Endo, renal, reproductive_module

hfdhdfh

1. Endocrine,Reproductive,Renalmodulecorrections
Endocrinecorrections:(PartI)
1-SecondyearPage34:
3.Theinferiorthyroidveins:arisesfromthelowerborderofthe
isthmusandadjacentpartofthelobes.Theydescendanteriorto
thetracheaandcollectintooneveinwhichusuallyendsinthe
inominatevein.
Correction:
3.Theinferiorthyroidveins:arisesfromthelowerborderofthe
isthmusandadjacentpartofthelobes.Theydescendanteriorto
thetracheaandcollectintooneveinwhichusuallyendsintheleft
inominatevein.
2-SecondyearPage36:
InFigure29:theultimobranchialbody(5
th
pouch)givesCcells.
Correction:theultimobranchialbody(4
th
pouch)givesCcells.
3-Secondyearpage7:
Relationsofpituitarygland
Add
Superiorly:Diaphragmasellaeandopticchiasma
Reproductivesystemcorrections:
1-SecondyearPage16:
Dorsalbranchesofsacralplexus:
Wrong:Posteriorcutaneousnerveofthethigh(S2,3)
Correction:Posteriorcutaneousnerveofthethigh(S1,2,3)
2-Secondyearpage59:
Positionoftheuterus
Thenormalpositionisanteflexion&anteversion(AVFposition)
-Anteflexed(theforwardanglebetweenlongaxisofbodyofuterusandthatofthe
cervix=anobtuseangle,170degrees).
-Anteverted(theforwardanglebetweenlongaxisofthevaginaandthatofthe

2. cervix=90degrees).
-Retroverted:whentheanglebetweenvaginaandcervixbecomesmorethan90
degrees.
-Retroflexed:whentheanglebetweencervixandbodyismorethan170degrees.
Appliedanatomy:
-Iftheuterusisdirectedbackwards,itiscalledretroverted,retroflexed(RVF)
Correction:
Thenormalpositionisanteflexion&anteversion(AVFposition)(Fig.42)
-Anteflexed(theforwardanglebetweenlongaxisofbodyofuterusandthatofthe
cervix=anobtuseangle,170degrees).
-Anteverted(theforwardanglebetweenlongaxisofthevaginaandthatofthe
cervix=90degrees).
Appliedanatomy:
-Iftheuterusisdirectedbackwards,itiscalledretroverted,retroflexed(RVF)
3-SecondyearPage71:
A.Ovary:
•Site:innulliparae,islocatedwithinadepression,theovarianfossa,onthelateral
pelvic
wallattheleveloftheanteriorsuperioriliacspine.
Correction:
•Site:Itislocatedwithinadepression,theovarianfossa,onthelateralpelvicwall.
B.Itpresents:
-2surfaces:medialandlateral.
Lateralsurface:relatedtoperitoneumofthelateralpelvicwallandobturatornerves
andvessels.
Medialsurface:coveredwithfimbriatedendoftheuterinetube.
-2borders:anteriorandposterior:
Attachedborder:attachedtothemesovarium.
Freeborder:isfree.
-2ends:tubal(upper)anduterine(lower):
Tubalend;attachedtofimbriaandsuspensoryligamentoftheovary
Uterineend:isattachedtothelateralangleoftheuterusbytheligamentofthe
ovarybelowandbehindtheuterinetube.
•Boundariesofovarianfossa:
-Anteriorly:obliteratedumbilicalartery(medialumbilicalligament).
-Posteriorly:ureterandinternaliliacartery.
-Laterally:obturatornerve.
Correction:
Ithastwosurfaces,twobordersandtwoends.
-2surfaces:medialandlateral.
Lateralsurface:relatedtoperitoneumofthelateralpelvicwallandobturatornerves
andvessels.
Medialsurface:coveredwithfimbriatedendoftheuterinetube.

3. -2borders:anterioristheattachedborder:attachedtothemesovarium.
Posterioristhefreeborder.
-2ends:tubal(lateral)anduterine(medial):
Tubalend;attachedtoovarianfimbriaandsuspensoryligamentoftheovary
Uterineend:isattachedtothelateralangleoftheuterusbytheligamentofthe
ovary.
•Boundariesofovarianfossa:
-Anteriorly:obliteratedumbilicalartery(medialumbilicalligament).
-Posteriorly:ureterandinternaliliacartery.
-Laterally:obturatornerve.
4.Secondyearpage72:
A.Peritonealrelations:theovaryiscompletelycoveredby
peritoneumexcepttheanteriorborderthatisattachedtothe
mesovarium.
Correction:
Toberemoved
B.Arterialsupply:
Ovarianarteries:Itrunsthroughthesuspensoryligamentthenthrough
mesovariumtoreachtheovary.
Uterineartery:itanastomoseswiththeovarianartery.
Correction:
Ovarianarteries:Itrunsthroughthesuspensoryligamentthenthrough
mesovariumtoreachtheovary.
C.lymphaticdrainage:
-Itaccompaniestheovarianvesselstoreachthepara-aorticLNsatthe
levelofL2.
-ItfollowstheroundligamenttoreachthesuperficialinguinalLNs.
-Itmaypasstotheoppositeovarythroughlymphaticvesselsacrossthefundus.
Corrections:
-Itaccompaniestheovarianvesselstoreachthepara-aorticLNsatthelevel
ofL2.
RenalSystemcorrections:
1.Secondyearpage87:
Formationofthenephronsofthepermanentkidneybeginsat8thweek.
Themetanephricvesicleselongatetoformtubuleswhichdirectlycontactthearched
collectingtubules.
Themetanephrictubulesarelobulatedandremainthiswayuntilafterbirth.
Theyresembletubesmadeupofclustersofcellswithaninteriorlumen.
•Contactwiththecollectingtubuleisessentialtoproduceproteaseswhichbreak
down
Theextracellularmatrixbetweenthemetanephrictubuleandthecollectingtubule.

4. Thesetubulesthenbecomecontinuoustoformtheearlynephron.
Correction:
Formationofthenephronsofthepermanentkidneybeginsat8thweek.
Themetanephricvesicleselongatetoformtubuleswhichdirectlycontactthearched
collectingtubules.
Themetanephrictubuleandthecollectingtubulethenbecomecontinuoustoform
theearlynephron.
2.Secondyearpage64:
2.SpongyPart(Fig.20b):-
-10to16cm(6inches)long.
-Itextendsfrombulbstobodytoglansofpenisendingatexternalurethral
orifice
(longestandnarrowestpartofthemaleurethra).
Correction:
2.SpongyPart(Fig.20b):-
-10to16cm(6inches)long.
-Itextendsfrombulbstobodytoglansofpenisendingatexternalurethral
orifice.
-Itisthelongestpartofthemaleurethra.
3.Secondyearpage60:
3)-Thepudendalnerve,suppliestheexternalsphincterofthebladder.Theseare
somaticnervefibersthatinnervatetheskeletalmuscleofthissphincter.
Correction:
3)-Thepudendalnerve,suppliestheexternalurethralsphincter.Theseare
somaticnervefibersthatinnvervatetheskeletalmuscleofthissphincter.