle contraction increases, hallucinations, delirium, numbness

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