Emergence of Physics.pptxhii helllo abcd

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1. Emergence of Science

2. Outlines: Science Science and its History Ancient age Classification of Historical period Ancient /dark age Middle age Golden age Remaining part of 19 th century Physics Future Requirements

3. Science The explanations of nature on the basis of theoretical concepts, experimental results and observations as the capacity of human intellects classified in the category of science. Initially Physics is known as fundamental Science or Natural philosophy. The systematic study of any event, observations analysis and conclusions with respect to the existing one, it means scientific knowledge is originated in respect of something. It is not absolute , all events, concepts, phenomena are in respect …Ɂ. On the basis of specialty of knowledge, it divided into various branches such as biology, ecology, chemistry etc. The Physics is the mother of all natural sciences Natural philosophy Physics Biology Geo Science Physics Chemistry mathematics

4. Science and its History Science is knowledge of the world of nature . The  history of science  is the study of the development of  science  and scientific knowledge, including both the natural and social   sciences. The thoughts of the existence of life on earth and the struggle of survival both were the main reason of initiators of the scientific thinking among human. Day and night provide the basic rhythm of human existence . The seasons determine the migration of animals upon which humans have depended for millennia for survival. The seasonal recognisition is more important for agriculture, because of failure to recognize the proper time for planting could lead to starvation. So, Science defined simply as the knowledge of natural processes among humankind, and it has existed since the dawn of human existence . Around the modern human came in existence around 30000 years and early human who was aware with fire around 60000 years, so we are saying that the history of Science is as old as the history of Human.

5. Classification of Historical Period Ancient age Middle age Golden age/ age of scientific revolution Classical golden age/Newton’s age Middle golden age classical Electricity and magnetism Remaining part of 19th century inventions Recent inventions and Technological developments Industrial revolution

6. Ancient/Dark Edges Initially human tried to predict the behaviour of celestial objects like moon and sun or other planet. Several theories were proposed, but the commonly accepted works of Ptolemy and Aristotle, and Archimedes. C. Ptolemy a Greek mathematician and astrologer gives the theory of universe, known as geocentric theory. In which Earth is stable at the centre of all the planet and stars like sun. Archimedes stated concept of buoyancy , Archimedes screw , Definition of Archimedean (infinitesimals). He explained why an object immersed in fluid and why others not? He also make a device that looks like a screw but used to uplift water from downward sources (low lying bodies). A number of system called Archimedean if it contains infinite numbers or infinitesimals (small things unable to measure).

7. Middle Edges The middle edge was the period up to the 15 th century period. This edge established physics other than philosophy; as an experimental science based on experimental observations and mathematics. In this period the concept of Heliocentric solar System developed by Indian mathematician and astrologer Aryabhata. Alhazen ; father of Optics wrote a book Optics (1021) and described the theory of Vision, and discredited the emission theory of vision ( Ptolemy and Euclied ) . He developed a camera OBSCURA- to test the light phenomena like traveling in straight light, different light can mix in air and appeared white etc. The basic concept of atomic theory given by Indian and Jain Philosophers. The theory of light equivalent to the energy particles developed by Indian Buddhist scholars Dignga and Dharmakirti . Experimental tradition in Optics established by Haytham , Aihazen are Islamic scientist. In Europe Robert Grosseteste, Roger Bacon, whieto , Pecham and Kepler , Huygens etc.

8. Golden Edge/ The age of scientific revolution classical golden age The scientific revolution began 1543 by the book of Nicolus copernicus - De Revolutionibus. A golden age of science gives outline for certain period of progress in science. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) describes the motion of an object on inclined planes, varius concepts related to friction, basic idea of idea concept of projectile motion of falling objects, gave concept of inertia which was the base of Newton's law of motion, designed a telescope for astronomical observations, explained the natural place of planets, why these planets were not captured by sun, Newton (1642-1727)- in 11687 published Principia; describes Newton's laws of motion and law of gravitation and initiates a branch Classical mechanics. It also includes several theories of fluid Dynamics. Classical mechanics reformulated by Leonhard Euler, Joseph Louis, Comte De Lagrange, W R Hamilton and many others. This period of 15 th to early 17 th century is the Golden age of the development ofclassical mechanics.

9. Middle Golden age(1642-1880) The middle golden age is the period of the developments of classical Physics, Mechanics, Heat (thermal Physics), Optics and electromagnetism, almost whole physics. Thermal Physics: Thomas Newcomen (1663-1729) :the invention of steam engine promoted scientific interest in thermal/heat physics; contributed in industrial revolution in England in mid 18 th century. Sadi Carnot (1796-1832): French engineer invented Heat engine and compared heat engine to waterwheel; study of heat change during temperature change of objects. James Perscot Joule (1818-1889): Establish numerical equivalence between work and heat, gave the relation H=I 2 R (Joule’s Law), inter-conversion of energy or 1st law of thermodynamics Q=W+U. Rudolf Clausias (1822-1888) :s tated 2 nd law of thermodynamics in 1850, in 1857 gave concept of mean free path on the basis of gas kinetics ,1865 introduced the concept of ntropy , 1870 virial theorem etc. W T Kelvin (1824-1907); formulated 1 st and2nd law of thermodynamics, joule thomson effect, Thomson effect (thermoelectric effect), absolute temperature concept, 0K=-273.15 DC and -459.67 DF , he an electric telegraph engineer and inventor.

10. Light and Optics : Christian Huygens (1629-1695): gave concept and formula for centripetal force in 1659, wave theory of light 1678 was the first mathematical theory of light, initially his theory was not adopted but after the Fresnel's explanation of rectilinear propagation of light, and diffraction effects on the basis of his theory; known as Huygen -Fresnel’s principle, invented pendulum clock, discovered ring of Saturn; was thin flat ring and discovered the moon of Saturn- Titan, probability theory etc. Thomas young(1773-1829): English physicist, Revived wave theory of light, double slit experiment proof of wave nature of light, explain interference of light Augustin Fresnel (1788-1827) French physicist; invented catadioptic (refractive/reflective) Fresnel lens, diffraction of light, concept polarization, transverse wave theory which was described by Lioyd . Humphrey Lioyd (1800-1881); Irish physicist known for experimental verification of conical refraction, determine the earths magnetic force etc. Joseph Von Fraunhofer (1787-1826): made optical glass, optical lens, achromatic telescope, invented spectroscope and developed diffraction gratting , studied dark absorption lines of solar spectrum called Fraunhofer lines, fraunhofer diffraction, frahofer distance (d=2D 2 / λ ).

11. Electromagnetism It is described as the interaction of charged particles with electric and magnetic fields. It divided as electrostatics (interaction of charges at rest) and electrodynamics (interaction between moving charges and radiation). The classical concept of electromagnetism is based on Lorentz force law and Maxwell's equations. Charles Augstin De-Coulomb (1736-1806): coulomb’s law or electrostatic force of attraction or repulsion. Andre Marie Ampere(1775-1836): describe classical electromagnetism, solenoid, electric telegraph, Amperes law, force law, right hand rule, avogadro -ampere hypothesis etc. Michel F araday (1791-1867): Descibed induced current (a wire loop would have an electric current developed in it either loop or magnet was moved ), faraday’s law of Induction, electrochemistry, faraday effect, faraday cage, diamagnetism etc. James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879): Dynamic theory of the electromagnetic field, Maxwell's equations, Maxwell's speed distribution, displacement current etc. He was the only physician who was bringing together electricity, magnetism and light.

12. Remaining part of 19 th (1880-1930) Century inventions: At the end of 19 th century physicst seemed to theories that would explain all physical phenomena? The new theories were: General relativity, special relativity and quantum mechanics, made revolutionary changes in the Physics research. In this era main focus on the black body radian, relation between temperature and emitted wavelength, and material properties of black body etc. In 1887 Michelson and Morley tried to measure the speed of light. In 1900 Max plank suggested light travels in the packets of energy called photons. 1905 Albert Einstein gave special theory of relativity and suggested that speed of light is constant in vacuum and independent of the source. He gave frame dependent concept of space and time. 1921 Einstein invented photoelectric effect and known as the father of modern physics. 1911 Rutherford suggested that an atom consisted of a small, heavy, positively charged nucleus surrounded by light electrons. 1912 Schrodinger explain the quantization of Bohr’s orbits. 1923 De Broglie Suggested the dual nature of light and 1924 extended the idea to the matter. 1927 Davisson and Germer experimentally verify Broglie’s concept by producing diffraction pattern by electrons. 1927 Heisenberg gave uncertainty principle. After this period huge development in physical concepts have been made and new branches like quantum mechanics, quantum statistics, quantum electrodynamics etc were established and revolutionary inventions were observed after this period.

13. Recent inventions and Technological developments Synthesis and study of the Properties of materials is also a parallel research is in continuation during the development of all branches of Science. But the revolutionary change in this field was observed after 19 th century. The different types of materials like semiconductor, optical, magnetic, dielectric, composites, optoelectronic and the systematic observation and prediction of their properties open the doors of technological developments and also improvements in the existing technological devices. Nowadays a very fascinating research field is Nanomaterials, it has numerous potential to change our technological equipments towards reduced size and very powerful in terms of applications. For example with vacuum tubes/valve, vacuum diode (1904 Fleming), computer has big shape as compared to an elephant, with diode (1873) by Edison/transistor(1948) its size reduced to a goat, with Ics (1959) it reduces to an ant means a pocket sized device named mobile. Day by day increase the capacity of ICs its size reduced and utilizable capacity (Power) increases very fast. Invention of various material properties like magnetism, dielectric, optical, fluorescence, phosphoresces etc. and their utilization for the development of human society. Development of new and hardest and self repairable materials, long life of batteries and try to move on other planets. Invention of electricity and electricity production methods, make our life more easier and comfortable.

14. Future Requirements The new and latest technological developments changes our life and also changes our environmental conditions. As we know that each coin has two sides, so the scientific development is a coin that has two sides; one is positive and other is darker side. Tremendous technological developments create many problems like deforestation, continuous ejection of coal and minerals create landslide problems, nuclear radiation, floods, earthquakes, heavy rainfalls etc.. All the ecological or environmental conditions; divert to the Scientific society to think the new and latest research in green way; it means safer, productive and low cost, and more efficiently utilizable and create no or very less risk to the environment, or life on earth. So the current research is going on the utilization of natural energy sources like sun, water, heat, wind etc. Environment safe and utilizable for societal development research is the current area of work for scientists as well as technological developments also in the way that will produce less or no waste.

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