Engineering chemistry environmental unit 1

EVS

1. DCH001A Environmental Sciences Unit 1: The Multidisciplinary Nature of Environmental Studies Unit 2: Natural Resources Renewable and Non-renewable Resources Unit 3: Ecosystems, Biodiversity and Its Conservation Unit 4 : Environmental Pollution Unit 5 : Social Issues and the Environment, Human Population and the Environment, Field Work

2. UNIT I Syllabus Definition, Compound of Environment Multidisciplinary Nature of Environmental Studies, Brief History of Environmentalism Concept of sustainable Development ,Scope and Importance of Environment , Institutes working on Environment in India

3. The objectives of Environment science are to- 1. Create awareness about environmental problems among students 2. Impart basic knowledge about the environment and its allied problems. 3. Develop an attitude of concern for the environment. 4. Motivate public through students to participate in environment protection and environment improvement. 5. Acquiring skills to help the concerned individuals in identifying and solving environmental problems .

4. The term environment is derived from french word ‘ ENVIRON ’ which means encircle . So in other words everything that affects living organism is called as environment . Environmental science is called as Multidisciplinary as it brings about an interaction between our natural world ( air, water, soil, and material) and living organism . 2

5. Environmental study is an interdisciplinary study that utilizes information from physical science and social science . 3 Component Of Environment Abiotic Biotic Producer Consumers Decomposers Climate Edaphic Fig.1: Components of Environment

6. Segments of Environment Atmosphere 4 Hydrosphere Li tho sphere Biosphere Fig. 2: Segments of Environment

7. Segments of the Environment: Atmosphere: A blanket of gases surrounding the earth, including the air we breathe. It protects life from the sun's harmful radiation. Hydrosphere: Various water bodies on Earth, like oceans and rivers. Lithosphere: Contains different soils and rocks on Earth's surface. Biosphere: Composed of all living organisms and their interactions with the environment.

8. What does atmosphere do?   An atmosphere is a blanket of gases that surrounds Earth. The atmosphere contains the air that we breathe It also protects life from harmful radiation from the sun.   Layers of Earth’s atmosphere are divided into five different layers as:   Troposphere : Lowest Layer [7-20 km] (All the weather and climate change) Stratosphere: Above the Troposphere[50 km] (dry, Little water vapour, Ozone Layer) Mesosphere: [up to 85km] Main chemical species in this layer are positively charged O2+ / NO+ Thermosphere: 85-400 km Temp high (Excess of UV radiation) Exosphere: outermost Layer [Satellite]

9. Layers of Earth's Atmosphere: Troposphere (7-20 km): Lowest layer where weather and climate changes happen. Contains water vapour and particles. Temperature decreases with height. Stratosphere (up to 50 km): Dry layer with little water vapor, includes the ozone layer. Good for flight due to steady winds above stormy weather. Mesosphere (50-85 km): Coldest layer, temperature drops with altitude. Thermosphere (85-400 km): High temperature, reflects radio waves transmitted from Earth. Exosphere (above 400 km): Outermost layer where molecules and atoms escape into space.

10. Troposphere It is the lowest layer of Earth’s atmosphere. The troposphere starts at the surface of the earth and goes up to a height of 7 to 20 km. All the weather and climatic conditions occurs within this layer. This layer has water vapour and moisture particles. Temperature decreases at the rate of 1 degree Celsius for every 165 m of height. Stratosphere The second layer of the atmosphere found above the troposphere. It extends up to 50 km of height. This layer is very dry as it contains little water vapour. It provides some advantages for flight because it is above stormy weather and has steady, strong, horizontal winds. The ozone layer is present in this layer. Mesosphere The Mesosphere is found above the stratosphere. It is the coldest of the atmospheric layers . The mesosphere starts at 50 km above the surface of Earth and goes up to 85 km. The temperature drops with altitude in this layer. Thermosphere/Ionosphere This layer is found above Mesosphere from 80 to 400 km. Radio waves that are transmitted from the earth are reflected by this layer. The temperature increases as the height increases. Exosphere It is the outermost layer of the atmosphere. The zone where molecules and atoms escape into space is mentioned as the exosphere. It extends from the top of the thermosphere up to 10,000 km.

11. Atmosphere: The Atmosphere forms a distinctive protective layer about 100 km thick around the earth. A blanket of gases called the atmosphere surrounds the earth and protects the surface of earth from the Sun’s harmful, ultraviolet rays. It also regulates temperature, preventing the earth from becoming too hot or too cold. It saves it from the hostile environment of outer space. The atmosphere is composed of nitrogen and oxygen besides, argon, carbon dioxide and trace gases. It absorbs most of the cosmic rays from outer space and a major portion of the electromagnetic radiation from the sun.

12. Hydrosphere: • The Hydrosphere comprises all types of water resources oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, streams, reservoirs, polar icecaps, glaciers, and ground water. • Oceans represent 97% of the earth’s water and about 2% of the water resources is locked in the polar icecaps and glaciers. • Only about 1% is available as fresh water as surface water in rivers, lakes, streams, and as ground water for human use.

13. Lithosphere: It means the mantle of rocks constituting the earth’s crust. The solid component of the earth is called Lithosphere, which includes soil, earth, rocks and mountains etc. The lithosphere mainly contains three layers – (a) Inner and Outer Core: Central fluid or vaporised sphere of diameter of about 2500km from the centre. (b) Mantle: It is about 2900-3000 km above the core in molten state. (c) Crust: Outermost solid zone about 8-40 km above mantle. Biosphere: This segment of environment consists of atmosphere (air- 02, N2, C02). Lithosphere (land- minerals, salts, food, nutrients) and hydrosphere (water- dissolved oxygen, Salts) which influences and support the entire biotic and abiotic life systems.

14. MULTIDISCIPLINARY NATURE Environmental science is a Multi-disciplinary one it is integrated with various subjects like biology, geology chemistry physics engineering, sociology health anthropology economics, statistics computers and computer, science and philosophy, so the various activities related to these subjects that is the biology, geology chemistry and all the other subjects will directly or indirectly affect the environment.

15. Environment Science is not a single subject , but it is of multidisciplinary nature. To study about environment one should have a sound knowledge of various subject related with environment. Botany , Zoology, Microbiology, Computers ,Genetics Health. Biochemistry & Biotechnology provides basic knowledge regarding living organisms and their relation with each other. Besides these field of life science it is also interacts with natural Science as Physics , Chemistry, Mathematics and some other aspects of life like Law Managements, Economics, History, Sociology et c. Many disciplines contribute to Environmental Sciences and help us to understand the entire spectrum of relationship between human being and the environment. It brings our natural environment and human impacts altogether. It is a Multidisciplinary approach that deals with every issue that affects organisms. It covers the impacts of environmental Science and Social Aspects of the environment as well.

16. Environment is complex and has multifarious aspects. Environmental sciences deal with working of earth, its life support systems, its interactions, influences, its problems, solutions. Keeping in view the complex nature of environment knowledge and information from various disciplines of science, social science, law and engineering have to be included in environmental studies to understand it completely. • Life Sciences like botany, zoology, microbiology, genetics and bio technology etc help in understanding the biotic components and their interactions. •Physical Sciences like physics, Chemistry, Earth Science, Oceanography etc help in understanding physical and chemical structure of abiotic components of environment along with mass and energy transfer. • Mathematics, Statistics, Computer Science serve as effective tools in environmental modelling . • Subjects like economics, management and sociology provide the inputs for dealing with the socio economic aspects associated with various developmental activities. • Civil Engineering, Nanotechnology, Chemical engineering provides technical solutions to environment pollution control and waste management. • Environmental laws provide the guidelines and legal measures for effective management and protection of environment. • Environmental education and mass communication are two important subjects that are instrumental in disseminating environmental awareness. • Environmental ethics provide the guidelines for sustainable lifestyle . Environmental Sciences, therefore, is a multi-disciplinary subject where we deal with different aspects using holistic approach. Explain ( Bopal Gas Tragedy)

17. SCOPE OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

18. Conservation of nature and natural resources . Conservation/ protection of biological diversity . Control of environmental and human pollution. Social issues in relation to development and environment . Development of non- polluting renewable energy system and provide new diamension to nature’s security . 5

19. In recent years the scope of the subject is increased dramatically world over. Several career options have emerged in this field. They are categorized as Industries: Industries need to show compliance against a number of environment norms. Hence environment experts are needed to guide the industries for adopting clean technologies controlling pollution, dispoding the wastes and conducting environmental audit. • Research & Development (R&D ) in environment: Environmental person have a key role to play in examining various environmental problems and to carry out R & D activities for developing eco-friendly technologies. Academics: Environmental science is learned at almost every level of education that is from school to university level. A large number of teachers or academicians are required to fulfill this need. • Green advocacy: In order to deal with cases related to environment, there is a need of environmental lawyers. (M.C Mehta : Famous Environment layer of India)Filed case against industries responsible for Ganga River Pollution Kanpur. Filed case against Mathura Petroleum Refinery that was responsible for Taj Mahal pollution. • Green marketing: Environmental auditors and managers have a key role to ensure the quality of products. Environmental friendly products are given ISO 14000 certification or eco mark • Green media: To create environmental awareness through media, environmentally educated persons are required. • Environmental consultancy: Non-governmental organizations, industries are engaging environmental consultants for tackling environment related problems. Government Jobs: A number of conventional jobs are available in government bodies such as Environmental Ministry, Pollution control boards, National Parks etc. R.K Pachauri : Received Nobel Prize in 2007 : Head of IPCC (Inter Governmental Panel on Climate Change) IPCC : Scientific body responsible for analysing cause & effect of climate change.

20. IMPORTANCE OF EVS we live in a world in which the natural resources are limited water, air, soil, mineral, oil and the products we get from the forest, grasslands, oceans and from domestic animals are all part of our life support system , that means all products or all things materials we get from the nature are only for our life support systems, this we have to understand hence Without them life itself would be impossible in the earth. But still the natural resources are often misused by people. Now let us see how the natural resources are misused so We are wasting or polluting large amount of nature's clean water. We create more and more materials like plastics that we discard after a single use for example carry bags and such other plastic bags are used by the people just for one time and after that they just simply throw away the garbage. we waste large amounts of food which are discarded as garbage.( while many people are starving without food) Manufacturing process create solid waste by-products that are discarded in the garbage then chemicals flow out as liquid waste and pollute the water and gases and gases pollute the air. Increasing amount of waste cannot be managed by natural process. These waste products accumulate in our environment leading to a variety of diseases and other adverse environmental impacts now seriously affecting all our lives. For example air pollution leads to respiratory diseases and water pollution leads to gastrointestinal diseases and many other pollutants are known to cause cancer.

21. These waste products which are left into the environment are always danger to the human being so we cannot expect the government to manage the safeguarding of the environment and how government can concentrate all these disturbances made to the environment by the people government can create some rules and regulations and laws to protect the environment but it is the duty of the people to observe and follow it so hence We cannot expect the government to manage the safeguarding of the environment and also we cannot expect other people to prevent the environmental damage so what to do so in this case here every one of us So we have to do it ourselves so it is the responsibility of each and every one of us to save the environment for the future generation. Nature has various values like:

22. Productive Value of Nature Nature produces everything that we need so we are getting the entire thing We require from the nature only, for example various chemicals obtained from the plants and animal species are the raw materials that are useful for developing new medicines and industrial products . The plants and animals are acting like a store house from which we can develop thousands of new products in the future, so if we destroy or degrade their habitat, these species will become extinct and then they cannot produce anything in the future due to the extinction of these species so once they are lost man cannot bring them back .we have to save the environment for the future generation . There is a close link between agriculture and forest if we want the crops or to be successful the flowers of fruit trees and vegetables must be pollinated by insects bats and birds all agricultural products like flowers and fruits will be formed only after pollination so when there is no pollination there is no agriculture so hence pollination is very much important for the formation of agricultural products here forest are the habitats of these insects bats and birds hence we have to save the forest in order to save the agriculture.

23. Aesthetic or Recreational Value of Nature The national parks wildlife sanctuaries botanical gardens and the zoo provide aesthetic and recreational value by means of tourism. These recreational facilities not only provide a great experience but also creates a deep respect and the love for nature . The magnificence of a mountain on the power of the sea and the beauty of forest and the vast expanse of the desert also provide aesthetic and recreational value. In an urban setting there are many green spaces and gardens and the parks are set up in the cities or town places which are in order to boost the psychological and physical health of the city people so these things also provides aesthetic and visual appeal and peace of mind.

24. The Potential Benefits of Nature We enjoy the benefits of nature. Each and every activity that we do in our daily lives has an adverse impact on the purity of nature. People use nature's products and services in a variety of ways because it gives us so many possibilities. This is nature's option value. We have to decide whether to use up the goods and services of nature greedily and destroy its integrity and long-term values or to use the resources in a sustainable way and reduce our impacts on the environment. so these are the two options which are provided by nature towards the weather to use the natural resources greedily or to use the natural resources sustainably to save the nature for the future generation and this is the natural value of option value of nature At present a great number of environmental issues , have grown in size and complexity day by day, threatening the survival of human being on the earth. So environmental studies have become significant for the following reasons:

25. Environmental Issues Being of International Importance Global warming and ozone depletion, acid rain, marine pollution and biodiversity are not merely national issues but are global issues because the environmental issues of one country does not affect that particular country alone and it also affects the countries worldwide and hence it must be tackled with the international efforts and cooperation of all countries. Problems Cropped In the Wake of Development A developmental activity due to the urbanization, industrial growth transportation systems, agriculture and housing has also created many environmental problems. Increasing population There is a heavy pressure on the natural resources including land due to the increase in population. Agriculture experts have recognized that the soils health problems like deficiency of micronutrients and efficiency of organic matter and the deficiency of soil salinity and damage of soil structure are all due to the increase in population.   Need for an alternative solution   It is essential, especially for developing countries to find an alternative path and an alternative goal for the development. Need to save humanity from extinction Need for wise planning of development

26. Importance of EVS is as follows: To clarify modern environmental concept like how to conserve biodiversity. To know the more sustainable way of living To use natural resources more efficiently. To know the inter relationship between organism. To aware and educate people regarding environmental issues at national & international level.

27. Importance of environmental study Environmental study is based upon a comprehensive view of various environmental systems. It aims to make the citizens competent to do scientific work and to find out practical solutions to current environmental problems. The citizens acquire the ability to analyze the environmental parameters like the aquatic, terrestrial and atmospheric systems and their interactions with the biosphere and anthrosphere. Importance World population is increasing at an alarming rate especially in developing countries. • The natural resources endowment in the earth is limited. • The methods and techniques of exploiting natural resources are advanced. • The resources are over-exploited and there is no foresight of leaving the resources to the future generations.

28. • The unplanned exploitation of natural resources lead to pollution of all types and at all levels. • The pollution and degraded environment seriously affect the health of all living things on earth , including man. • The people should take a combined responsibility for the deteriorating environment and begin to take appropriate actions to space the earth. • Education and training are needed to save the biodiversity and species extinction. • The urban area, coupled with industries, is major sources of pollution. • The number and area extinct under protected area should be increased so that the wild life is protected at least in these sites.

29. The study enables the people to understand the complexities of the environment and need for the people to adapt appropriate activities and pursue sustainable development, which are harmonious with the environment. • The study motivates students to get involved in community action, and to participate in various environmental and management projects. • It is a high time to reorient educational systems and curricula towards these needs. • Environmental studies take a multidisciplinary approach to the study of human interactions with the natural environment. It integrates different approaches of the humanities , social sciences, biological sciences and physical sciences and applies these approaches to investigate environmental concerns. • Environmental study is a key instrument for bringing about the changes in the knowledge, values, behaviours and lifestyles required to achieve sustainability and stability within and among countries.

30. 4. Need to Ground water It is essential of rationalizing the use of groundwater. Factors like community wastes, industrial effluents and chemical fertilizers and pesticides have polluted our surface water and affected quality of the groundwater. It is essential to restore the water quality of our rivers and other water bodies as lakes are an important challenge. It so finding our suitable strategies for consecration of water, provision of safe drinking water and keeping water bodies clean which are difficult challenges is essential. 5. Development and Forests Forests serve catchments for the rivers. With increasing demand of water, plan to harness the mighty river through large irrigation projects were made. Certainly, these would submerge forests; displace local people, damage flora and fauna. As such, the dams on the river Narmada, Bhagirathi and elsewhere have become areas of political and scientific Debate. NEED FOR PUBLIC AWARENESS It is essential to make the public aware of the formidable consequences of the Environmental Degradation, if not retorted and reformative measures undertaken would result in the extinction of life. We are facing various environmental challenges. It is essential to get the country acquainted with these challenges so that their acts may be eco-friendly. Some of these challenges are as under: 1.Growing Population A population of over thousands of millions is growing at 2.11 per cent every year. Over 17 million people are added each year. It puts considerable pressure on its natural resources and reduces the gains of development. Hence, the greatest challenge before us is to limit the population growth. Although population control does automatically lead to development, yet the development leads to a decrease in population growth rates. For this development of the women is essential.

31. 2. Poverty India has often been described a rich land with poor people. The poverty and environmental degradation have a nexus between them. The vast majority of our people are directly dependent on the nature resources of the country for their basic needs of food, fuel shelter and fodder. About 40% of our people are still below the poverty line. Environment degradation has adversely affected the poor who depend upon the resources of their immediate surroundings. Thus, the challenge of poverty and the challenge environment degradation are two facets of the same challenge. The population growth is essentially a function of poverty. Because, to the very poor, every child is an earner and helper and global concerns have little relevance for him.

32. 3. Agricultural Growth The people must be acquainted with the methods to sustain and increase agricultural growth with damaging the environment. High yielding varieties have caused soil salinity and damage to physical structure of soil. 4. Need to Ground water It is essential of rationalizing the use of groundwater. Factors like community wastes, industrial effluents and chemical fertilizers and pesticides have polluted our surface water and affected quality of the groundwater. It is essential to restore the water quality of our rivers and other water bodies as lakes are an important challenge. It so finding our suitable strategies for consecration of water, provision of safe drinking water and keeping water bodies clean which are difficult challenges is essential.

33. 5. Development and Forests Forests serve catchments for the rivers. With increasing demand of water, plan to harness the mighty river through large irrigation projects were made. Certainly, these would submerge forests; displace local people, damage flora and fauna. As such, the dams on the river Narmada, Bhagirathi and elsewhere have become areas of political and scientific Debate.

34. Need For Public Awareness Strong need to create public awareness through government bodies ,scholars ,Scientist and different NGO’s. The objectives education or awareness are: Creating the awareness about environmental problems among people. Motivating Public to Participitate in environmental protection and environment improvement. To identify the root cause of ecological problems related with human activities. To know about the depleting natural resources and its conservation. To gain knowledge of the sensitivity of our environment and its related problems.

35. Modes of Awareness: There are many methods for awareness. With the help of Television, Radio , News paper , Poster , Exhibitions etc. We can aware the people for environment protection. By organizing Seminar Workshops. By including Environmental Science as a subject in the syllabus of school, colleges & Universities. Government can introduce Environmental Education in Rural Development and Agriculture Development Programs. Finally, the people should be approached to understand conserve and manage the environment and its resources. “ If you plan for one year Plant Rice , If you plan for 10 years plant Trees ,& If you plan for 100 years , Educate People.”

36. NEED FOR PUBLIC AWARENESS ( creating awareness among the public is a must at the situation). Public awareness can be created with the help of Mass Media such as Newspapers, Radio, Television and activities of NGO’S Institutions and noted people who are caring for the environment. There have been several government and the non-governmental organizations that have led to the environmental protection in our country by means of their various programs and activities. List of institutions who are working for the environment Botanical survey of india [BSI] Zoological survey of india [ZSI] Bombay natural history Society (BNHS), Mumbai CPR Environmental Education Center in Chennai Center for Environment Education (CEE) Ahmedabad World Wide Fund for Nature new delhi (WWF-I) Center for Science and Environment (CSE), New Delhi Bharti Vidyapeeth Institute of Environment Education and Research , (BVIEER), pune Salli Ali : Center for Ornithology and Natural History (SACON),Coimbatore Wildlife Institute of India(WII), Dehradun

37. People in Environment There have been a number of individuals who have been instrumental in shaping the environmental history in our country. Some of the well-known names include environmentalist, scientists, administrators, legal experts, educationist and a journalist they are: Salim Ali: who is an ornithologist MS swaminathan : Agricultural Scientist Medha Patkar : Activist of Narmada river dam Sunderlal Bahugna : Activist of Chipko Moment

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