Engineering survey

Content- Introduction to surveying and leveling
Object and Uses of Surveying, Fundamental Principles of Surveying, Introduction to conventional methods and equipment used for surveying and Leveling
Introduction to modern equipment’s used in surveying- EDM, Total Station, GIS,GPS, Remote sensing, planimeter.
Introduction to Topo sheets and use of maps.

1. Engineering Survey Ms. Priya Sarita Mane

2. Introduction to surveying and leveling Object and Uses of Surveying, Fundamental Principles of Surveying Introduction to conventional methods and equipment used for surveying and Leveling Introduction to modern equipment’s used in surveying- EDM, Total Station, GIS,GPS, Remote sensing, planimeter . Introduction to Topo sheets and use of maps. Contents To be Discussed

3. Surveying has occurred since humans built the first large structures. The almost perfect squareness and north-south orientation of the Great Pyramid of Giza, affirm the Egyptians' command of surveying. The prehistoric monument at Stonehenge was set out by prehistoric surveyors using peg and rope geometry. The Egyptians first used it to accurately divide land into plots for the purpose of taxation. Greeks developed the science of geometry and were using it for precise land division. History of Survey

4. It is defined as the process of measuring horizontal distances, vertical distances and included angles to determine the location of points on, above or below the earth surfaces. The term surveying is the representation of surface features in a horizontal plane. The process of determining the relative heights in the vertical plane is referred as leveling. Surveying & Leveling

5. Object and Uses of Surveying Plans prepared to record property lines of private, public and government lands help in avoiding unnecessary controversies. Maps prepared for marking boundaries of countries, states, districts etc., avoid disputes. Locality plans help in identifying location of houses and offices in the area. Road maps help travellers and tourist. Topographic maps showing natural features like rivers, streams, hills, forests help in planning irrigation projects and flood control measures.

6. (vi) For planning and estimating project works like roads, bridges, railways, airports, water supply and waste water disposal surveying is required. (vii) Marine and hydrographic survey helps in planning navigation routes and harbours . (viii) Military survey is required for strategic planning. (ix) Mine surveys are required for exploring mineral wealth. (x) Geological surveys are necessary for determining different strata in the earth crust so that proper location is found for reservoirs. (xi) Archeological surveys are useful for unearthing relics of antiquity. (xii) Astronomical survey helps in the study of movements of planets and for calculating local and standard times Continue…

7. Fundamental Principles of Surveying To get accurate results in surveying one should follow the following fundamental principles (i) Work from whole to part (ii) Take extra care in fixing new control points

8. Division of Surveying   Plane surveying-       The surveying where the effect of curvature of earth is neglected and earth’s surface is treated as plane, is called plane surveying.The Earth surface is assumed to be plane i.e. Two Dimensional       Suitable for small area surveying (less than 260 km 2 ) Geodetic surveying-        The surveying where the effect of curvature is taken into account is called geodetic surveying.The Earth surface is assumed to be spherical i.e. Three Dimensional        Suitable for large area surveying(more  than 260 km 2 ) 

9. Division of Surveying  

10. Classification of Surveying (i) Nature of the survey field (ii) Object of survey (iii) Instruments used (iv) The methods employed.

11. Classification Based on Nature of Survey Field On this basis survey may be classified as land survey, marine or hydraulic survey and astronomical survey. Land Survey. It involves measurement of various objects on land. This type of survey may be further classified as given below: (a)  Topographic Survey : It is meant for plotting natural features like rivers, lakes, forests and hills as well as man made features like roads, railways, towns, villages and canals. (b)  Cadestral Survey : It is for marking the boundaries of municipalities, villages, talukas , districts, states etc. The survey made to mark properties of individuals also come under this category.

12. (c)  City Survey : The survey made in connection with the construction of streets, water supply and sewage lines fall under this category. Marine or Hydrographic Survey. Survey conducted to find depth of water at various points in bodies of water like sea, river and lakes fall under this category. Finding depth of water at specified points is known as sounding. (d) Astronomical Survey. Observations made to heavenly bodies like sun, stars etc., to locate absolute positions of points on the earth and for the purpose of calculating local time is known as astronomical survey.

13. Classification Based on Object of Survey Field On the basis of object of survey the classification can be as engineering survey, military survey, mines survey, geological survey and archeological survey. (a) Engineering Survey : The objective of this type of survey is to collect data for designing civil engineering projects like roads, railways, irrigation, water supply and sewage disposals. These surveys are further sub-divided into: Reconnaissance Survey for determining feasibility and estimation of the scheme. Preliminary Survey for collecting more information to estimate the cost of the project, and Location Survey to set the work on the ground.

14. (b)  Military Survey : This survey is meant for working out plans of strategic importance. (c)  Mines Survey : This is used for exploring mineral wealth. (d)  Geological Survey : This survey is for finding different strata in the earth’s crust. (e)  Archeological Survey : This survey is for unearthing relics of antiquity.

15. Classification Based on Instruments Used (i) Chain survey (ii) Compass survey (iii) Plane table survey (iv) Theodolite survey (v) Tacheometric survey (vi) Modern survey using electronic distance meters and total station (vii) Photographic and Aerial survey

16. Classification Based on Methods Employed Triangulation: In this method control points are established through a network of triangles. (ii) Traversing: In this scheme of establishing control points consists of a series of connected points established through linear and angular measurements. If the last line meets the starting point it is called as closed traverse. If it does not meet, it is known as open traverse

17. Plans & Maps As stated in the definition of surveying the objective of measurements is to show relative positions of various objects on paper. Such representations on paper is called plan or map. A plan may be defined as the graphical representation of the features on, near or below the surface of the earth as projected on a horizontal plane to a suitable scale.

18. Why do we need Instruments In Surveying ? The main key points for which we use instruments in survey are:  For Finding Distances  For Finding Angles  For Knowing Elevations  To Find Unknown Coordinates  For Finding Inaccessible Heights  For Setting out of Curves  Making Contour Maps  Marking National Boundaries  Area and Volume Computation

19. Conventional methods & Instruments  Chaining- Chain, tape, rope Ranging- ranging rod, chain Offsetting- open cross staff, french cross staff, optical square Traversing- compass, plane table Levelling- dumpy level/ theodolite, leveling staff Measuring areas- Mechanical Planimeter

20. Chaining- Measuring the horizontal distances on ground with help of chain or tape Ranging- Method of locating or establishing intermediate points on a straight line between two fixed point or two survey stations is called as ranging. Offsetting- A  distance measured from a main  survey  line on its right or left side.

21. Chain A surveying chain is a device used to measure distance between two points on the ground. Metric chains are available in lengths of 5 m, 10m, 20m and 30 m. 20m – 30 m chain is normally used for the field of surveying.

22. As the chain had several limitations. To overcome these difficulties, measuring tape was developed.  Measuring tape is a flexible ruler used to measure distances. It consists of a ribbon of cloth, plastic, fiber glass, or metal strip with linear-measurement markings.  Tapes come in a variety of lengths and materials. For engineering work the lengths are generally 10m, 30m, 50m and 100m. Measuring Tape

23. Arrows(Chain pins) Arrows or Chain pins are used with the chain for marking each chain length on the Ground.

24. Pegs Wooden pegs of 15cm length and 2.5-3 cm square n section are used to establish the station points or the end points of li e on the ground.   They are tapered one end and are driven into the ground.

25. Ranging rod A  ranging rod  is a  surveying  instrument used for marking the position of stations, and for sightings of those stations, as well as for  ranging  straight lines

26. Offsetting instruments

27. Prismatic Compass It is a navigation  and surveying  instrument which is extensively used to find out the bearing  of the traversing and included angles between them. The compass calculates bearings of lines with respect to magnetic needle. The included angles can then be calculated using suitable formulas in case of clockwise and anti-clockwise traverse respectively

28. Plane table       A plane table is a device used in surveying and related to provide a solid and level surface on which to make field drawings, charts and maps.       The principle of plane tabling is parallelism, means “All the rays drawn through various details should pass through the survey station”.       Plane table surveying is a graphical method of survey in which the field observations and plotting are done simultaneously.

29. Dumpy level                              The dumpy level is an optical surveying         Leveling instrument consisting a telescope tube firmly secured in two collars fixed by adjusting screws to the stage by the vertical spindle. The telescope of dumpy level can rotate only in a horizontal plane.        A dumpy level is also called a builder's level, surveyors level, Dumpy level.

30.  leveling staff        A graduated wooden or aluminum rod, used with a levelling instrument to determine the difference in height between points or heights of points above a vertical datum. It cannot be used without a leveling instrument.

31. Planimeter A planimeter is a measuring instrument used to determine the area of an irregular shape. 

32. How to measure the area by a Planimeter        To compute the area of given plan of any shape, the first step anchor point is to be fixed at one point.       If the given plan area is small, then anchor point is placed outside the plan.        Similarly, if the given plan area is large then it is placed inside the plan.        Area = M (FR – IR + 10N + C)

33. A level an optical instrument used to establish or verify points in the same horizontal plane in a process known as leveling. It is used in conjunction with a leveling staff to establish the relative heights levels of objects or marks. It is widely used in surveying and construction to measure height differences and to transfer, measure, and set heights of known objects or marks. The complete unit is normally mounted on a tripod, and the telescope can freely rotate 360° in a horizontal plane. It is also known as a Surveyors level, Builders level, Dumpy level. Auto Level

34. To measure height differences Used in a Road Profile For excavation of canals, roads, pipelines, railroads etc Setting height of known objects Finding height and horizontal angle between different objects Helps in making contour maps, contour lines etc. Applications of Auto level

35. Theodolite It is an instrument for measuring angles in the horizontal and vertical planes. Initially the theodolite had a number of limitations and could not measure angle with great accuracy and precision. With the advancement in the field of technology, scientists made a number of modifications in older theodolites for measuring angles with great accuracy and precision. Modern theodolites are designed in such a way to perform all the necessary angular and distance calculations and to read the measurement up to seconds of levels.

36. Applications of Theodolite Measuring horizontal and Vertical angles Locating points on a line Difference of level Setting out of Curves Measurement of Bearings Setting out of Grades(Slopes)

37. EDM stands for Electronic Distance Measurement. EDM is a surveying instrument used for measuring distance electronically between two points through electromagnetic waves. The distance measured by EDM is more precise than measured with chain or tape. The wave emitted from the EDM reaches the reflector and return back to the EDM. Then the distance is measured with the help of time taken for the above process – time taken by the wave for the emission and return. The following equation is used to measure the distance. Distance = Velocity X time Electronic Distance Measurement

38. Based on the wave used Microwave Instrument Infra Red Equipment  Light Wave Equipment Types of EDM Based on the range of measurement Short-<5kms Medium long range-above 25kms

39. The surveying equipment functions with the help of micro waves come under this category. Normally these used to measure long distances within 100km with their frequency range. The very first instrument was discovered in South Africa by Col. Harry and developed by Dr. T. L. Wadley in 1950’s and the equipment named as Tellurometer.  Tellurometer uses the above mentioned technique, the phase comparison of wave to determine the distance. In this method two equipment and two operators needed to carry out the procedure. Micro wave signals are radiated from primary source equipment to the reflector and then the reflector amplifies the micro wave signals to send them back to the primary source equipment in exact phase as they emitted from B.  This method a maximum distance of 80 to 100km can be measured with an error correction of + or – 5 to 15 mm per km. Micro Wave Instrument

40. The surveying equipment functions with the help of modulated infra-red waves come under this category. The use of infrared instrument is high in civil engineering surveying as they are inexpensive and more accurate when compare to the rest.    Distomats  and electronic tacheometer or total station instruments falls under this category. In distomat , the instrument should be focused to the reflector distomat to receive, monitor and reflect back the wave signal. With a single touch the instrument displays the distance on the screen after measures the five modulation frequencies of infrared wave signal. Although these type of instrument used to measure up to a maximum distance of 3 – 5km, many civil engineering works limited to this distance. In these instrument an accuracy of + or – 10mm per km can be obtained. Infra-red Wave Instrument

41. The light wave instrument use visible or simply light which means wave lengths that are visible to human eyes to measure the distance. The measuring range of light wave instruments is lesser than that of microwave instruments as because of the less transmitting power of light wave instruments. Here primary equipment is used as light wave emitting instrument and corner cube prisms are used as reflectors. When compare to the rest this method is more cheap when compare the value of instruments. Geodimeter falls under this type of instrument. The plus points of this type instruments are, no signal loss, cheap instrument, one main instrument is enough and a very high accuracy of 0.2mm to 1mm per km. Light Wave Instrument

42. Initially theodolites were used to measure angles. Distances were measured either with the tapes or chains. With the advancement in technology, EDM (Electron Distance Measurement) was mounted on theodolites. Total Station is an equipment used in surveying, designed for measuring horizontal and vertical angles, inclusive of measuring sloping distance of object to the instrument.  Total stations became combination of theodolite, and EDM,(level & tape). Total Station

43. Components of a Total Station The components used in Total station surveying are as follows: A tripod is used to hold the total station Prism and prism pole which can measure lengths up to 2 km and up to 6-7 km can measured with triple prism A micro-processor with a memory unit which deals with recordings, readings, and the fundamental calculation of measurements. Data collected from total station can be downloaded into computer/laptops for further processing of information. Battery

44. Used for topographic, Hydrographic, cadastral, project and construction surveys. Computing coordinates of survey points from horizontal angle and horizontal distance. Area calculations Volume Calculations Stake out Coordinates Setting out Curves Remote distance measurement (RDM) or Missing line measurement (MLM) Mine Survey Cadastral Survey Engineering Survey Large Scale Survey Road / Rail / Canal Survey Applications of Total Station

45. A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer system for capturing, storing, checking, and displaying data related to positions on Earth's surface GIS is a combination of hardware, software and data. It combines graphic data in the form of maps with additional data in the form of tables (databases) . GIS provides a central location for data and analysis critical to today’s surveying, planning, construction, and management. It allows professional land surveyors a way to provide more accurate and less expensive surveys. In addition to more rapid data collection and better planning, design & construction GIS ( Geographic Information System )

46. The key word to this technology is Geography – this means that some portion of the data is spatial.  In other words, data that is in some way referenced to locations on the earth. Vector data is used to represent real world features in a GIS. A vector feature can have a geometry type of point, line or a polygon. Each vector feature has attribute data that describes it. Attribute data is Nonspatial information about a geographic feature in a GIS, usually stored in a table and linked to the feature by a unique identifier.  Coupled with this data is usually tabular data known as attribute data.  Attribute data generally defined as additional information about each of the spatial features.  An example of this would be college. The actual location of the college is the spatial data. Additional data such as the college  name,student capacity would make up the attribute data.  GIS ( Geographic Information System )

47. GIS can be used as tool in both problem solving and decision making processes, as well as for visualization of data in a spatial environment.  Geospatial data can be analyzed to determine  (1) the location of features and relationships to other features (2) where the most and/or least of some feature exists (3) the density of features in a given space (4) what is happening inside an area of interest (5) what is happening nearby some feature or phenomenon  (6) and how a specific area has changed over time (and in what way). GIS ( Geographic Information System )

48. Hardware -The hardware part of GIS refers to computers, printers, output devices, input devices and large amounts of disk space to store Software - GIS software lets you produce maps and other graphic displays of geographic information for analysis and presentation. Ex. Google Earth Pro. ,Maptitude, MapInfo Pro. ,Google Maps API. Data - spatial data, attribute data & metadata data (images or pictures such as remote sensing data or scans of maps or other photos consider) People - GIS users range from technical specialist who design & maintain  Methods- the map creation can either be automated or it can be manually using scanned copies. Key components of GIS

49. State Land Inventory Municipal and Regional Planning Social Infrastructure Planning Organizing Municipal Services Transportation Planning Slum rehabilitation Natural Resource Management Land Use Planning Watershed Management Coastal Zone Management Environmental Monitoring Forest Cover Monitoring Climate Change Mapping Disaster Preparedness/Early Warning Tourism Common fields of application of GIS

50. GPS (Global Positioning System)  The Global Positioning System ( GPS ) is a satellite-based navigation system made up of a network of 24 satellites placed into orbit by the U.S. Department of Defense.   GPS was originally intended for military applications, but in the 1980's, the government made the system available for civilian use.

51. GPS works in any weather conditions, anywhere in the world, 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. The 24 satellites that make up the GPS space segment are orbiting the earth about 12,000 miles above us. These satellites are travelling at speeds of roughly 7,000 miles an hour. GPS satellites are powered by solar energy. They have backup batteries onboard to keep them running in the event of a solar eclipse, when there's no solar power. Small rocket boosters on each satellite keep them flying in the correct path. Each satellite weighs about 2,000 pounds and is built to last about ten years. GPS

52. GPS  GPS was rapidly adapted for surveying, as it can give a position (Latitude, Longitude and Height) directly, without the need to measure angles and distances between intermediate points.  Survey control points could now be established almost anywhere and it is only necessary to have a clear view of the sky so the signal from the GPS satellites could be received clearly.

53. Applications and Benefits of GPS  GPS provides surveying and mapping data of the highest accuracy.  GPS is especially useful in surveying coasts and waterways, where there are few land-based reference points.  Bridge builders and offshore oil rigs also depend on GPS for accurate hydrographic surveys.  Significant productivity gains in terms of time, equipment, and labor required.  Accurate as compared to conventional techniques.  Accurate positioning of physical features that can be used in maps and models.  Faster delivery of geographic information needed by decision makers.

54. Remote sensing is the acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon without making physical contact with the object and thus is in contrast to on-site observation. The term is applied especially to acquiring information about the Earth. In current usage, the term "remote sensing" generally refers to the use of satellite or aircraft-based sensor technologies to detect and classify objects on Earth. Remote sensing makes it possible to collect data of dangerous or inaccessible areas. Remote sensing

55. 1. Passive sensor The sensors gather radiation that is emitted or reflected by the object or surrounding areas. Sunlight reflection is the most common source of radiation measured by passive sensors. Examples of passive remote sensors are photography, infrared, and radiometers. 2. Active sensor The sensor embodies within itself the source of illumination like a satellite equipped with a RADAR sensor. Active sensors throw their own energy to scan the object. RADAR is examples of active remote sensing which measure the time delay between emission and return. Types of remote sensing

56. application of remote sensing Creating a base map for visual reference Nowadays many modern mapping technologies are based on Remote Sensing including Google maps, open street maps, Bing maps, NASA’s Globe view, etc. Controlling forest fires Information acquired by satellites using Remote Sensing enables firefighters to be dispatched on time and over correct locations so the damage from such fires can be decreased to minimal. Predicting potential landslides Landslides cause noticeable death and wealth loss around the globe. Remote sensing technique for providing an early warning regarding potential landslides.

57. Toposheet Maps which represent a symbolic or conventional picture of the physical and cultural landscape of small area on very large scale are known as Topographical maps or  topo sheets. These maps are based on actual survey of the area. Topographic maps are a detailed record of a land area, giving geographic positions and elevations for both natural and man-made features. They show the shape of the land the mountains, valleys, and plains by means of contour lines (lines of equal elevation above sea level).

58. Use Toposheet Topographic maps show contours, elevation, forest cover, marsh, pipelines, power transmission lines, buildings and various types of boundary lines such as international, provincial and administrative, and many others. Toposheet provide valuable information about the topography of area, whether it is flat, undulating or mountainous. The nature of the ground surface of an area can be understood by studying topographic map.

59. Thanks !