emotions phsiology presentation university level.pdf

Emotion psychology, a subfield of psychology, explores the complex and multifaceted nature of emotions, encompassing their origins, physiological and cognitive processes, and their impact on behavior and mental states. Here's a detailed description:

What is Emotion Psychology?
Definition:
Emotion psychology is the scientific study of emotions, focusing on how they arise, develop, and influence human thought and behavior. It examines both the physiological and cognitive aspects of emotions, as well as their social and personal impacts.

Key Components of Emotion Psychology
Nature and Definition of Emotions:

Emotions vs. Feelings vs. Moods: Emotions are short-lived, intense reactions to specific stimuli. Feelings are the subjective experiences of emotions, while moods are longer-lasting emotional states without a clear starting point.
Basic Emotions: Psychologists like Paul Ekman suggest that there are basic, universal emotions (e.g., happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, and disgust) that are recognized across cultures.
Physiological Aspects:

Brain and Nervous System: Emotions are closely linked to the brain's limbic system, particularly the amygdala, which plays a key role in processing emotions like fear and pleasure.
Hormones and Neurotransmitters: Chemicals like dopamine, serotonin, and cortisol influence emotional experiences and reactions.
Cognitive Processes:

Appraisal Theories: These theories propose that emotions are a result of individuals' evaluations of events and situations (e.g., Lazarus' cognitive-mediational theory).
Cognitive Biases: Emotional states can influence how we perceive and interpret information, leading to biases in thinking and decision-making.
Emotional Expression and Regulation:

Facial Expressions: According to Ekman's research, facial expressions are a key means of expressing emotions and can be universally recognized.
Emotion Regulation: Strategies people use to influence their own emotional experiences, including cognitive reappraisal, suppression, and mindfulness.
Development of Emotions:

Childhood Development: Emotions develop early in life and are crucial for social bonding and survival. Emotional regulation skills typically improve with age.
Cultural Influences: Different cultures have unique ways of understanding and expressing emotions, which can affect emotional development.

1. Emotion
Lecturer: Saira Farooq

2. Introduction
Theword“emotion”comesfromLatinword“emovere”meaningto“moveout”orto
“excitestate”.Lifewithoutemotionwouldbeblandandemptywhenimportantthings
happentous,theychangeourfeelings.Theymakeusfeelhappy,sad,proudand
fearfuletc.Theoutburstoffeelingsandbodilychangesareemotions.Emotionsarea
mixtureofphysiologicalarousal,expressivebehaviorandconsciousexperience.
Emotionismovedorstirred–upstateofanorganism.(WoodWorth)
Emotionisacompleteeffectiveexperiencethatinvolvesdiffusephysiological
changesandcanbeexpressesovertlyincharacteristicbehaviorpatterns.(Charles
GMorris)

3. Physiology of Emotion
Emotional changes can be physiological, behavioural and cognitive. These changes include neural,
hormonal (glandular) and muscular. The systems involved in changes are following:
Autonomic Nervous System Glandular System Limbic System
Emotional Change
In normal life, when we experience an intense emotion, such as fear or anger, we become
aware of many bodily changes which include rapid heart beat and breathing, dryness of the
throat and mouth.

4. Sympathetic Nervous System
Role of Autonomic Nervous System
ANSisthepartofperipheralnervoussystemthatcarriesinformation
betweenthebrainandallorgansofthebody.TheANSaffectsallofthe
organssuchastheheartandbloodvessels,thedigestivesystemandso
on.Theautonomicneroussystemisresponsibleformostofthe
physiologicalchangesthataccompanyemtionalreaction.
Autonomic Nervous System has two divisions;
Parasympathetic Nervous System

5. Sympathetic Nervous System
Itpreparethepersonforemergency
situationwhenweareemotionally
aroused.
Thesympatheticbranchworksto
increaseheartrate,bloodpressure,
pupildilate,salivationandrespiration
andhaironskinbecomeserect,
causinggoosebumps.
Thesereactionsarecalled“fightor
flight”syndrome,becausethey
preparethebodytofightortorun
fromathreateningsituation.
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Whenweareatrelaxedand
restingstate,parasympathetic
nervoussystemtendsto
reversetheseeffect,heartbeat
decreaseandbloodpressure
drops.
Ittakesoverandreturnsthe
organismtoitsnormalstate.

7. Role of Adrenal Gland in Emotion
Itisalsopartofsympatheticnervous
system.
Therearetwoadrenalglands,oneon
eachsideofthebodyjustabovethe
kidney.Eachadrenalglandhastwoparts;
adrenalcortexandadrenalmedulla,both
ofwhichparticipateinemotional
responses.
Itreleasesstresshormonesi.e.
epinephrineandnorepinephrineintothe
bloodstream.Itactivatesalltargetorgans
ofthesympatheticsystem.

8. Limbic System
hippocampus
•encodes information of
a fearful situation
•regulate emotion
septum
Reduces the intensity
of emotional reactions
when stimulated.
Amygdala
Produce reaction of
rage and aggeration
when stimulated.
Emotional
Response
Parts of the limbic system are involved in display of emotional reactions. It consists
of amygdale, hippocampus and septum.

9. Theories Of Emotion
James Lange Theroy of Emotion
Physiological arousal comes before emotion
01
Cannon Bard Theory of Emotion
Emotion and arousal happen at the same time
02
The Schacheter Singer Theory
Physiological arousal and cognitions create
emotion
03

10. James Lange Theory Of Eomtion
In1884,WilliamJamesandCarlLange
proposedthistheorythatwefeelemotionsafterwe
noticeourphysiologicalresponse.
Emotionistheperceptionofbodilychanges.
JamesLangetheorysuggestthatphysiological
arousalistheemotionandthesubjectiveand
cognitivecomponentsareaftereffects.
Stimulus
(sight of bear)
Physiological changes
(increase heartbeat)
Emotional response
(fear)

11. James Lange Theory Of Eomtion
Autonomic Nervous system
Cannonsaysthata80yearsladywho’sAutonomic
nervoussystemisinjured,shenevermoveherhandsor
bodypartsbutshefeelsemotion.
01
Artificial Emotions
Wecreateemotionsartificially,likeactorbuttheyneverfeel
thatemotiononlyactthat’swhythistheoryalsoreject.
02
Physical Organ
Somephysicalchangescreatedifferentemotionslikerapid
heartbeat,stiffnessofmuscles,thesechangesproducein
emotionoffearandanger.Thistheoryalsofailtodefined
whilesamechangeshappenindifferentemotion.
03
Criticism

12. Cannon Bard Theory Of Eomtion
In1929,CannonandBard,concludedthatbodyarousal
andtheemotionalexperienceoccuratthesametime.
Theemotionarousingisroutedatoncetothebraincortex
causingthesubjectiveawarenessofemotionandtothe
sympatheticnervoussystemcausingthebody’sarousal.
Cannonconsidersthethalamusasemotionalcontrol
center.Histheoryisalsoknownasthalamustheoryof
emotion.
Stimulus
(sight of bear)
Physiological
changes
(increase
heartbeat)
Emotional
response
(fear)

13. TheSchachter Singer Theory
Physiological Arousal
Thisisthebody’simmediateresponsetoastimulus,whichcanincludereactionssuchasan
increasedheartbeat,sweating,andmuscletension.
Cognitive Interpretation
Followingphysiologicalarousal,theindividualwillmakeacognitiveinterpretationorappraisalof
thesituationtodeterminethespecificemotiontheyarefeeling.
TheSchachter-Singertheory,oftencalledthetwo-factortheoryofemotion,proposesthata
combinationofphysiologicalarousalandcognitiveinterpretationdeterminesemotions.
Two Factor Theory

14. Stimulus
(sight of bear)
Cognitive Label
(I m’ scared)
Emotional response
(fear)
Physiological changes
(increase heartbeat)
TheSchachter Singer Theory

16. Expression of Emotion
Emotionsaresubjectivefeelings.Itisan
internalexperiencenotdirectlyobservable
byothers.
Emotionsareinferredfromverbaland
nonverbalexpressions.
Theseverbalandnonverbalactasthe
channelsofcommunicationandenablean
individualtoexpressone’semotionsandto
understandthefeelingsofothers.

17. TheVerbalchannelofcommunicationiscomposed
spokenwordsaswellasothervocalfeaturesofspeech
likepitchandloudnessofthevoice.
OtherNon-verbalchannelsincludesfacial
expression,kinetic(gesture,posture,movementof
body)andproximal(physicaldistanceduringface-to-
faceinteraction)behavior.
Facialexpressionisthemostcommonchannelof
emotionalcommunication.
Facialexpressioncanconveytheintensityaswellas
thepleasantorunpleasantoftheindividual’emotional
state.
Therehasbeensomeresearchevidencesupporting
Darwin’sviewthatfacialexpressionforbasicemotion
(fear,joy,anger,disgust,sadnessandsurprise)are
inbornanduniversal.
six universal emotions