Dr.
Rakhesh
Singh
Kshetrimayum
3. Magnetostaticfields
Dr.
Rakhesh
Singh
Kshetrimayum
2/16/2013
1
Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
3.1 Introduction to electric currents
Electric currents
Ohm’s law
Kirchoff’slaw
Joule’s law
Boundary
conditions
2/16/2013 Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
2
Kirchoff’scurrent
law
Kirchoff’svoltage
law
Fig. 3.1 Electric currents
3.1 Introduction to electric currents D
So far we have discussed electrostatic fields assoc iated with
stationary charges
D
What happens when these charges started moving with
uniform velocity?
D
It creates electric currents and electric currents creates magnetic fields magnetic fields
D
In electric currents, we will study D
Ohm’s law,
D
Kirchoff’slaw
D
Joule’s law
D
Behavior of current density at a media interface
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Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
3.1 Introduction to electric currents 3.1.1 Current density ∫
What is this?
∫
For a particular surface S in a conductor, iis the flux of the
current density vector over that surface or
mathematically
i j ds
= •
∫
r
r
jr
3.1.2 Ohm’s law ∫
It states that the current passing through a homoge neous
conductor is proportional to
∫
the potential difference applied across it and
∫
the constant of proportionality is 1/R which is depe ndent on
the material parameters of the conductor
Si j ds
= •
∫
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Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
3.1 Introduction to electric currents ∫
Mathematically,
∫
From the relation between ∫
current density (j) and current (
i),
V
i V i
R
∝⇒=
∫
current density (j) and current (
i),
∫
electric potential (V) with electric field (E) and
∫
resistance (R) with resistivity ( ρ) in an isotropic material
∫
we can obtain the Ohm’s law in point form as
V Edl Edlds E
jds i j E
dl R dl
ds
σ
ρ ρ
ρ
= = = =⇒= =
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Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
3.1 Introduction to electric currents D
where is the conductivity and
D
is the resistivity of the isotropic material σ
1
ρ
σ
=
Materialσ(S/m) Rubber
10
-
15
Table3.1Conductivitiesofsomecommonmaterials Rubber
10
-
15
Water2×10
-14
Gold4×10
7
Aluminum3×10
7
Copper5×10
7
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Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
3.1 Introduction to electric currents D
Some points on perfect conductors and electric fiel ds: D
Perfect conductors or metals have infinite conducti vity ideally
D
An infinite conductivity means for any non-zero ele ctric field
one would get an infinite current density which is physically
impossible impossible D
DPerfect conductors do not have any electric fields inside it
D
Perfect conductors are always an equipotentialsurfa ce
D
At the surface of the perfect conductor, the tangen tial
component of the electric field must be zero
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Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
3.2 Equation of continuity and KCL
jr
ds
r
Fig. 3.3 Equation of continuity
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Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
−= • ⇒
−= −=
∫ ∫ ∫ V
v
S V
v
dv
dt
d
sd j dv
dt
d
dt
dq
i
ρ ρ
r r
3.2 Equation of continuity and KCL ∫
The above equation is integral form of equation of continuity
∫
It states that any change of charge in a region mus t be
accompanied by a flow of charge across the surface bounding
the region
∫
It is basically a principle of conservation of char ge
∫
It is basically a principle of conservation of char ge
∫
By applying the divergence theorem
0
V V
V V V
d d
jdv dv j dv
dt dt
ρ ρ
∇• =−⇒∇• + =
∫ ∫ ∫
r r
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Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
3.2 Equation of continuity and KCL ∫
Since the volume under consideration is arbitrary
∫
Differential form of the equation of the continuity
0
V
d
j
dt
ρ
∇• + =
r
∫
At steady state, there can be no points of changing charge
density
V
d
j
dtρ
∇• =−
r
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Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
∫
= •
⇒
=•∇
S
sd j j0 0r
r
r
3.2 Equation of continuity and KCL ∫
The net steady current through any closed surface i s zero
∫
If we shrink the closed surface to a point, it beco mes
Kirchoff’scurrent law (KCL)
0
I
=
∑
∫
KCL states that at any node (junction) in an electr ical circuit, ∫
the sum of currents flowing into that node is equal to the sum of
currents flowing out of that node
∑
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Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
3.3 Electromotive force and KVL
Fig. 3.4 Proof of KVL
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Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
3.3 Electromotive force and KVL D
When a resistor is connected between terminals 1 an d 2 of
the battery,
D
The total electric field intensity’s (total electri c field
comprise of electrostatic electric field as well as the
impressed electric field
caused by chemical action) relation to
impressed electric field
caused by chemical action) relation to
the current density is given as
D
where the superscript “c” is for conservative field and
D
the superscript “n” is for non-conservative field
(
)
c n
j E E
σ
= +
r r
r
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Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
3.3 Electromotive force and KVL ∫
Conservative electric field exists both inside the battery and
along the wire outside the battery,
∫
While the impressed non-conservative electric field exists
inside the battery only
∫
The line integral of the total electric field aroun d the closed
∫
The line integral of the total electric field aroun d the closed circuit gives
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Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
( )
ld
j
ld E E
C C
n c
r
r
r r r
• = • +
∫ ∫
σ
3.3 Electromotive force and KVL ∫
Note that the line integral of the conservative fie ld over a
closed loop is zero
∫
The line integral of the non-conservative field in non-zero
and is equal to the emf of the battery source
∫
Since non
-
conservative field outside the battery is zero,
∫
Since non
-
conservative field outside the battery is zero,
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Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
( ) ( )
ld
j
ld E ld E E
CC
n n c
r
r
r r r r r
• = = • = • +
∫ ∫∫
σ
ξ
2
1
3.3 Electromotive force and KVL ∫
Note that i= jAor j=i/A
∫
Therefore, the voltage drop across the resistor is
V=jl/σ=il/σA=iρl/A=iR
∫
If there are more than one source of emfand more th an one resistor in the closed path, we get Kirchhoff's Vol tage Law (KVL) (KVL)
∫
KVL states that around a closed path in an electric circuit, ∫
the algebraic sum of the emfsis equal to the algebrai c sum of the voltage
drops across the resistances
1 1
M Nm n n
m n
i R
ξ
= =
=
∑ ∑
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Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
3.4 Joule’s law and power dissipation D
Consider a medium in which charges are moving with an
average velocity v under the influence of an elect ric field
D
If ρ
vis the volume charge density, then the force
experienced by the charge in the volume dvis
ρ
= =
r r r
D
If the charge moves a distance dl in a time dt, the work done
by the electric field is
V
dF dqE dvE
ρ
= =
r r r
(
)
V V
dW dF dl dvE vdt E v dvdt E jdvdt j Edvdt
ρ ρ
= • = • = • = • = •
r
r r r r r
r r
r r
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Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
3.4 Joule’s law and power dissipation ∫
Then, the elemental work done per unit time is
∫
If we define the power density p as the power per u nit volume, then, point form of Joule’s law is
dW
dP j Edv
dt
= =− •
r
r
volume, then, point form of Joule’s law is
∫
The power associated with the volume (integral form of
Joule’s law) is given by
p j E
= •
r
r
V V
P pdv j Edv
= = •
∫ ∫
r
r
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Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
3.5 Boundary conditions for current density
S
∆
1
σ
Fig. 3.5 Boundary conditions for current density
2
σ
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Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
3.5 Boundary conditions for current density
∫
How does the current density vector changes when pa ssing
through an interface of two media of different cond uctivities
σ
1and σ
2?
∫
Let us construct a pillbox whose height is so small that the contribution from the curved surface of the cylinde r to the contribution from the curved surface of the cylinde r to the current can be neglected
∫
Applying equation of continuity and computing the s urface
integrals, we have,
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Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
(
)
2 1 1 1 2 1
0 ˆ 0 ˆ ˆ 0
n n
S
J J J J n sJnsJn sd j i= ⇒= − • ⇒=∆ •−∆• ⇒= • =
∫
r
r
r
r
r
r
3.5 Boundary conditions for current density
∫
It states that the normal component of electric cur rent
density is continuous across the boundary
∫
Since, we have another boundary condition that the
tangential component of the electric field is conti nuous
across the boundary, that is, across the boundary, that is,
( )
1 2 1
1 21
1 2
1 2 1 2 2 2
0 0 0
t t t
t
J J J J J
n E E n
J
σ
σ σ σ σ σ
× − =⇒× − =⇒− =⇒=
r r
r r
) )
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Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
3.5 Boundary conditions for current density
∫
The ratio of the tangential components of the curre nt
densities at the interface is equal to the ratio of the
conductivities of the two media
∫
We can also calculate the free charge density from the boundary condition on the normal components of the boundary condition on the normal components of the electric flux densities as follows:
1 21 2
1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1
1 2 1 2
n n
n n S S n n S n
J J
D D E E J
ε ε
ρ ρ ε ε ρ ε ε
σ σ σ σ
− =⇒= −⇒= − = −
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Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
3.6 Introduction to magnetostatics D
In static magnetic fields, the three fundamental la ws are D
BiotSavart’sLaw,
D
Gauss’s law for magnetic fields and
D
Ampere’s circuital law
D
BiotSavartlaw gives the magnetic field due to a cur rent carrying element carrying element
D
From Gauss’s law for magnetic fields, we can unders tand that
the magnetic field lines are always continuous
D
In other words, magnetic monopole does not exist in nature
D
Ampere’s circuital law states that a current carryi ng loop
produces a magnetic field
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Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
3.1 Introduction to electric currents
Magnetostatics
BiotSavart’s
law
Gauss’s law for
Magnetic vector
potential
Boundary
Self and mutual
inductance
2/16/2013 Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
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Gauss’s law for magnetic fields
Magnetization
Ampere’s
law
Boundary conditions
Fig. 3.6 Magnetostatics
Magnetic vector
potential in materials
3.6 Introduction to magnetostatics D
It is easier to find magnetic fields from the curl of magnetic
vector potential whose direction is along the direc tion of
electric current density
D
Another topic we will study here is that how do mag netic fields behave in a medium fields behave in a medium
D
We will also try to find the D
self and mutual inductance and
D
magnetic energy
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Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
3.7 BiotSavart’slaw ∫
The magnetic field due to a current carrying segmen t is
proportional to
∫
its length and
∫
the current it is carrying and
∫
the sine of the angle between and
rr
Idl
r
∫
the sine of the angle between and
∫
inversely proportional to the square of distance r of the point
of observation P from the source current element
∫
Mathematically,
0
2 2 2
4
dl r dl r dl r
dB I dB kI dB I
r r r
μ
π
× × ×
∝⇒=⇒=
r r r
$ $ $
r r r
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Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
r
Idl
3.8 Gauss’s law for magnetic fields ∫
In studying electric fields, we found that electric charges
could be separated from each other such that a posi tive
charge existed independently from a negative charge
∫
Would the same separation of magnetic poles exist ?
∫
A magnetic monopole has not been observed or found in nature nature
∫
We find that magnetic field lines are continuous an d do not
originate or terminate at a point
∫
Enclosing an arbitrary point with a closed surface, we can
express this fact mathematically integral form of 3
rd
Maxwell’s equations
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Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
∫
= • =Ψ
S
sd B0r
r
3.8 Gauss’s law for magnetic fields ∫
Using the divergence theorem,
∫
In order this integral to be equal to zero for any arbitrary volume, the integrand itself must be identically ze ro which
(
)
∫ ∫
= •∇ = • =Ψ
S V
dvB sd B0
r
r
r
volume, the integrand itself must be identically ze ro which gives differential form of 3
rd
Maxwell’s equations
=0
B∇•ur
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Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
3.9 Ampere’s circuital law D
In 1820, Christian Oerstedobserved that compass nee dles
were deflected when an electrical current flowed th rough a
nearby wire
D
Right hand grip rule: if your thumb points in the d irection of current flow, then your fingers’ grip points in the direction of current flow, then your fingers’ grip points in the direction of magnetic field
D
Andre Ampere formulated that the line integral of m agnetic
field around any closed path equals μ
0times the current
enclosed by the surface bounded by the closed path
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Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
3.9 Ampere’s circuital law ∫
Incomplete integral form of 4
th
Maxwell’s equation
∫
By application of Stoke’stheorem
∫
= •
C
enclosed
I ld B
0
μ
r
r
∫
In order the integral to be equal on both sides of the above
equation for any arbitrary surface, the two integra nds must
be equal
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Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
(
)
∫ ∫∫
• = • ×∇ = •
CS S
sd J sd B ld Br
r
r
r
r
r
0
μ
3.9 Ampere’s circuital law D
Incomplete differential form of 4
th
Maxwell’s equation
D
Note that there is a fundamental flaw in this Amper e’s circuital law
0
=
B J
μ
∇ ×
ur uur
circuital law
D
Maxwell in fact corrected this Ampere’s circuital l aw by
adding displacement current in the RHS
D
Lorentz force equation: for a charge q moving in th e uniform
field of both electric and magnetic fields, the tot al force on
the charge is
E M
F F F qE qv B
= + = + ×
r r r r r
r
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Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
3.10 Magnetic vector potential D
Some cases, it is expedient to work with magnetic v ector
potential and then obtain magnetic flux density
D
Since magnetic flux density is solenoidal, its dive rgence is
zero
( ) =0
B ∇•ur
D
A vector whose divergence is zero can be expressed in term
of the curl of another vector quantity
=
B A
∇×
ur ur
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Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
3.10 Magnetic vector potential ∫
From BiotSavart’slaw,
∫
It is a standard notation to choose primed coordina tes for the source and unprimed coordinates for the field or ob servation
3
'
=
4
O
I
dl R
B
R
μ
π
×
∫
r ur
ur
$
$
= (x-x') +(y-y') +(z-z')
R x y z ur
$
source and unprimed coordinates for the field or ob servation point
∫
where the negative sign has been eliminated by reve rsing the
terms of the vector product
3
1
( ) = -
R
R R
∇
ur
Q
I1
= ( ) d '
4
O
B l
R
μ
π
∴ ∇ ×
∫
ur r
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Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
3.10 Magnetic vector potential ∫
Since
∫
Since the curl in unprimed variables is taken w.r.t . the primed variables of the source point, we have,
1 ' 1
( ) d ' = ( ) - ( d ' )
dl
l l
R R R
∇ × ∇ × ∇ ×
r
r r
primed variables of the source point, we have,
d ' = 0
l ∇×r
'
= ( )
4
O
I
dl
B
R
μ
π
∴ ∇×
∫
r
ur
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Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
3.10 Magnetic vector potential ∫
The integration and curl are w.r.t. to two differen t sets of
variables, so we can interchange the order and writ e the
preceding equation as
0 0
' '
= [ ] =
4 4
I I
dl dl
B A
R R
μ μ
π π
∇ ×
⇒
∫ ∫
r r
ur ur
2/16/2013 Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
35
∫
Generalizing line current density in terms of the v olume
current density,
0
= dv '
4
V
J
A
R
μ
π
∫
r
ur
4 4
R R
π π
∫ ∫
3.10 Magnetic vector potential
v
∆
v
∆
Fig. 3.8 (a) Electron orbit around nucleus creating
magnetic dipole moment; Magnetization in (b) non-
magnetic and (c) magnetic materials
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Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
3.10 Magnetic vector potential 3.10.1 Magnetization D
The magnetic moment of an electron is defined as where I is the bound current (bound to the atom and it is
$ $
2
= I d = I S
m n n
π
ur
2/16/2013 Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
37
D
where I is the bound current (bound to the atom and it is caused by orbiting electrons around the nucleus of the atom)
D
is the direction normal to the plane in which the e lectron
orbits and
D
d is the radius of orbit (see Fig. 3.8 (a))
$
n
3.10 Magnetic vector potential ∫
Magnetization is magnetic moment per unit volume
∫
The magnetization for N atoms in a volume ∆v in which the
i
th
atom has the magnetic moment is defined as
1
= lim [ ]
N
i
A
M m
∆
∑
uur uur
i
muur
∫
Materials like free space, air are nonmagnetic ( μ
ris
approximately 1)
∫
For non-magnetic materials: (see for example Fig. 3 .8 (b), in
a volume , the vector sum of all the magnetic momen ts is
zero)
0
1 = lim [ ]
i
v
i
M m
v m
∆ →
=
∆
∑
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Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
3.10 Magnetic vector potential D
For magnetic materials: (see for instance Fig. 3.8 (c), in a
volume , the vector sum of all the magnetic moments is non-
zero)
D
Given a magnetization which is non-zero for a magnetic material in a volume, the magnetic dipole moment
M
r
magnetic material in a volume, the magnetic dipole moment due to an element of volume dvcan be written as
D
The contribution of due to is
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Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
= dv
dm M
ur uur
dA
ur
dm
ur
3.10 Magnetic vector potential ∫
The magnetic vector potential and magnetic flux den sity could be calculated as
(
)
'
2
0
2
0
ˆ
4
ˆ
4
dvr M
r r
r md
Ad× =
×
=
r
r
r
πμ
π
μ
could be calculated as
'
3
= dv'
4
=
o
V
M r
A
r
B A
μ
π
×∴
∇ ×
∫
uur r
ur
ur ur
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Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
3.10 Magnetic vector potential 3.10.2 Magnetic vector potential in materials ∫
Let us try to express this magnetic vector potentia l in terms
of bound surface and volume current density
1
' ( ) =
r
∇
$
Q
0
1
= ' ( ) dv'
A M
μ
× ∇
∫
ur uur
2/16/2013 Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
41
∫
We also have,
2
' ( ) =
r r
∇
Q
0
= ' ( ) dv'
4
A M
r
π
× ∇
∫
1 1
' ( ) ' ( ) + '
M
M M
r r r
∇ × = ∇ × ∇ ×
uur
uur uur
Q
1 1
' ( ) = ' - ' ( )
M
M M
r r r
∴ × ∇ ∇ × ∇ ×
uur
uur uur
3.10 Magnetic vector potential ∫
The proof for the above equality, we will solve in example
'
0
1
A= ( ' - ' ) dv'
4
v
M
M
r r
μ
π
∇ × ∇ ×
∫
uur
uur r
∫ ∫
× −= ×∇
' '
' ' '
S V
sd
r
M
dv
r
Mr
r
r
Q
∫
The proof for the above equality, we will solve in example 3.5
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Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
(
)
(
)
( )
( )
' 0 ' ' 0
' 0 ' ' 0
ˆ
1
4
1
4
1
4
1
4
' '
' '
dsn M
r
dv M
r
sd M
r
dv M
r
A
S V
S V
× + ×∇ =
× + ×∇ = ⇒
∫ ∫
∫ ∫
r r
r
r
r
r
π
μ
π
μ
π
μ
π
μ
3.10 Magnetic vector potential ∫
The above equation can be written in the form below
∫
Where
∫
bound volume current density is given by
' ' 0
' '
4
ds
r
J
dv
r
J
A
S
sb
V
vb∫ ∫
+ =
r
r
r
π
μ
∫
bound volume current density is given by
∫
bound surface current density is expressed as
=
vb
J M
∇ ×
uuur uur
ˆ
= n
sb
J M
×
uuur uur
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Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
3.10 Magnetic vector potential D
Magnetized material can always be modeled in terms of
bound surface and volume current density
D
But they are fictitious elements and can not be mea sured
D
Only the magnetization is considered to be real and measurable measurable
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Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
3.11 Magnetostaticboundary conditions
S
∆
S
∆
Jr
h
∆
h
∆
S
Jr
h
∆
Fig. 3.9 Magnetostaticboundary conditions
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Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
3.11 Magnetostaticboundary conditions 3.11.1 Normal components of the magnetic flux densi ty ∫
Consider a Gaussian pill-box at the interface betwe en two
different media, arranged as in the figure above
∫
The integral form of Gauss’s law tells us that
∫
=
•
r
r
∫
As the height of the pill-box ∆h tends to zero at the interface,
there will be no contribution from the curved surfa ces in the
total magnetic flux, hence, we have
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Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
∫
=
•
pillbox
sd B0r
r
3.11 Magnetostaticboundary conditions
1 2
d + d =0
S S
B s B s
⇒• •
∫ ∫
ur r ur r
1 2
1 2
1 2
B ds - B ds =0
n n
S S
⇒
∫ ∫
(B - B )ds=0
⇒
∫
∫
The normal components of the magnetic flux density are
continuous at the boundary
1 2(B - B )ds=0
n n
S
⇒
∫
1 2
B =B
n n
⇒
2/16/2013
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Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
3.11 Magnetostaticboundary conditions 3.11.2 Tangential components of the magnetic field intensity ∫
Applying Ampere’s law to the closed path where I is the total current enclosed by the closed path PQRS
∫ ∫∫ ∫ ∫
= • + • + • + • = •
PQRSPSP RS QR PQ
I ld H ld H ld H ld H ld H
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
∫
where I is the total current enclosed by the closed path PQRS which lies in the xyplane
∫
Assume that x is along the direction of PQ in Fig. 3.9
∫
At the interface, ∆h∫0, the line integral along paths QR and
SP are negligible, hence,
2/16/2013
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Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
3.11 Magnetostaticboundary conditions
d + d =I
PQ RS
H l H l
• •
∫ ∫
uur r uur r
$
$
1 2
( - ) d l = dl
V
PQ
H H x J y h
⇒• • ∆
∫ ∫
uur uuur uur
h 0
Lim
V S
J h J
∆ →
∆ =
uur uur
Q
∫
is the definition of surface current density
∫
From the property of vector scalar triple product, we have,
h 0
Lim
V S
J h J
∆ →
∆ =
Q
$
(
)
$
1 2
( - ) d l = d l
S
PQ
H H y z J y
⇒
• × •
∫ ∫
uur uuur uur
$
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49
Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
3.11 Magnetostaticboundary conditions
The tangential component of the magnetic field inte nsity
at
$
{
}
{
}
$ $
1 2 1 2
( - ) d l = ( - ) d l =
d l
S
PQPQ
y z H H z H H y J y
⇒
• × × • •
∫ ∫ ∫
uur uuur uur uuur uur
$ $
1 2
( - ) =
S
z H H J
⇒×
uur uuur uur
$
∫
The tangential component of the magnetic field inte nsity
at
the interface is continuous unless there is a surfa ce current
density present at the interface
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Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
3.12 Self and mutual inductance ∫
A circuit carrying current I produces a magnetic fi eld which
causes a flux to pass through each turn of the circ uit
∫
If the circuit has N turns, we define the magnetic flux linkage
as
∫
Also, the magnetic flux linkage enclosed by the cur rent
.
N
ψ
Λ=
B ds
ψ
= •
∫
r
r
∫
Also, the magnetic flux linkage enclosed by the cur rent carrying conductor is proportional to the current c arried by
the conductors
∫
L= Λ/I=
∫
where L is the constant of proportionality called t he
inductance of the circuit (unit: Henry)
I LI
Λ∝
⇒
Λ =
⇒
N
Iψ
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Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
3.12 Self and mutual inductance ∫
The magnetic energy stored in an inductor is expres sed from
circuit theory as:
∫
If instead of having a single circuit, we have two circuits
2
21
LI W
m
=
2
2
m
W
L
I
⇒=
∫
If instead of having a single circuit, we have two circuits carrying currents I
1and I
2, a magnetic induction exists
between two circuits
∫
Four components of fluxes are produced
∫
The flux for example, is the flux passing th rough the
circuit 1 due to current in circuit 2
12
,
ψ
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Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
3.12 Self and mutual inductance ∫
Define M
12=
∫
Similarly,
1
2
12
S
B ds
ψ
= •
∫
ur uur
12 1 12 2 2
N
I I
ψ
Λ
=
21 2 21
N
M
ψ
Λ
= =
∫
The total energy in the magnetic field is due to th e sum of
energies
21 2 21
21
1 1
N
M
I I
ψ
Λ
= =
2 2
1 2 12 1 1 2 2 12 1 2
1 1 2 2
m
W W W W LI L I M I I
= + + = + ±
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Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
3.13 Summary
Electric currents
Ohm’s law
Kirchoff’slaw
Joule’s law
Boundary
conditions
E
j
p
r
r
•
=
E
j
σ
=
J
J
=
Fig. 3.10 (a) Electric currents in a nutshell
2/16/2013 Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
54
Kirchoff’scurrent
law
Kirchoff’svoltage
law
0
I
=
∑
1 1
M N
m n n
m n
i R
ξ
= =
=
∑ ∑
E
j
p
r
r
•
=
E
j
σ
=
2 1n n
J
J
=
2
1
2
1
σ
σ
=
t
t
J
J
− =
2
2
1
1
1
σ
ε
σ
ε
ρ
n s
J
3.13 Summary
Magnetostatics
BiotSavart’slaw
Gauss’s law for magnetic fields
Magnetic vector potential
Fig. 3.10 (b) Magnetostaticsin a nutshell
Self and mutual
inductance
0
2
4
dl R
dB I
R
μ
π
×
=
r
r
J
μ
∫
r
ur
21 2 21
21
1 1
N
M
I I
ψ
Λ
= =
L=Λ/I=NΨ/I
2/16/2013 Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
55magnetic fields
Magnetization
Ampere’s law
Boundary conditions
Magnetic vector potential in materials
∫
= • =Ψ
S
sd B0r
r
∫
= •
C
enclosed
I ld B
0
μ
r
r
0
= dv '
4
V
J
A
R
μ
π
∫
ur
0
1
1
= lim [ ]
N
i
v
i
A
M m
v m
∆ →
=
∆
∑
uur uur
' ' 0
' '
4
ds
r
J
dv
r
J
A
S
sb
V
vb∫ ∫
+ =
r
r
r
π
μ
B
n1=B
n2
(
)
S
J H Hzr
r
r
= − ×
2 1
ˆ