Elements of fault

ELEMENTS OF FAULTS

1. ELEMENTS OF FAULT GUIDED BY- Dr. POONAM BHATNAGAR PRESENTED BY SHRUTI JAIN CLASS- M.Sc.I-SEM GOVT. HOLKAR SCIENCE COLLEGE , INDORE (M.P.)

2. INDEX INTRODUCTION WHAT IS FAULT ELEMENTS OF FAULT- FAULT PLANE , FAULT LINE, FAULT SCRAP STRIKE OF FAULTT DIP OF FAULT DIP DIRECTION OF FAULT HANGINGWALL SIDE FOOTWALL SIDE THROW OF FAULT HEAVE OF FAULT NET SLIP OF FAULT RAKE HADE OF FAULT CONCLUSION REFERENCES

3. INTRODUCTION In geology, a fault is a planar fracture or discontinuity in a volume of rock , across which there has been significant displacement along the fractures as a result of earth movement. There are number of elements of fault- Fault plane , Fault line Strike of fault Dip of fault Dip direction of fault Hanging wall side Footwall side Throw of fault Heave of fault Net slip of fault Rake Hade of fault

4. WHAT IS FAULT Where there is displacement or where the rock on one side has moved along the fracture relative to other side , the fracture is termed a fault . Fig. Showing reverse fault.

5. ELEMENTS OF FAULT FAULT PLANE – Fault plane is the planer surface along which relative displacement of blocks takes place during the process of faulting. Fault plane may be vertical , inclined & horizontal. Fig. Showing fault plane,fault line

6. FAULT LINE AND FAULT SCARP FAULT LINE – The intersection of the fault with the surface of the earth known as the fault line . It is also know as fault trace and fault outcrops. FAULT SCARP-T h e relative displacement on either side of the fault line results in an upstanding structure with a steep side which is called fault scarp. Fig. Showing fault scarp, location From kazakhstan

7. STRIKE OF FAULT Strike is the trend of the line formed by intersection of a fault plane and a horizontal plane , such as the ground surface or a map surface. Dip is measured in a plane perpendicular to the strike. figure-showing strike towards east to west direction

8. DIP The Dip is the angle between a horizontal surface and fault plane. Dip literally means slope or inclination. Dip is expressed both as Direction & amount. The dip direction is the direction along which the inclination of the bedding plane occurs . There are two type dip- True dip Apparent dip The true dip is defined as the maximum angle of dip on a rock bed. It is measured in the direction at right angles to the strike A dip measured in any other direction than the true dip, is called the apparent dip. The dip angle is measured with a clinometer & direction is measured with a compass.

9. Blocks Hanging wall-where the fault plane is non-vertical or inclined , the block above the fault plane is referred to as the hanging wall. In fig. The block of left hand side is hanging wall. Footwall-The block below the fault Plane is referred to as the footwall. In fig. The block of right hand side is foot wall. In normal fault, Hanging wall down up and footwall Goes up. In reverse fault ,hanging wall goes up and footwall goes up. Fig.-Hanging wall and footwall

10. Blocks

11. HEAVE The horizontal component of displacement is called heave. In horizontal faults , there is only heave, but no throw Fig.-Heave ,(horizontal component)

12. RAKE / PITCH The Rake is the angle between a line on an inclined plane & the horizontal line (strike) on that plane. In given diagram the plane ABGH dips to the right and contains the line BH. The angle ABH is the rake of BH. Rake is also known as pitch. Source- M.P. Billings PDF

13. Throw The vertical component of the displacement of fractured rock blocks, is called throw. The side on which the strata appear to have thrown is called the down throw side. The side on which the strata appear to have gone up is called the up throw side. Fig.-Throw(vertical component)

14. Hade is the angle between the fault plane & the vertical plane that strikes parallel to the fault. Hade=90-dip of the fault. HADE Fig.- showing Hade

15. Net slip The total displacement measured along the fault plane is called the net slip. It is measured between the two points which were originally in contact . There are three components of net slip. Dip slip Strike slip Oblique slip

16. DIP SLIP , STRIKE SLIP AND OBLIQUE SLIP Dip slip is movement parallel to the direction of dip of the fault plane. The movement which is parallel to the strike of the fault plane is called strike slip. The movement which is parallel to the strike as well as dip of the fault is called oblique slip.

17. NET SLIP COMPONENT- FIG.- COMPONENT OF SLIP(last one is oblique fault.

18. ELEMENTS OF FAULT Elements of fault.

19. Conclusion The study of fault elements, help us for field study of fault. If we know about the elements of fault we can understand the types of fault in field area. Characteristics topographic features Like fault scarp and fault line scarp are useful for recognition of fault Change in the strike on the opposite side of the fault plane is help in identification of fault. Dips and strikes are used to identify Geologic structures.

20. REFERENCES Billings,M.P. structural geology published in NY. By PrenticeHall (1946) Page no.(175 to 190). Park,R.G. foundation of structural geology, 3 rd edition published by Chapman Hall.page no.(9 to10) Twiss,R.J.& Moores E.M. structural geology, 2 nd ed. Published by Susan finnemore Brennan.(page no-61 to 63). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault_(geology) {accessed on 1 October 2019}

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