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About This Presentation
Abstract: The global demand for sustainable materials is
increasingly growing due to the synergistic effect of reducing
environmental impact and enhancing properties. Date palm
wastes (DPW) are considered a promising reinforcement
material for polymer composites due to their abundance,
biodegradabil...
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See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/389554722
Enhancing polymer composites with date palm residues for sustainable
innovation: a review
Article in International Journal of Materials Research · March 2025
CITATION
1
READS
162
8 authors, including:
Ahlam ebrahim Ali
Sphinx University
3 PUBLICATIONS 4 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
Mohammed Y. Abdellah
South Valley University
95 PUBLICATIONS 844 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
Moataz Gomaa
Faculty of Engineering south valley university
17 PUBLICATIONS 49 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
Hassan Ahmed Youssef
Alasala Education and Training Company
16 PUBLICATIONS 8 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
All content following this page was uploaded by Ahlam ebrahim Ali on 28 March 2025.
The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.
Enhancing polymer composites with date palm residues for sustainable
innovation: a review
Article in International Journal of Materials Research · March 2025
CITATION
1
READS
162
8 authors, including:
Ahlam ebrahim Ali
Sphinx University
3 PUBLICATIONS 4 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
Mohammed Y. Abdellah
South Valley University
95 PUBLICATIONS 844 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
Moataz Gomaa
Faculty of Engineering south valley university
17 PUBLICATIONS 49 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
Hassan Ahmed Youssef
Alasala Education and Training Company
16 PUBLICATIONS 8 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
All content following this page was uploaded by Ahlam ebrahim Ali on 28 March 2025.
The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.
Review
Ahlam Ebrahim*, Mohammed Y. Abdellah, Al Moataz A. Gomaa, Miltiadis Kourmpetis,
Hassan Ahmed Hassan Youssef and Gamal T. Abdel-Jaber
Enhancingpolymercompositeswithdatepalm
residuesforsustainableinnovation:areview
https://doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-2024-0260
Received September 27, 2024; accepted November 12, 2024;
published online March 4, 2025
Abstract:The global demand for sustainable materials is
increasingly growing due to the synergistic effect of reducing
environmental impact and enhancing properties. Date palm
wastes (DPW) are considered a promising reinforcement
material for polymer composites due to their abundance,
biodegradability, and low cost. Combining DPW into poly-
mer composites can enhance mechanical strength, thermal
stability, and biodegradability, rendering them attractive for
various applications such as structural components, auto-
motive, and packaging. Previous studies have demonstrated
the potential for enhancing the DPW reinforced polymers
mechanical properties such as tensile strength,flexural
strength, impact strength, and hardness by adjusting specific
parameters, including preparation methods, surface treat-
ment, processing techniques, and hybridization. This review
explores the utilization of DPW in producing reinforced
polymer composites, manufacturing techniques, treating
methods, applications, challenges, and future perspectives.
Keywords:sustainability; date palm wastes; polymer
composites
1 Introduction
This comprehensive review investigates the synergistic
relationship between organic waste and advanced mate-
rials, precipitating sustainable innovations in thefield of
composite materials. Date palm waste is considered as a vital
resource and has a crucial role in enhancing the properties
and applications of polymer composites, thereby fostering
innovation in eco-conscious material science.
Composite materials are significant in various in-
dustries owing to their unique properties, and advantages.
1
Here are some crucial points emphasizing the importance of
composite materials: strength and lightweight, corrosion
resistance, designflexibility, fatigue resistance, thermal
insulation and cost-effectiveness.
2
Aiming to provide a comprehensive overview in thisfield,
combining DPW into polymer composites has the capability to
enhance mechanical strength, thermal stability, and biode-
gradability, making them engaging for a wide range of uses.
3
Sustainable composite materials play a crucial role in
reducing environmental impacts through resource effi-
ciency and waste management while offering performance
benefits that meet industry demands.
4–6
Several researchers
concerned with exploring novel composite types especially
those obtained from agricultural wastes.
7–9
Sustainable
composites consists of a combination of naturalfibers or
fillers added to polymers that can reduce reliance on syn-
thetic materials.
10
Recently a wide range of agricultural wastes have been
studied for their potential in composite applications such as
banana, sisal, alfa, bamboo, and coir.
11,12
*Corresponding author: Ahlam Ebrahim, Mechanical Engineering
Department, Faculty of Engineering, Sphinx University, New Assiut, Egypt;
and Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, South
Valley University, Qena 83521, Egypt, E-mail: [email protected].
https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4699-0677
Mohammed Y. Abdellah,Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of
Engineering, South Valley University, Qena 83521, Egypt; and Mechanical
Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Alasala University, King
Fahd Bin Abdulaziz Rd., Dammam 31483, Saudi Arabia,
E-mail: [email protected]. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-
2538-3207
Al Moataz A. Gomaa,Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of
Engineering, South Valley University, Qena 83521, Egypt,
E-mail: [email protected]
Miltiadis Kourmpetis,Mechanical Engineering Department, College of
Engineering, Alasala University, King Fahd Bin Abdulaziz Rd., Dammam
31483, Saudi Arabia, E-mail: [email protected]
Hassan Ahmed Hassan Youssef,Department of Architecture, College of
Engineering, Alasala University, King Fahd Bin Abdulaziz Rd., Dammam
31483, Saudi Arabia; and Department of Architecture, Institute of Aviation
Engineering and Technology, Maadi, Cairo, Egypt,
E-mail: [email protected]
Gamal T. Abdel-Jaber,Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of
Engineering, South Valley University, Qena 83521, Egypt; and New Assiut
University of Technology (NAUT), Assiut 71684, Egypt,
E-mail: [email protected]
Int. J. Mater. Res. 2025; aop
Ahlam Ebrahim*, Mohammed Y. Abdellah, Al Moataz A. Gomaa, Miltiadis Kourmpetis,
Hassan Ahmed Hassan Youssef and Gamal T. Abdel-Jaber
Enhancingpolymercompositeswithdatepalm
residuesforsustainableinnovation:areview
https://doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-2024-0260
Received September 27, 2024; accepted November 12, 2024;
published online March 4, 2025
Abstract:The global demand for sustainable materials is
increasingly growing due to the synergistic effect of reducing
environmental impact and enhancing properties. Date palm
wastes (DPW) are considered a promising reinforcement
material for polymer composites due to their abundance,
biodegradability, and low cost. Combining DPW into poly-
mer composites can enhance mechanical strength, thermal
stability, and biodegradability, rendering them attractive for
various applications such as structural components, auto-
motive, and packaging. Previous studies have demonstrated
the potential for enhancing the DPW reinforced polymers
mechanical properties such as tensile strength,flexural
strength, impact strength, and hardness by adjusting specific
parameters, including preparation methods, surface treat-
ment, processing techniques, and hybridization. This review
explores the utilization of DPW in producing reinforced
polymer composites, manufacturing techniques, treating
methods, applications, challenges, and future perspectives.
Keywords:sustainability; date palm wastes; polymer
composites
1 Introduction
This comprehensive review investigates the synergistic
relationship between organic waste and advanced mate-
rials, precipitating sustainable innovations in thefield of
composite materials. Date palm waste is considered as a vital
resource and has a crucial role in enhancing the properties
and applications of polymer composites, thereby fostering
innovation in eco-conscious material science.
Composite materials are significant in various in-
dustries owing to their unique properties, and advantages.
1
Here are some crucial points emphasizing the importance of
composite materials: strength and lightweight, corrosion
resistance, designflexibility, fatigue resistance, thermal
insulation and cost-effectiveness.
2
Aiming to provide a comprehensive overview in thisfield,
combining DPW into polymer composites has the capability to
enhance mechanical strength, thermal stability, and biode-
gradability, making them engaging for a wide range of uses.
3
Sustainable composite materials play a crucial role in
reducing environmental impacts through resource effi-
ciency and waste management while offering performance
benefits that meet industry demands.
4–6
Several researchers
concerned with exploring novel composite types especially
those obtained from agricultural wastes.
7–9
Sustainable
composites consists of a combination of naturalfibers or
fillers added to polymers that can reduce reliance on syn-
thetic materials.
10
Recently a wide range of agricultural wastes have been
studied for their potential in composite applications such as
banana, sisal, alfa, bamboo, and coir.
11,12
*Corresponding author: Ahlam Ebrahim, Mechanical Engineering
Department, Faculty of Engineering, Sphinx University, New Assiut, Egypt;
and Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, South
Valley University, Qena 83521, Egypt, E-mail: [email protected].
https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4699-0677
Mohammed Y. Abdellah,Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of
Engineering, South Valley University, Qena 83521, Egypt; and Mechanical
Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Alasala University, King
Fahd Bin Abdulaziz Rd., Dammam 31483, Saudi Arabia,
E-mail: [email protected]. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-
2538-3207
Al Moataz A. Gomaa,Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of
Engineering, South Valley University, Qena 83521, Egypt,
E-mail: [email protected]
Miltiadis Kourmpetis,Mechanical Engineering Department, College of
Engineering, Alasala University, King Fahd Bin Abdulaziz Rd., Dammam
31483, Saudi Arabia, E-mail: [email protected]
Hassan Ahmed Hassan Youssef,Department of Architecture, College of
Engineering, Alasala University, King Fahd Bin Abdulaziz Rd., Dammam
31483, Saudi Arabia; and Department of Architecture, Institute of Aviation
Engineering and Technology, Maadi, Cairo, Egypt,
E-mail: [email protected]
Gamal T. Abdel-Jaber,Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of
Engineering, South Valley University, Qena 83521, Egypt; and New Assiut
University of Technology (NAUT), Assiut 71684, Egypt,
E-mail: [email protected]
Int. J. Mater. Res. 2025; aop
Date palm trees are widely grown in dry areas, espe-
cially in the Middle East and North Africa.
13
Egypt emerges as
the top producer, followed by Saudi Arabia, with over 1.7 and
1.5 million tons generated in 2021, establishing 18 % and 16 %
of global production, respectively.
14
They play a significant role in boosting local economies
through their various by-products.
15
The agriculture of
date palms generates significant agricultural waste, which
includes fronds, trunks, leaves, and seeds.
16,17
While these
materials have been viewed as worthless waste, they offer
a unique opportunity for innovation when transformed
into composite materials.
18
These wastes are mainly left in
agriculturalfields or burned, which can pose environmental
and health issues.
11,19–22
By utilizing waste from date palm trees, it is possible
to produce environmentally friendly composites with ad-
vantageous mechanical characteristics.
3,23
This method not
only augments the worth of what was previously assumed
waste but also contributes to reducing reliance on synthetic
materials typically derived from fossil fuels.
24
Date palm tree wastes, including date palm high and
lower offshores, trunks, seeds, and leaves are being inves-
tigated and studied for use in many industrial applications.
25
Figure 1 shows the date palm tree parts.
The mechanical characteristics of these date palm tree
wastes are crucial in assessing the applicability of these
materials when utilized as composites.
26,27
Essential me-
chanical properties of date palm tree wastes as composite
materials include tensile strength,flexural strength,
compressive strength, impact strength, hardness, fatigue
strength, and density.
28
By considering these mechanical
properties, researchers can accommodate the composition
and processing of date palm tree waste composites to satisfy
specific performance requirements for a wide variety of
applications, including construction, automotive, and pack-
aging industries.
29–31
The employment of date palm tree waste in composite
material production includes various manufacturing tech-
niques to establish sustainable and eco-friendly composites,
and when comparing DPW composites to otherfiber types
Figure 1:Representation of the date palm structure, illustrating components of morphological features and specialized offshoot structures.
25
2A. Ebrahim et al.: Enhancing polymer composites with date palm residues
cially in the Middle East and North Africa.
13
Egypt emerges as
the top producer, followed by Saudi Arabia, with over 1.7 and
1.5 million tons generated in 2021, establishing 18 % and 16 %
of global production, respectively.
14
They play a significant role in boosting local economies
through their various by-products.
15
The agriculture of
date palms generates significant agricultural waste, which
includes fronds, trunks, leaves, and seeds.
16,17
While these
materials have been viewed as worthless waste, they offer
a unique opportunity for innovation when transformed
into composite materials.
18
These wastes are mainly left in
agriculturalfields or burned, which can pose environmental
and health issues.
11,19–22
By utilizing waste from date palm trees, it is possible
to produce environmentally friendly composites with ad-
vantageous mechanical characteristics.
3,23
This method not
only augments the worth of what was previously assumed
waste but also contributes to reducing reliance on synthetic
materials typically derived from fossil fuels.
24
Date palm tree wastes, including date palm high and
lower offshores, trunks, seeds, and leaves are being inves-
tigated and studied for use in many industrial applications.
25
Figure 1 shows the date palm tree parts.
The mechanical characteristics of these date palm tree
wastes are crucial in assessing the applicability of these
materials when utilized as composites.
26,27
Essential me-
chanical properties of date palm tree wastes as composite
materials include tensile strength,flexural strength,
compressive strength, impact strength, hardness, fatigue
strength, and density.
28
By considering these mechanical
properties, researchers can accommodate the composition
and processing of date palm tree waste composites to satisfy
specific performance requirements for a wide variety of
applications, including construction, automotive, and pack-
aging industries.
29–31
The employment of date palm tree waste in composite
material production includes various manufacturing tech-
niques to establish sustainable and eco-friendly composites,
and when comparing DPW composites to otherfiber types
Figure 1:Representation of the date palm structure, illustrating components of morphological features and specialized offshoot structures.
25
2A. Ebrahim et al.: Enhancing polymer composites with date palm residues
with regard to cost and performance, DPW composites often
offer a competitive advantage.
31,32
Figure 2 shows a com-
parison between the cost of date palmfibers with regard to
otherfiber types used in the automotive industry. There are
several composite manufacturing methods intended for
incorporating date palm tree waste, the best technique for
producing DPW-composites depends on factors such as the
desired properties of thefinal product, production volume,
cost considerations, and equipment availability.
10,33
The
quality of composites fabricated by date palm tree waste
is impacted by various parameters throughout the
manufacturing process. Understanding and controlling
these parameters are significant for ensuring the perfor-
mance, durability, and sustainability of thefinal composite
material. Here are the main factors that influence the quality
of date palm waste composites: type and processing of date
palm waste,
34
resin selection,
35
fiber content and orienta-
tion,
36
processing parameters,
37
curing conditions,
36
and
moisture content.
38
By considering and enhancing these parameters
throughout the manufacturing process, inventors could pro-
duce high-quality date palm waste composites with tailored
properties for specific applications, ensuring sustainability,
performance, and economic profitability of these eco-friendly
materials.
This review presents a comprehensive overview of
the date palm tree waste reinforced polymer composites
sustainability and environmental impact, mechanical
properties, DPW reinforced polymer quality effective pa-
rameters, preparation methods and surface treatment
effect, processing techniques, challenges, and future per-
spectives. By analyzing these data, the uncovered synergistic
effects could be investigated by exploring the interactions
between DPW and polymers could reveal novel synergies
that improve the properties of resulting composites, poten-
tially resulting in exploring new material design strategies.
2 Sustainability and environmental
impact of date palm waste DPW
reinforced polymer composites
Date palm waste (DPW) has been considered as a potential
reinforcement material in polymer composites due to its
plentiful availability in areas where date palm trees are
grown.
39
By utilizing DPW in polymer composites, various
sustainability and environmental advantages could be ach-
ieved such as waste utilization, biodegradability, reduced
carbon footprint, and energy savings; therefore, utilizing
DPW in polymer composites presents a sustainable and
environmentally friendly alternative with comparison to
conventional composites, contributing to waste reduction,
lower carbon footprint, reduced energy consumption, and
the promotion of renewable resources.
40–42
However, it’s
vital to consider the entire life cycle of these materials to
ensure that the environmental benefits are optimized.
2.1 DPW composites: various types and
polymer matrix selection
DPW composites are a sustainable and eco-friendly choice
for generating composite materials. DPW, which involves
materials including date palm fronds, trunks, andfibers can
be used as a reinforcement material in composites.
15,43
When creating composites using DPW, the selection of
the polymer matrix is significant for determining thefinal
properties of the composite material.
44
Common polymer
matrices used in date palm waste composites include
polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP), polyester resins,
epoxy resins, polyurethane (PU), and phenolic resins.
45–47
Table 1 shows the classification of polymers which
aresuitableforcombiningwithDPW.Theselectionofa
Figure 2:Comparing the cost of date palmfibers with regard to other
fiber types used in automotive industry.
31
Table:Thermoplastics and thermosets.
Polymers
Thermoplastics Thermosets
Polycarbonate Phenolic resins
Acrylic Polyester resins
Acetal copolymer polyoxymethylene Amino resins
Nylon Epoxy resins
Polyethylene Silicon resins
Polyvinyl chloride Polyurethanes
polystyrene
Polypropylene
Teflon
A. Ebrahim et al.: Enhancing polymer composites with date palm residues3
offer a competitive advantage.
31,32
Figure 2 shows a com-
parison between the cost of date palmfibers with regard to
otherfiber types used in the automotive industry. There are
several composite manufacturing methods intended for
incorporating date palm tree waste, the best technique for
producing DPW-composites depends on factors such as the
desired properties of thefinal product, production volume,
cost considerations, and equipment availability.
10,33
The
quality of composites fabricated by date palm tree waste
is impacted by various parameters throughout the
manufacturing process. Understanding and controlling
these parameters are significant for ensuring the perfor-
mance, durability, and sustainability of thefinal composite
material. Here are the main factors that influence the quality
of date palm waste composites: type and processing of date
palm waste,
34
resin selection,
35
fiber content and orienta-
tion,
36
processing parameters,
37
curing conditions,
36
and
moisture content.
38
By considering and enhancing these parameters
throughout the manufacturing process, inventors could pro-
duce high-quality date palm waste composites with tailored
properties for specific applications, ensuring sustainability,
performance, and economic profitability of these eco-friendly
materials.
This review presents a comprehensive overview of
the date palm tree waste reinforced polymer composites
sustainability and environmental impact, mechanical
properties, DPW reinforced polymer quality effective pa-
rameters, preparation methods and surface treatment
effect, processing techniques, challenges, and future per-
spectives. By analyzing these data, the uncovered synergistic
effects could be investigated by exploring the interactions
between DPW and polymers could reveal novel synergies
that improve the properties of resulting composites, poten-
tially resulting in exploring new material design strategies.
2 Sustainability and environmental
impact of date palm waste DPW
reinforced polymer composites
Date palm waste (DPW) has been considered as a potential
reinforcement material in polymer composites due to its
plentiful availability in areas where date palm trees are
grown.
39
By utilizing DPW in polymer composites, various
sustainability and environmental advantages could be ach-
ieved such as waste utilization, biodegradability, reduced
carbon footprint, and energy savings; therefore, utilizing
DPW in polymer composites presents a sustainable and
environmentally friendly alternative with comparison to
conventional composites, contributing to waste reduction,
lower carbon footprint, reduced energy consumption, and
the promotion of renewable resources.
40–42
However, it’s
vital to consider the entire life cycle of these materials to
ensure that the environmental benefits are optimized.
2.1 DPW composites: various types and
polymer matrix selection
DPW composites are a sustainable and eco-friendly choice
for generating composite materials. DPW, which involves
materials including date palm fronds, trunks, andfibers can
be used as a reinforcement material in composites.
15,43
When creating composites using DPW, the selection of
the polymer matrix is significant for determining thefinal
properties of the composite material.
44
Common polymer
matrices used in date palm waste composites include
polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP), polyester resins,
epoxy resins, polyurethane (PU), and phenolic resins.
45–47
Table 1 shows the classification of polymers which
aresuitableforcombiningwithDPW.Theselectionofa
Figure 2:Comparing the cost of date palmfibers with regard to other
fiber types used in automotive industry.
31
Table:Thermoplastics and thermosets.
Polymers
Thermoplastics Thermosets
Polycarbonate Phenolic resins
Acrylic Polyester resins
Acetal copolymer polyoxymethylene Amino resins
Nylon Epoxy resins
Polyethylene Silicon resins
Polyvinyl chloride Polyurethanes
polystyrene
Polypropylene
Teflon
A. Ebrahim et al.: Enhancing polymer composites with date palm residues3
polymer matrix depends on elements such as desired
properties, processing requirements, cost, and proposed
application of the composite.
48–50
Thechoiceofthepolymer
matrix should be established on an extensive understand-
ing of the requirements of the specific application, as well
as the compatibility with DPW to provide good adhesion
and comprehensive performance of the composite
material.
51,52
Each polymer has some advantages and restrictions,
53
so it is critical to carefully evaluate these attributes before
selecting the most adequate polymer matrix for date palm
waste composites. Additionally, factors such as processing
techniques,filler–matrix interactions, and environmental
considerations should also be considered during the com-
posite material preparation process.
54
2.2 Environmental issues due to improper
disposal of DPW
Recently the DPW reinforced polymer became a valuable
type of material due to its desirable eco-friendly attri-
butes,
55,56
assuming the natural wastes and resources in
finding alternative low-cost materials could improve the
industrial sustainability as well as eliminate the environ-
mental pollution.
57
Improper disposal of DPW could lead to
various environmental issues, which involve: air pollution,
soil degradation, water pollution, habitat destruction,
greenhouse gas emissions, health risks, and resource
waste.
58,59
By assuming sustainable waste management
practices and increasing awareness about the environ-
mental impacts of improper disposal, communities can work
towards moderating the harmful effects of DPW on the
environment.
2.3 DPW applications
The applications of DPW in various industries exhibit a
promising way for sustainable resource utilization and
waste management. From biofuel production to animal
feed production.
37,60,61
DPW emphasizes itsflexibility and
potential for contributing to a circular economy.
37
Industries
such as the paper and pulp sector benefit from utilizing date
palmfibers extracted from trunks and leaves to fabricate
eco-friendly paper products,
15,43,62
construction such as
panels, roofing materials, and structural components, auto-
motive like interior components, trim and door panels, and
packaging such as biodegradable food packaging, retail bags,
electronics packaging and cosmetic packaging.
3 DPW reinforced polymer
mechanical properties
The utilization of DPW as a reinforcing agent in polymer
composites has accumulated significant interest in recent
research attempts focused on improving mechanical prop-
erties.
63,64
This review article explores the dynamic land-
scape of studies investigating the integration of DPWfibers
into various polymer matrices to bolster tensile strength,
impact resistance, hardness, andflexural strength, also the
promising potential of DPW reinforced polymer composites
in advancing sustainable and high-performance materials
for various engineering applications is clarified. Moreover,
the construction industryfinds significance in DPW by
incorporating it into the manufacturing of construction
materials such as particleboards and insulation, offering a
sustainable substitute to traditional building products.
65,66
The bio-based sector leverages DPW as a renewable sub-
strate for manufacturing biodegradable plastics, bio-based
chemicals, and polymers, associated with the global change
towards more environmentally friendly materials.
57
Addi-
tionally, DPWfinds its way into artisanal crafts, landscaping,
and horticulture, demonstrating its adaptability in creating
traditional handicrafts and improving soil health in
gardening practices.
19,67,68
As a source of renewable energy,
DPW can be converted into heat and electricity, acting as
a sustainable energy resource for communities and in-
dustries.
69,70
The capability of DPW extends to waterfiltra-
tion applications through the production of activated
carbon, presenting its efficacy in purifying water sour-
ces.
57,67
The various applications of DPW emphasize its sig-
nificance in promoting sustainability, circularity, and
innovation across various sectors, highlighting the oppor-
tunities for increasing the value of this abundant and
underutilized resource.
3.1 Tensile strength
Within the domain of sustainable materials, the investiga-
tion of DPW reinforced polymer tensile strength as a me-
chanical property is obtaining considerable traction.
71,72
DPW, a plentiful agricultural byproduct presents a unique
opportunity for sustainable material improvement. The
evaluation of its tensile strength not only illuminates its
mechanical robustness but also emphasizes its potential
applications in various industries.
73–75
Satchidananda et al.
76
illustrated the relationship betweenfiber content and the
tensile strength of composites as shown in Figure 3. There is
a notable enhancement in the mechanical properties of the
4
A. Ebrahim et al.: Enhancing polymer composites with date palm residues
properties, processing requirements, cost, and proposed
application of the composite.
48–50
Thechoiceofthepolymer
matrix should be established on an extensive understand-
ing of the requirements of the specific application, as well
as the compatibility with DPW to provide good adhesion
and comprehensive performance of the composite
material.
51,52
Each polymer has some advantages and restrictions,
53
so it is critical to carefully evaluate these attributes before
selecting the most adequate polymer matrix for date palm
waste composites. Additionally, factors such as processing
techniques,filler–matrix interactions, and environmental
considerations should also be considered during the com-
posite material preparation process.
54
2.2 Environmental issues due to improper
disposal of DPW
Recently the DPW reinforced polymer became a valuable
type of material due to its desirable eco-friendly attri-
butes,
55,56
assuming the natural wastes and resources in
finding alternative low-cost materials could improve the
industrial sustainability as well as eliminate the environ-
mental pollution.
57
Improper disposal of DPW could lead to
various environmental issues, which involve: air pollution,
soil degradation, water pollution, habitat destruction,
greenhouse gas emissions, health risks, and resource
waste.
58,59
By assuming sustainable waste management
practices and increasing awareness about the environ-
mental impacts of improper disposal, communities can work
towards moderating the harmful effects of DPW on the
environment.
2.3 DPW applications
The applications of DPW in various industries exhibit a
promising way for sustainable resource utilization and
waste management. From biofuel production to animal
feed production.
37,60,61
DPW emphasizes itsflexibility and
potential for contributing to a circular economy.
37
Industries
such as the paper and pulp sector benefit from utilizing date
palmfibers extracted from trunks and leaves to fabricate
eco-friendly paper products,
15,43,62
construction such as
panels, roofing materials, and structural components, auto-
motive like interior components, trim and door panels, and
packaging such as biodegradable food packaging, retail bags,
electronics packaging and cosmetic packaging.
3 DPW reinforced polymer
mechanical properties
The utilization of DPW as a reinforcing agent in polymer
composites has accumulated significant interest in recent
research attempts focused on improving mechanical prop-
erties.
63,64
This review article explores the dynamic land-
scape of studies investigating the integration of DPWfibers
into various polymer matrices to bolster tensile strength,
impact resistance, hardness, andflexural strength, also the
promising potential of DPW reinforced polymer composites
in advancing sustainable and high-performance materials
for various engineering applications is clarified. Moreover,
the construction industryfinds significance in DPW by
incorporating it into the manufacturing of construction
materials such as particleboards and insulation, offering a
sustainable substitute to traditional building products.
65,66
The bio-based sector leverages DPW as a renewable sub-
strate for manufacturing biodegradable plastics, bio-based
chemicals, and polymers, associated with the global change
towards more environmentally friendly materials.
57
Addi-
tionally, DPWfinds its way into artisanal crafts, landscaping,
and horticulture, demonstrating its adaptability in creating
traditional handicrafts and improving soil health in
gardening practices.
19,67,68
As a source of renewable energy,
DPW can be converted into heat and electricity, acting as
a sustainable energy resource for communities and in-
dustries.
69,70
The capability of DPW extends to waterfiltra-
tion applications through the production of activated
carbon, presenting its efficacy in purifying water sour-
ces.
57,67
The various applications of DPW emphasize its sig-
nificance in promoting sustainability, circularity, and
innovation across various sectors, highlighting the oppor-
tunities for increasing the value of this abundant and
underutilized resource.
3.1 Tensile strength
Within the domain of sustainable materials, the investiga-
tion of DPW reinforced polymer tensile strength as a me-
chanical property is obtaining considerable traction.
71,72
DPW, a plentiful agricultural byproduct presents a unique
opportunity for sustainable material improvement. The
evaluation of its tensile strength not only illuminates its
mechanical robustness but also emphasizes its potential
applications in various industries.
73–75
Satchidananda et al.
76
illustrated the relationship betweenfiber content and the
tensile strength of composites as shown in Figure 3. There is
a notable enhancement in the mechanical properties of the
4
A. Ebrahim et al.: Enhancing polymer composites with date palm residues
composites with increasing of thefiber content. It was found
that the tensile strength of the composites increase with a
higherfiber content up to 10 % by weight before undergoing
a decrease.
Abdellah et al.
11
Characterized the effect of date palm
fiber (DPF)/sheep wool hybrid reinforced polyester com-
posites for obtaining high performance.
It was found that the 20 % DPF/SHEEP wool hybrid
reinforced polyester gave the highest value of ultimate
tensile strength of 27 MPa. Scanning electron microscopy
ensured the good adhesion and interfacial bonding between
DPF/SHEEP wool and the polyester matrix.
3.2 Flexural strength
In the domain of composite materials, the combination of date
palmfibers has emerged as a promising way for enhancing
mechanical properties, particularly in terms offlexural
strength. Thesefibers, sourced from the plentiful and sus-
tainable date palm trees, present remarkable reinforcement
capabilities when combined into composites. The resulting
materials implement a notable increase inflexural strength,
exhibiting the potential for applications in structural com-
ponents requiring high strength and durability.
22,77,78
Abdellah et al.
11
Found that theflexural strength reaches
the highest value when the content of DPF/sheep wool
hybrid reinforced polyester is 20 %.
AlMaadeed et al.
79
studied the effect of combining the
date palm wood powder with low-density polyethylene and
it was found that for the compositefilled with 70 wt.% of date
palm wood powder DPW, theflexural strength reached
17.8 MPa, which is double that of the neat LDPE. The Young’s
modulus of the composites recorded a notable increase with
higherfiller content, topping at 1933 MPa for the composite
containing 70 wt.%filler. This Young’s modulus value is
approximately 13 times greater than that of pure LDPE.
3.3 Impact resistance
The investigation of impact resistance in date palm-
reinforced composites has exhibited a domain of possibil-
ities in enhancing the mechanical properties of these
advanced materials.
41,80
DPW, a byproduct with substantial
supply has been harnessed to strengthen composite struc-
tures against impact forces, showcasing impressive results.
81
Studies have illuminated the distinguished improvements in
impact resistance conferred by the combination of date palm
wastefibers into composite matrices. These enhancements
can be attributed to the inherent strength and energy-
absorbing capabilities of DPWfibers.
82
The improvement of impact performance through the
careful employment offiber–matrix interactions,fiber
alignment, and composite design represents a promising
frontier for further advancements in sustainable composite
materials.
83,84
Nadendla et al.
57
Produced composites by
reinforcing polyester matrices with Indian date leaf (IDL)
and Indian date leaf chemically treatedfibers IDL CT using a
wet lay-up method. Mechanical tests show that the impact
strength of IDL FRP composites is 18.94 kJ m
−2
at maximum
fiber volume fraction. Figure 4 shows the effect offiber
volume fraction on impact resistance and strength of IDL
FRP composites.
Faiad et al.
15
Proposed pre-treatment processes to
fabricatefibrous and powder raw materials from DPW by
adding a thermoplastic polymer polypropylene matrix. A
Figure 3:The tensile strength of untreated and treated date palm epoxy
composites, along with date palm–glassfiber epoxy composites
containing 10 %fiber content.
76
Figure 4:Effect offiber volume fraction on impact resistance and
strength of IDL FRP composites.
57
A. Ebrahim et al.: Enhancing polymer composites with date palm residues5
that the tensile strength of the composites increase with a
higherfiber content up to 10 % by weight before undergoing
a decrease.
Abdellah et al.
11
Characterized the effect of date palm
fiber (DPF)/sheep wool hybrid reinforced polyester com-
posites for obtaining high performance.
It was found that the 20 % DPF/SHEEP wool hybrid
reinforced polyester gave the highest value of ultimate
tensile strength of 27 MPa. Scanning electron microscopy
ensured the good adhesion and interfacial bonding between
DPF/SHEEP wool and the polyester matrix.
3.2 Flexural strength
In the domain of composite materials, the combination of date
palmfibers has emerged as a promising way for enhancing
mechanical properties, particularly in terms offlexural
strength. Thesefibers, sourced from the plentiful and sus-
tainable date palm trees, present remarkable reinforcement
capabilities when combined into composites. The resulting
materials implement a notable increase inflexural strength,
exhibiting the potential for applications in structural com-
ponents requiring high strength and durability.
22,77,78
Abdellah et al.
11
Found that theflexural strength reaches
the highest value when the content of DPF/sheep wool
hybrid reinforced polyester is 20 %.
AlMaadeed et al.
79
studied the effect of combining the
date palm wood powder with low-density polyethylene and
it was found that for the compositefilled with 70 wt.% of date
palm wood powder DPW, theflexural strength reached
17.8 MPa, which is double that of the neat LDPE. The Young’s
modulus of the composites recorded a notable increase with
higherfiller content, topping at 1933 MPa for the composite
containing 70 wt.%filler. This Young’s modulus value is
approximately 13 times greater than that of pure LDPE.
3.3 Impact resistance
The investigation of impact resistance in date palm-
reinforced composites has exhibited a domain of possibil-
ities in enhancing the mechanical properties of these
advanced materials.
41,80
DPW, a byproduct with substantial
supply has been harnessed to strengthen composite struc-
tures against impact forces, showcasing impressive results.
81
Studies have illuminated the distinguished improvements in
impact resistance conferred by the combination of date palm
wastefibers into composite matrices. These enhancements
can be attributed to the inherent strength and energy-
absorbing capabilities of DPWfibers.
82
The improvement of impact performance through the
careful employment offiber–matrix interactions,fiber
alignment, and composite design represents a promising
frontier for further advancements in sustainable composite
materials.
83,84
Nadendla et al.
57
Produced composites by
reinforcing polyester matrices with Indian date leaf (IDL)
and Indian date leaf chemically treatedfibers IDL CT using a
wet lay-up method. Mechanical tests show that the impact
strength of IDL FRP composites is 18.94 kJ m
−2
at maximum
fiber volume fraction. Figure 4 shows the effect offiber
volume fraction on impact resistance and strength of IDL
FRP composites.
Faiad et al.
15
Proposed pre-treatment processes to
fabricatefibrous and powder raw materials from DPW by
adding a thermoplastic polymer polypropylene matrix. A
Figure 3:The tensile strength of untreated and treated date palm epoxy
composites, along with date palm–glassfiber epoxy composites
containing 10 %fiber content.
76
Figure 4:Effect offiber volume fraction on impact resistance and
strength of IDL FRP composites.
57
A. Ebrahim et al.: Enhancing polymer composites with date palm residues5
great improvement was observed for impact strength up to
30 wt.%fiber. The review highlights the useful applications
of DPW in biofuels, activated carbon, and naturalfiber
composites, emphasizing its potential in engineering and
industry.
3.4 Hardness
Investigating the hardness properties of the DPW reinforced
composites reveals a compelling way to enhance the me-
chanical characteristics of these sustainable materials.
85,86
DPW, a sustainable and abundant resource has been utilized
to bolster the hardness of composite structures, yielding
promising results.
87
This review has demonstrated signifi-
cant enhancement in hardness when date palm waste
fibers are integrated into composite matrices, showcasing
the natural strength and rigidity of thesefibers. This
improvement in hardness not only expresses the material’s
potential in applications demanding wear resistance and
durability but also underscores the efficient employment of
agricultural waste in value-added composite manufacturing.
The optimization of hardness properties through concerns
such asfiber loading, distribution, and matrix compatibility
shows a progressive advancement toward developing robust
and sustainable composite materials with enhanced me-
chanical performance.
88
Abdellah et al.
11
examined the effects of adding polyester
reinforced to a hybrid of sheep wool and date palmfiber
using differentfiber contents (0 %, 10 %, 20 %, and 30 % by
weight). It was found that a blend of reinforced polyester
containing 20 % DPF and wool gives better mechanical
properties as shown in Figure 5. A hardness of 64 HB was
measured.
Nagaraj et al.
89
produced date seedfiller reinforced
vinyl ester (DSF-VE) composites by using a conventional
compression molding technique with varyingfiller loadings
from 5 % to 50 %. Mechanical tests show that the hardness
was 51 HB, as shown in Figure 6.
4 DPW reinforced polymer quality
effective parameters
Exploring the effective parameters affecting the quality of
DPW reinforced polymer composites illuminates an essen-
tial aspect of sustainable material engineering. DPW, a rich
and renewable resource has been increasingly used to
strengthen polymer composites, presenting a myriad of
chances for enhancing material performance. Studies have
identified several key parameters that considerably impact
the quality of these composites, including preparation
Figure 5:Hardness of (polyester/DPF) composite and polyester/DPF/
sheep wool hybrid.
11
Figure 6:Effect offiller content on impact
strength and hardness of the DSF–VE
composites.
89
6
A. Ebrahim et al.: Enhancing polymer composites with date palm residues
30 wt.%fiber. The review highlights the useful applications
of DPW in biofuels, activated carbon, and naturalfiber
composites, emphasizing its potential in engineering and
industry.
3.4 Hardness
Investigating the hardness properties of the DPW reinforced
composites reveals a compelling way to enhance the me-
chanical characteristics of these sustainable materials.
85,86
DPW, a sustainable and abundant resource has been utilized
to bolster the hardness of composite structures, yielding
promising results.
87
This review has demonstrated signifi-
cant enhancement in hardness when date palm waste
fibers are integrated into composite matrices, showcasing
the natural strength and rigidity of thesefibers. This
improvement in hardness not only expresses the material’s
potential in applications demanding wear resistance and
durability but also underscores the efficient employment of
agricultural waste in value-added composite manufacturing.
The optimization of hardness properties through concerns
such asfiber loading, distribution, and matrix compatibility
shows a progressive advancement toward developing robust
and sustainable composite materials with enhanced me-
chanical performance.
88
Abdellah et al.
11
examined the effects of adding polyester
reinforced to a hybrid of sheep wool and date palmfiber
using differentfiber contents (0 %, 10 %, 20 %, and 30 % by
weight). It was found that a blend of reinforced polyester
containing 20 % DPF and wool gives better mechanical
properties as shown in Figure 5. A hardness of 64 HB was
measured.
Nagaraj et al.
89
produced date seedfiller reinforced
vinyl ester (DSF-VE) composites by using a conventional
compression molding technique with varyingfiller loadings
from 5 % to 50 %. Mechanical tests show that the hardness
was 51 HB, as shown in Figure 6.
4 DPW reinforced polymer quality
effective parameters
Exploring the effective parameters affecting the quality of
DPW reinforced polymer composites illuminates an essen-
tial aspect of sustainable material engineering. DPW, a rich
and renewable resource has been increasingly used to
strengthen polymer composites, presenting a myriad of
chances for enhancing material performance. Studies have
identified several key parameters that considerably impact
the quality of these composites, including preparation
Figure 5:Hardness of (polyester/DPF) composite and polyester/DPF/
sheep wool hybrid.
11
Figure 6:Effect offiller content on impact
strength and hardness of the DSF–VE
composites.
89
6
A. Ebrahim et al.: Enhancing polymer composites with date palm residues
methods and surface treatment, nano-filler use, hybridiza-
tion, and processing.
57
By enhancing these parameters, researchers have
obtained distinct improvements in composite properties
such as tensile strength, impact resistance, and hardness.
This comprehensive review highlights the importance of
understanding and controlling these powerful parameters
to modify the properties of date palm waste-reinforced
polymer composites for various applications ranging from
construction to automotive industries. The ongoing explo-
ration of these effective parameters not only progresses the
field of composite materials but also highlights the potential
for sustainable solutions that combine performance with
environmental perception.
4.1 DPW reinforced polymer preparation
methods and surface treatment effect
The preparation techniques and surface treatment effects on
DPW reinforced polymer composites are essential areas of
investigation that explore significant promise for advancing
sustainable material engineering.
90,91
Several production
methods, such as hand lay-up, compression molding, and
extrusion, play a vital role in determining the distribution
and alignment of DPWfibers within the polymer matrix,
thereby influencing the mechanical properties of the resul-
tant composites.
92
Additionally, surface treatment proced-
ures, including alkali treatment, silane coupling agents, and
plasma treatment, have been investigated to enhance the
interfacial adhesion between thefibers and the polymer
matrix, inducing improvements in composite strength and
durability.
93,94
Pretreatment processes can control the properties of
DPW. It is realistic to define, adjust, and potentially intro-
duce valuable characteristics while reducing undesirable
ones through these processes.
15
Table 2 lists some of the
physical and chemical treatments utilized.
Belgacem et al.
95
utilized three treatment methods
to prepare date palmfiber,firstly deliberation to separate
fibers from the biomass, secondly soft alkali treatment, and
finally enzymatic treatment, The prepared DPF was then
combined with a polypropylene (PP) matrix at a concentra-
tion of 40 %w/w. Maleated polypropylene (MAPP) was
utilized as a combination agent to enhance the bonding be-
tween thefibers and the polymer matrix. The study shows
that both enzymatic and alkali treatments, mainly when
combined with MAPP as a coupling agent, lead to composites
with higher strength and stiffness compared to neat poly-
propylene. Saada et al.
96
Evaluated the tensile strength of
epoxy bio-composites reinforced with date palmfibers,
including untreated and sodium carbonate-treatedfibers at
a 10 % concentration for diverse time frames.
Artificial neural network (ANN) modeling established
high predictability with correlation coefficients (R
2
)
exceeding 0.98 for Young’s modulus and 0.97 for stress, while
response surface methodology (RSM) showed correlation
coefficients of 0.89 and 0.87 for Young’s modulus and stress,
respectively. Both approaches successfully predicted the
mechanical properties of the bio-composites, confirming the
experimental outcomes.
4.2 DPW reinforced polymer processing
techniques
Processing techniques for polymer composites reinforced
with DPW have accumulated significant attention in recent
research.
31
The utilization of DPW as a reinforcing agent in
polymer composites offers a sustainable and eco-friendly
methodology to material development.
32
Various processing
techniques, ranging from traditional methods to advanced
technologies, have been discovered to efficiently incorporate
DPW into polymer matrices. These techniques play a vital
role in determining the dispersion, adhesion, and overall
performance of the composite materials. There are some
techniques utilized for fabricating DPW reinforced com-
posites such as hand layup, Resin Transfer Moulding (RTM),
VARTM,filament winding, pultrusion, compression molding,
extrusion, injection molding, and 3D printing.
37
Figure 7,
97
shows the manufacturing techniques for naturalfiber
composites, and Table 3 shows date palm-reinforced poly-
mer composites.
Table:Chemical and physical treatments utilized by researchers on
naturalfibers.
Treatment Processes applied
Physical Sizing: cutting, shredding, Grinding,
Drying
Surfacefibrillation
Electric discharge
Steam treatment
Chemical Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) treatment
Acetylation
Graft copolymerization
Permanganate treatment
Silane treatment
Benzoylation treatment
Acrylation and acrylonitrile grafting
Meleated coupling gents
Peroxide treatment
A. Ebrahim et al.: Enhancing polymer composites with date palm residues7
tion, and processing.
57
By enhancing these parameters, researchers have
obtained distinct improvements in composite properties
such as tensile strength, impact resistance, and hardness.
This comprehensive review highlights the importance of
understanding and controlling these powerful parameters
to modify the properties of date palm waste-reinforced
polymer composites for various applications ranging from
construction to automotive industries. The ongoing explo-
ration of these effective parameters not only progresses the
field of composite materials but also highlights the potential
for sustainable solutions that combine performance with
environmental perception.
4.1 DPW reinforced polymer preparation
methods and surface treatment effect
The preparation techniques and surface treatment effects on
DPW reinforced polymer composites are essential areas of
investigation that explore significant promise for advancing
sustainable material engineering.
90,91
Several production
methods, such as hand lay-up, compression molding, and
extrusion, play a vital role in determining the distribution
and alignment of DPWfibers within the polymer matrix,
thereby influencing the mechanical properties of the resul-
tant composites.
92
Additionally, surface treatment proced-
ures, including alkali treatment, silane coupling agents, and
plasma treatment, have been investigated to enhance the
interfacial adhesion between thefibers and the polymer
matrix, inducing improvements in composite strength and
durability.
93,94
Pretreatment processes can control the properties of
DPW. It is realistic to define, adjust, and potentially intro-
duce valuable characteristics while reducing undesirable
ones through these processes.
15
Table 2 lists some of the
physical and chemical treatments utilized.
Belgacem et al.
95
utilized three treatment methods
to prepare date palmfiber,firstly deliberation to separate
fibers from the biomass, secondly soft alkali treatment, and
finally enzymatic treatment, The prepared DPF was then
combined with a polypropylene (PP) matrix at a concentra-
tion of 40 %w/w. Maleated polypropylene (MAPP) was
utilized as a combination agent to enhance the bonding be-
tween thefibers and the polymer matrix. The study shows
that both enzymatic and alkali treatments, mainly when
combined with MAPP as a coupling agent, lead to composites
with higher strength and stiffness compared to neat poly-
propylene. Saada et al.
96
Evaluated the tensile strength of
epoxy bio-composites reinforced with date palmfibers,
including untreated and sodium carbonate-treatedfibers at
a 10 % concentration for diverse time frames.
Artificial neural network (ANN) modeling established
high predictability with correlation coefficients (R
2
)
exceeding 0.98 for Young’s modulus and 0.97 for stress, while
response surface methodology (RSM) showed correlation
coefficients of 0.89 and 0.87 for Young’s modulus and stress,
respectively. Both approaches successfully predicted the
mechanical properties of the bio-composites, confirming the
experimental outcomes.
4.2 DPW reinforced polymer processing
techniques
Processing techniques for polymer composites reinforced
with DPW have accumulated significant attention in recent
research.
31
The utilization of DPW as a reinforcing agent in
polymer composites offers a sustainable and eco-friendly
methodology to material development.
32
Various processing
techniques, ranging from traditional methods to advanced
technologies, have been discovered to efficiently incorporate
DPW into polymer matrices. These techniques play a vital
role in determining the dispersion, adhesion, and overall
performance of the composite materials. There are some
techniques utilized for fabricating DPW reinforced com-
posites such as hand layup, Resin Transfer Moulding (RTM),
VARTM,filament winding, pultrusion, compression molding,
extrusion, injection molding, and 3D printing.
37
Figure 7,
97
shows the manufacturing techniques for naturalfiber
composites, and Table 3 shows date palm-reinforced poly-
mer composites.
Table:Chemical and physical treatments utilized by researchers on
naturalfibers.
Treatment Processes applied
Physical Sizing: cutting, shredding, Grinding,
Drying
Surfacefibrillation
Electric discharge
Steam treatment
Chemical Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) treatment
Acetylation
Graft copolymerization
Permanganate treatment
Silane treatment
Benzoylation treatment
Acrylation and acrylonitrile grafting
Meleated coupling gents
Peroxide treatment
A. Ebrahim et al.: Enhancing polymer composites with date palm residues7
4.3 Effect of hybridization on DPW
reinforced polymer composite
The impact of hybridization on DPW reinforced polymer
composites stands as a critical principal point in current
research.
34,98,99
By mixing DPW with other reinforcing
materialssuchasglassfibers, carbonfibers, or nano-
materials, a hybrid composite is created that aims to
maximize the advantages of each component.
100
The hy-
bridization of DPW with other reinforcements influences
on the mechanical, thermal, and structural properties of
the resulting polymer composites will be explored.
34
Un-
derstanding the effect of hybridization on DPW-reinforced
polymer composites is vital for modifying material prop-
erties to meet specific application requirements and pro-
gressing the sustainable employment of agricultural waste
in composite materials.
Swain et al.
99
studied the effect of adding date palm leaf
fibers to glassfibers, on the mechanical properties of the
composite, enhanced mechanical properties were observed,
as indicated in Figure 8. The Young’s modulus andflexural
strength show an increase when naturalfibers are added
from 0 wt.% to 20 wt.%. Similarly, like the tensile strength,
the impact strength also increased with the addition of up to
20 wt.% of naturalfiber due to the improved interfacial
adhesion bonding between the naturalfiber and the matrix.
Abdellah et al.
34
showed that adding sheep wool to (DPF)
in a polyester matrix significantly improved fracture
toughness and energy release rates. It was found that
enhanced mechanical properties and decreased probabili-
ties of failure were observed when thefiber length enlarged
to 12 mm in the polymer/DPF composites.
Figure 9 shows a comparison between the results of
(DPF) reinforced polymer with and without hybridization.
The addition of nano-particlefillers to DPW reinforced
composite materials leads to several effects on the properties
of the composite such as improved mechanical, and thermal
properties, enhanced processing properties, and reduced
weight.
10,101–103
Singh et al.
101
studied the effect of adding nano-silica and
another controlling factor on naturalfiber-reinforced poly-
mer composites it was observed that silica nanoparticles
Figure 7:Manufacturing techniques for naturalfiber composites, (a) hand layup process, (b) compression molding, (c) resin transfer molding,
(d) extrusion process, and (e) automatedfiber placement.
97
8
A. Ebrahim et al.: Enhancing polymer composites with date palm residues
reinforced polymer composite
The impact of hybridization on DPW reinforced polymer
composites stands as a critical principal point in current
research.
34,98,99
By mixing DPW with other reinforcing
materialssuchasglassfibers, carbonfibers, or nano-
materials, a hybrid composite is created that aims to
maximize the advantages of each component.
100
The hy-
bridization of DPW with other reinforcements influences
on the mechanical, thermal, and structural properties of
the resulting polymer composites will be explored.
34
Un-
derstanding the effect of hybridization on DPW-reinforced
polymer composites is vital for modifying material prop-
erties to meet specific application requirements and pro-
gressing the sustainable employment of agricultural waste
in composite materials.
Swain et al.
99
studied the effect of adding date palm leaf
fibers to glassfibers, on the mechanical properties of the
composite, enhanced mechanical properties were observed,
as indicated in Figure 8. The Young’s modulus andflexural
strength show an increase when naturalfibers are added
from 0 wt.% to 20 wt.%. Similarly, like the tensile strength,
the impact strength also increased with the addition of up to
20 wt.% of naturalfiber due to the improved interfacial
adhesion bonding between the naturalfiber and the matrix.
Abdellah et al.
34
showed that adding sheep wool to (DPF)
in a polyester matrix significantly improved fracture
toughness and energy release rates. It was found that
enhanced mechanical properties and decreased probabili-
ties of failure were observed when thefiber length enlarged
to 12 mm in the polymer/DPF composites.
Figure 9 shows a comparison between the results of
(DPF) reinforced polymer with and without hybridization.
The addition of nano-particlefillers to DPW reinforced
composite materials leads to several effects on the properties
of the composite such as improved mechanical, and thermal
properties, enhanced processing properties, and reduced
weight.
10,101–103
Singh et al.
101
studied the effect of adding nano-silica and
another controlling factor on naturalfiber-reinforced poly-
mer composites it was observed that silica nanoparticles
Figure 7:Manufacturing techniques for naturalfiber composites, (a) hand layup process, (b) compression molding, (c) resin transfer molding,
(d) extrusion process, and (e) automatedfiber placement.
97
8
A. Ebrahim et al.: Enhancing polymer composites with date palm residues
have the main influence on wear performance with a
contribution ratio of 32.61 % as shown in Figure 10.
Jose et al.
104
investigated the impact of nano-silica as
filler in the composites. The addition of nano-silica in the
wool–epoxy composites slightly decreased water diffusivity
in comparison to the wool–epoxy composites, proposing
enhanced moisture resistance. Following a soil burial test, all
composite specimens showed a weight loss of less than 1.0 %,
indicating a level of biodegradability within the produced
materials.
It was also found that the tensile and impact strength of
the composites was increased with the addition of nano-
silica up to 0.5 %, and further addition of thefiller resulted in
a slight decrease.
5 DPW reinforced polymer
production challenges and future
perspectives
In the domain of reinforced polymer production using DPW,
the challenges and future perspectives present a dynamic
landscape for researchers and industry experts. Challenges
Figure 8:DPLfiber loadingversusa: micro hardness, b: tensile strength, c:flexural strength, impact strength of glassfiber composites.
98
Table:Date palm reinforced polymer composites and fabrication
techniques.
Reinforcement Matrix Fabrication
DPF Polyester RTM
DPF, glassfiber Epoxy Hand layup
Date palm wood fronds polyester Hand layup
DPF Polypropylene Injection mould
DPF High density polyethylene Compression
moulding
Short DPF Poly-epoxy thermoset RTM
Aligned date palm
frondfibers
Low density polyethylene Compression
moulding
Date palm frondfibers Polyester Hand layup
DPF and jutefibers PP/EPDM Injection moulding
DPF, glassfiber Recycled high density
polypropylene
Compression
moulding
DPF Polypropylene Compression
moulding
DPF andflaxfibers Starch Compression
moulding
DPF PVA and starch Injection moulding
DPF Thermoplastic starch Compression
moulding
DPF Phenolic, Bisphenol Hand layup, vacuum
bagging
DPF Polyester Hand layup
A. Ebrahim et al.: Enhancing polymer composites with date palm residues9
contribution ratio of 32.61 % as shown in Figure 10.
Jose et al.
104
investigated the impact of nano-silica as
filler in the composites. The addition of nano-silica in the
wool–epoxy composites slightly decreased water diffusivity
in comparison to the wool–epoxy composites, proposing
enhanced moisture resistance. Following a soil burial test, all
composite specimens showed a weight loss of less than 1.0 %,
indicating a level of biodegradability within the produced
materials.
It was also found that the tensile and impact strength of
the composites was increased with the addition of nano-
silica up to 0.5 %, and further addition of thefiller resulted in
a slight decrease.
5 DPW reinforced polymer
production challenges and future
perspectives
In the domain of reinforced polymer production using DPW,
the challenges and future perspectives present a dynamic
landscape for researchers and industry experts. Challenges
Figure 8:DPLfiber loadingversusa: micro hardness, b: tensile strength, c:flexural strength, impact strength of glassfiber composites.
98
Table:Date palm reinforced polymer composites and fabrication
techniques.
Reinforcement Matrix Fabrication
DPF Polyester RTM
DPF, glassfiber Epoxy Hand layup
Date palm wood fronds polyester Hand layup
DPF Polypropylene Injection mould
DPF High density polyethylene Compression
moulding
Short DPF Poly-epoxy thermoset RTM
Aligned date palm
frondfibers
Low density polyethylene Compression
moulding
Date palm frondfibers Polyester Hand layup
DPF and jutefibers PP/EPDM Injection moulding
DPF, glassfiber Recycled high density
polypropylene
Compression
moulding
DPF Polypropylene Compression
moulding
DPF andflaxfibers Starch Compression
moulding
DPF PVA and starch Injection moulding
DPF Thermoplastic starch Compression
moulding
DPF Phenolic, Bisphenol Hand layup, vacuum
bagging
DPF Polyester Hand layup
A. Ebrahim et al.: Enhancing polymer composites with date palm residues9
include the variability in material properties, the need for
enhanced agreement betweenfibers and polymer matrices,
problems related to moisture absorption, the optimization of
processing techniques, and the enlargement of production
processes.
105
Overcoming these difficulties requires inno-
vative solutions and synergistic efforts.
10,37,106
Looking
forward, the future perspectives in thisfield are hopeful.
Advancements in research and development, composite
design approaches, an emphasis on environmental sustain-
ability, market opportunities, and better collaboration
among stakeholders are the main factors driving the evo-
lution of DPW reinforced polymer manufacture.
107
By
addressing these challenges and exploiting these future
perspectives, the utilization of DPW in reinforced polymer
production can not only provide sustainable solutions but
also open new opportunities for the materials industry.
6 Conclusions
In conclusion, utilizing DPW in reinforced composites pre-
sents substantial evidence for sustainable materials devel-
opment. Throughout this review, the multifaceted influence
of DPW on the properties and applications of polymer
composites have been explored. By means of various topics
covered, valuable perceptions into the sustainability, envi-
ronmental impact, mechanical properties, preparation
methods, processing techniques, and challenges associated
Figure 9:Comparison between results of (DPF) reinforced polymer with and without hybridization, (a) and (b) stress values, (c) ultimateflexural strength,
and (d) impact strength.
11
Figure 10:Contribution of each control factor (%) on the volumetric wear
of the composites.
100
10
A. Ebrahim et al.: Enhancing polymer composites with date palm residues
enhanced agreement betweenfibers and polymer matrices,
problems related to moisture absorption, the optimization of
processing techniques, and the enlargement of production
processes.
105
Overcoming these difficulties requires inno-
vative solutions and synergistic efforts.
10,37,106
Looking
forward, the future perspectives in thisfield are hopeful.
Advancements in research and development, composite
design approaches, an emphasis on environmental sustain-
ability, market opportunities, and better collaboration
among stakeholders are the main factors driving the evo-
lution of DPW reinforced polymer manufacture.
107
By
addressing these challenges and exploiting these future
perspectives, the utilization of DPW in reinforced polymer
production can not only provide sustainable solutions but
also open new opportunities for the materials industry.
6 Conclusions
In conclusion, utilizing DPW in reinforced composites pre-
sents substantial evidence for sustainable materials devel-
opment. Throughout this review, the multifaceted influence
of DPW on the properties and applications of polymer
composites have been explored. By means of various topics
covered, valuable perceptions into the sustainability, envi-
ronmental impact, mechanical properties, preparation
methods, processing techniques, and challenges associated
Figure 9:Comparison between results of (DPF) reinforced polymer with and without hybridization, (a) and (b) stress values, (c) ultimateflexural strength,
and (d) impact strength.
11
Figure 10:Contribution of each control factor (%) on the volumetric wear
of the composites.
100
10
A. Ebrahim et al.: Enhancing polymer composites with date palm residues
with DPW-reinforced polymer composites have been gained.
The utilization of DPW in polymer composites presents a
great opportunity for sustainable material improvement. By
reconsumption of this agricultural waste, environmental
burdens could be reduced and resource efficiency in com-
posite manufacturing could be promoted.
The variety in DPW composites and polymer matrix
selection highlights the adaptability of these materials in
several applications. Careful consideration of the composite
structure and matrix correspondence is vital for achieving
required performance characteristics.
The extensive range of applications for DPW-reinforced
composites emphasizes their potential in several in-
dustries, including the paper and pulp sector construction
such as panels, roofing materials, and structural compo-
nents, automotive interior components, trim and door
panels, and packaging such as biodegradable food pack-
aging, retail bags, electronics packaging and cosmetic
packaging. Exploring new application areas can also extend
the market for these sustainable materials. Considering the
mechanical properties and quality parameters of DPW-
reinforced polymer composites is crucial for improving
material performance and confirming product reliability.
Altering these properties through effective parameters can
induce enhanced composite characteristics. The selection
of preparation methods and surface treatments consider-
ably affects the properties of DPW-reinforced polymer
composites. Enhancing these processes is essential to
achieving desired material properties and performance.
Combining hybridization techniques in DPW-reinforced
polymer composites can present synergistic effects and
develop material performance. Exploring the impact of
hybridization on composite properties can generate inno-
vative material solutions.
Dealing with production challenges, such as cost-
effectiveness and scalability, is vital for proceeding the
adoption of DPW-reinforcedpolymer composites. Future
research should emphasize overcoming these challenges
and exploring new ways for sustainable composite
improvement.
Research ethics:Not applicable.
Informed consent:Not applicable.
Author contributions:All authors have accepted respon-
sibility for the entire content of this manuscript and
approved its submission.
Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning
Tools:None declared.
Conflict of interest:The authors declare no conflicts of
interest.
Research funding:None declared.
Data availability:Not applicable.
References
1. Nagavally, R. R. Composite Materials-History, Types, Fabrication
Techniques, Advantages, and Applications.Int. J. Mech. Prod. Eng.2017,
5(9), 82–87.
2. Fan, Q.; Duan, H.; Xing, X. A Review of Composite Materials for
Enhancing Support, Flexibility and Strength in Exercise.Alex. Eng. J.
2024,94,90–103; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2024.03.048.
3. Sadek, M. G.; Abdellah, M. Y.; Abdel-Jaber, G. T. A Review on
Properties, Applications and Feasibility Study of Date Palm Fiber-
Reinforced Polymer Composites.SVU-IJESA2024,5(2), 50–61; https://
doi.org/10.21608/svusrc.2024.258614.1171.
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016.
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Composites: Sustainable and Renewable Green Materials.Renew.
Sustain. Energy Rev.2017,79, 558–584; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.
2017.05.094.
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; Weaver, P. M. Green Composites: A Review of Material Attributes and
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112285; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.112285.
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3390/polym12051127.
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Gupta, V. K.; Kaushik, A.; Chaudhary, V.; Chaudhary, V. Agro-waste to
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Waste to Nano-Enabled Energy Applications.Sci. Total Environ.2023,
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Progress and Challenges in Sustainability, Compatibility, and
Production of Eco‐composites: A State‐of‐art Review.J. Appl. Polym. Sci.
2021,138(43), 51284; https://doi.org/10.1002/app.51284.
11. Abdellah, M. Y.; Sadek, M. G.; Alharthi, H.; Abdel-Jaber, G.; Backar, A. H.
Characteristic Properties of Date-Palm Fibre/sheep Wool Reinforced
Polyester Composites.J.Bioresour.Bioprod.2023,8(4), 430–443;
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobab.2023.09.003.
12. Rangappa, S. M.; Siengchin, S.; Parameswaranpillai, J.; Jawaid, M.;
Ozbakkaloglu, T. Lignocellulosic Fiber Reinforced Composites:
Progress, Performance, Properties, Applications, and Future
Perspectives.Polym. Compos.2022,43(2), 645–691; https://doi.org/10.
1002/pc.26413.
13. Erskine, W.; Moustafa, A. T.; Osman, A. E.; Lashine, Z.; Nejatian, A.;
Badawi, T.; Ragy, S. M.Date Palm in the GCC Countries of the Arabian
Peninsula; ICARDA, Proc. Regional Workshop on Date Palm
Development in the Arabian Peninsula, Abu Dhabi, UAE, 2004;
pp. 29–31.
14. Barakat, H.; Alfheeaid, H. A. Date Palm Fruit (Phoenix Dactylifera) and
its Promising Potential in Developing Functional Energy Bars: Review
A. Ebrahim et al.: Enhancing polymer composites with date palm residues11
The utilization of DPW in polymer composites presents a
great opportunity for sustainable material improvement. By
reconsumption of this agricultural waste, environmental
burdens could be reduced and resource efficiency in com-
posite manufacturing could be promoted.
The variety in DPW composites and polymer matrix
selection highlights the adaptability of these materials in
several applications. Careful consideration of the composite
structure and matrix correspondence is vital for achieving
required performance characteristics.
The extensive range of applications for DPW-reinforced
composites emphasizes their potential in several in-
dustries, including the paper and pulp sector construction
such as panels, roofing materials, and structural compo-
nents, automotive interior components, trim and door
panels, and packaging such as biodegradable food pack-
aging, retail bags, electronics packaging and cosmetic
packaging. Exploring new application areas can also extend
the market for these sustainable materials. Considering the
mechanical properties and quality parameters of DPW-
reinforced polymer composites is crucial for improving
material performance and confirming product reliability.
Altering these properties through effective parameters can
induce enhanced composite characteristics. The selection
of preparation methods and surface treatments consider-
ably affects the properties of DPW-reinforced polymer
composites. Enhancing these processes is essential to
achieving desired material properties and performance.
Combining hybridization techniques in DPW-reinforced
polymer composites can present synergistic effects and
develop material performance. Exploring the impact of
hybridization on composite properties can generate inno-
vative material solutions.
Dealing with production challenges, such as cost-
effectiveness and scalability, is vital for proceeding the
adoption of DPW-reinforcedpolymer composites. Future
research should emphasize overcoming these challenges
and exploring new ways for sustainable composite
improvement.
Research ethics:Not applicable.
Informed consent:Not applicable.
Author contributions:All authors have accepted respon-
sibility for the entire content of this manuscript and
approved its submission.
Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning
Tools:None declared.
Conflict of interest:The authors declare no conflicts of
interest.
Research funding:None declared.
Data availability:Not applicable.
References
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Techniques, Advantages, and Applications.Int. J. Mech. Prod. Eng.2017,
5(9), 82–87.
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Enhancing Support, Flexibility and Strength in Exercise.Alex. Eng. J.
2024,94,90–103; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2024.03.048.
3. Sadek, M. G.; Abdellah, M. Y.; Abdel-Jaber, G. T. A Review on
Properties, Applications and Feasibility Study of Date Palm Fiber-
Reinforced Polymer Composites.SVU-IJESA2024,5(2), 50–61; https://
doi.org/10.21608/svusrc.2024.258614.1171.
4. Vilaplana, F.; Strömberg, E.; Karlsson, S. Environmental and Resource
Aspects of Sustainable Biocomposites.Polym. Degrad. Stab.2010,95
(11), 2147–2161; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.07.
016.
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Composites: Sustainable and Renewable Green Materials.Renew.
Sustain. Energy Rev.2017,79, 558–584; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.
2017.05.094.
6. Dicker, M. P.; Duckworth, P. F.; Baker, A. B.; Francois, G.; Hazzard, M. K.
; Weaver, P. M. Green Composites: A Review of Material Attributes and
Complementary Applications.Compos.–A: Appl. Sci. Manuf.2014,56,
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112285; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.112285.
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from Agricultural Waste.Polym. J.2020,12(5), 1127; https://doi.org/10.
3390/polym12051127.
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Gupta, V. K.; Kaushik, A.; Chaudhary, V.; Chaudhary, V. Agro-waste to
Sustainable Energy: A Green Strategy of Converting Agricultural
Waste to Nano-Enabled Energy Applications.Sci. Total Environ.2023,
875, 162667; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162667.
10. Nassar, M. M.; Alzebdeh, K. I.; Pervez, T.; Al-Hinai, N.; Munam, A.
Progress and Challenges in Sustainability, Compatibility, and
Production of Eco‐composites: A State‐of‐art Review.J. Appl. Polym. Sci.
2021,138(43), 51284; https://doi.org/10.1002/app.51284.
11. Abdellah, M. Y.; Sadek, M. G.; Alharthi, H.; Abdel-Jaber, G.; Backar, A. H.
Characteristic Properties of Date-Palm Fibre/sheep Wool Reinforced
Polyester Composites.J.Bioresour.Bioprod.2023,8(4), 430–443;
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobab.2023.09.003.
12. Rangappa, S. M.; Siengchin, S.; Parameswaranpillai, J.; Jawaid, M.;
Ozbakkaloglu, T. Lignocellulosic Fiber Reinforced Composites:
Progress, Performance, Properties, Applications, and Future
Perspectives.Polym. Compos.2022,43(2), 645–691; https://doi.org/10.
1002/pc.26413.
13. Erskine, W.; Moustafa, A. T.; Osman, A. E.; Lashine, Z.; Nejatian, A.;
Badawi, T.; Ragy, S. M.Date Palm in the GCC Countries of the Arabian
Peninsula; ICARDA, Proc. Regional Workshop on Date Palm
Development in the Arabian Peninsula, Abu Dhabi, UAE, 2004;
pp. 29–31.
14. Barakat, H.; Alfheeaid, H. A. Date Palm Fruit (Phoenix Dactylifera) and
its Promising Potential in Developing Functional Energy Bars: Review
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https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031134.
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Almutairi, Z.; Jawaid, M. Characterization of Natural Fiber Obtained
from Different Parts of Date Palm Tree (Phoenix Dactylifera L.).Int.
J. Biol. Macromol.2019,135,69–76; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.
2019.05.102.
17. Nasser, R. A.; Salem, M. Z.; Hiziroglu, S.; Al-Mefarrej, H. A.;
Mohareb, A. S.; Alam, M.; Aref, I. M. Chemical Analysis of Different
Parts of Date Palm (Phoenix Dactylifera L.) Using Ultimate, Proximate
and Thermo-Gravimetric Techniques for Energy Production.Energies
2016,9(5), 374; https://doi.org/10.3390/en9050374.
18. Andrew, J. J.; Dhakal, H. Sustainable Biobased Composites for
Advanced Applications: Recent Trends and Future Opportunities-A
Critical Review.Compos. C: Open Access.2022,7, 100220; https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.jcomc.2021.100220.
19. Belgacem, C.; Serra-Parareda, F.; Tarrés, Q.; Mutjé, P.;
Delgado-Aguilar, M.; Boufi, S. Valorization of Date Palm Waste for
Plastic Reinforcement: Macro and Micromechanics of Flexural
Strength.Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res.2021,13(11), 1751; https://doi.org/10.
3390/polym13111751.
20. Ahmad, T.; Danish, M.; Rafatullah, M.; Ghazali, A.; Sulaiman, O.;
Hashim, R.; Ibrahim, M. N. M. The Use of Date Palm as a Potential
Adsorbent for Wastewater Treatment: a Review.Environ. Sci. Pollut.
Res.2012,19, 1464–1484; https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356–011–0709–
8.
21. Das, O.; Babu, K.; Shanmugam, V.; Sykam, K.; Tebyetekerwa, M.;
Neisiany, R. E.; Försth, M.; Sas, G.; Gonzalez-Libreros, J.; Capezza, A. J.;
Hedenqvist, M. S.; Berto, F.; Ramakrishna, S. Natural and Industrial
Wastes for Sustainable and Renewable Polymer Composites.Renew.
Sustain. Energy Rev.2022,158, 112054; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.
2021.112054.
22. Jonoobi, M.; Shafie, M.; Shirmohammadli, Y.; Ashori, A.;
Hosseinabadi, H. Z.; Mekonnen, T. A Review on Date Palm Tree:
Properties, Characterization and its Potential Applications.J. Renew.
Mater.2019,7(11), 1055–1075; https://doi.org/10.32604/jrm.2019.
08188.
23. Alsaeed, T.; Yousif, B.; Ku, H. The Potential of Using Date Palm Fibres as
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66. Masri, T.; Ounis, H.; Sedira, L.; Kaci, A.; Benchabane, A.
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71. Supian, A.; Jawaid, M.; Rashid, B.; Fouad, H.; Saba, N.; Dhakal, H. N.;
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Mater.2017,135, 241–250; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.
2016.12.217.
79. AlMaadeed, M. A.; Nógellová, Z.; Mičušík, M.; Novák, I.; Krupa, I.
Mechanical, Sorption and Adhesive Properties of Composites Based
on Low Density Polyethylene Filled with Date Palm Wood Powder.
Mater. Des.2014,53,29–37; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.05.
093.
80. Dhakal, H.; Bourmaud, A.; Berzin, F.; Almansour, F.; Zhang, Z.;
Shah, D. U.; Beaugrand, J. Mechanical Properties of Leaf Sheath Date
Palm Fibre Waste Biomass Reinforced Polycaprolactone (PCL)
Biocomposites.Ind. Crop. Prod.2018,126, 394–402; https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.indcrop.2018.10.044.
81. Ruggiero, A.; Valášek, P.; Müller, M. Exploitation of Waste Date Seeds
of Phoenix dactylifera in Form of Polymeric Particle Biocomposite:
Investigation on Adhesion, Cohesion and Wear.Compos. B: Eng.2016,
104,9–16; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.08.014.
82. Raut, A. N.; Gomez, C. P. Thermal and Mechanical Performance of Oil
Palm Fiber Reinforced Mortar Utilizing Palm Oil Fly Ash as a
Complementary Binder.Constr. Build. Mater.
2016,126, 476–483;
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.09.034.
83. Hassan, A.; Salema, A. A.; Ani, F. N.; Bakar, A. A. A Review on Oil Palm
Empty Fruit Bunch Fiber‐reinforced Polymer Composite Materials.
Polym. Compos.2010,31(12), 2079–2101; https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.
21006.
84. Maiti, S.; Islam, M. R.; Uddin, M. A.; Afroj, S.; Eichhorn, S. J.; Karim, N.
Sustainable Fiber‐reinforced Composites: a Review.Adv. Sustain. Syst.
2022,6(11), 2200258; https://doi.org/10.1002/adsu.202200258.
85. Khanam, P. N.; AlMaadeed, M. Improvement of Ternary Recycled
Polymer Blend Reinforced with Date Palm Fibre.Mater. Des.2014,60,
532–539; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.04.033.
86. Taban, E.; Khavanin, A.; Ohadi, A.; Putra, A.; Jafari, A. J.; Faridan, M.;
Soleimanian, A. Study on the Acoustic Characteristics of Natural Date
Palm Fibres: Experimental and Theoretical Approaches.Build. Environ.
2019,161, 106274; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.106274.
87. Binhussain, M. A.; El-Tonsy, M. M. Palm Leave and Plastic Waste Wood
Composite for Out-Door Structures.Constr. Build. Mater.2013,47,
1431–1435; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.06.031.
88. Ameh, A. O.; Isa, M. T.; Sanusi, I. Effect of Particle Size and
Concentration on the Mechanical Properties of Polyester/date Palm
Seed Particulate Composites. Leonardo Electron.J. Pract. Technol.
2015,14(26), 65–78.
89. Nagaraj, N.; Balasubramaniam, S.; Venkataraman, V.; Manickam, R.;
Nagarajan, R.; Oluwarotimi, I. S. Effect of Cellulosic Filler Loading on
Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Date Palm Seed/vinyl Ester
Composites.Int. J. Biol. Macromol.2020,147,53–66; https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.247.
90. Lahouioui, M.; Ben Arfi, R.; Fois, M.; Ibos, L.; Ghorbal, A. Investigation
of Fiber Surface Treatment Effect on Thermal, Mechanical and
Acoustical Properties of Date Palm Fiber-Reinforced Cementitious
Composites.Waste Biomass Valori2020,11, 4441–4455; https://doi.
org/10.1007/s12649–019–
00745–3.
91. Asim, M.; Jawaid, M.; Khan, A.; Asiri, A. M.; Malik, M. A. Effects of Date
Palm Fibres Loading on Mechanical, and Thermal Properties of Date
Palm Reinforced Phenolic Composites.J. Mater. Res. Technol.2020,9
(3), 3614–3621; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.01.099.
92. Asim, M.; Jawaid, M.; Saba, N.; Nasir, M.; Sultan, M. T. H. Processing of
Hybrid Polymer Composites–A Review.Hybrid Polym. Compos. Mater.
2017,1–22; https://doi.org/10.1016/B978–0–08–100789–1.00001–0.
93. AlMaadeed, M.; Kahraman, R.; Khanam, P. N.; Al-Maadeed, S.
Characterization of Untreated and Treated Male and Female Date
Palm Leaves.Mater. Des.2013,43, 526–531; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
matdes.2012.07.028.
94. Amroune, S.; Bezazi, A.; Belaadi, A.; Zhu, C.; Scarpa, F.; Rahatekar, S.;
Imad, A. Tensile Mechanical Properties and Surface Chemical
Sensitivity of Technical Fibres from Date Palm Fruit Branches (Phoenix
Dactylifera L.).Compos.–A: Appl. Sci. Manuf.2015,71,95–106; https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2014.12.011.
95. Belgacem, C.; Tarres, Q.; Espinach, F. X.; Mutjé, P.; Boufi, S.;
Delgado-Aguilar, M. High-yield Lignocellulosic Fibers from Date Palm
Biomass as Reinforcement in Polypropylene Composites: Effect of
Fiber Treatment on Composite Properties.Polym. J.2020,12(6), 1423;
https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12061423.
96. Saada, K.; Zaoui, M.; Amroune, S.; Benyettou, R.; Hechaichi, A.;
Jawaid, M.; Hashem, M.; Uddin, I. Exploring Tensile Properties of Bio
Composites Reinforced Date Palm Fibers Using Experimental and
Modelling Approaches.Mater. Chem. Phys.2024,314, 128810; https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2023.128810.
97. Lotfi, A.; Li, H.; Dao, D. V.; Prusty, G. Natural Fiber–Reinforced
Composites: A Review on Material, Manufacturing, and Machinability.
J. Thermoplast. Compos. Mater.2021,34(2), 238–284; https://doi.org/
10.1177/0892705719844546.
98. Ibrahim, H.; Farag, M.; Megahed, H.; Mehanny, S. Characteristics of
Starch-Based Biodegradable Composites Reinforced with Date Palm
and Flax Fibers.Carbohydr. Polym.2014,101,11–
19; https://doi.org/10.
1177/0892705719844546.
99. Swain, P. T. R.; Das, S. N.; Jena, S. P. Manufacturing and Study of
Thermo-Mechanical Behaviour of Surface Modified Date Palm Leaf/
glass Fiber Reinforced Hybrid Composite.Mater. Today2018,5(9),
18332–18341; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2018.06.172.
100. Bamaga, S. The Influence of Silica Fume on the Properties of Mortars
Containing Date Palm Fibers.Fibers2022,10(5), 41; https://doi.org/10.
3390/fib10050041.
101. Singh, T.; Gangil, B.; Ranakoti, L.; Joshi, A. Effect of Silica Nanoparticles
on Physical, Mechanical, and Wear Properties of Natural Fiber
Reinforced Polymer Composites.Polym. Compos.2021,42(5),
2396–2407; https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.25986.
14
A. Ebrahim et al.: Enhancing polymer composites with date palm residues
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74. Boumediri, H.; Bezazi, A.; Del Pino, G. G.; Haddad, A.; Scarpa, F.;
Dufresne, A. Extraction and Characterization of Vascular Bundle and
Fiber Strand from Date Palm Rachis as Potential Bio-Reinforcement in
Composite.Carbohydr. Polym.2019,222, 114997; https://doi.org/10.
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75. Al-Oqla, F. M.; Sapuan, S.; Ishak, M. R.; Nuraini, A. Predicting the
Potential of Agro Waste Fibers for Sustainable Automotive Industry
Using a Decision Making Model.Comput. Electron. Agric.2015,113,
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77. Gheith, M. H.; Aziz, M. A.; Ghori, W.; Saba, N.; Asim, M.; Jawaid, M.;
Alothman, O. Y. Flexural, Thermal and Dynamic Mechanical Properties
of Date Palm Fibres Reinforced Epoxy Composites.J. Mater. Res. Technol.
2019,8(1), 853–860; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2018.06.013.
78. Boumhaout, M.; Boukhattem, L.; Hamdi, H.; Benhamou, B.; Nouh, F. A.
Thermomechanical Characterization of a Bio-Composite Building
Material: Mortar Reinforced with Date Palm Fibers Mesh.Constr. Build.
Mater.2017,135, 241–250; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.
2016.12.217.
79. AlMaadeed, M. A.; Nógellová, Z.; Mičušík, M.; Novák, I.; Krupa, I.
Mechanical, Sorption and Adhesive Properties of Composites Based
on Low Density Polyethylene Filled with Date Palm Wood Powder.
Mater. Des.2014,53,29–37; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.05.
093.
80. Dhakal, H.; Bourmaud, A.; Berzin, F.; Almansour, F.; Zhang, Z.;
Shah, D. U.; Beaugrand, J. Mechanical Properties of Leaf Sheath Date
Palm Fibre Waste Biomass Reinforced Polycaprolactone (PCL)
Biocomposites.Ind. Crop. Prod.2018,126, 394–402; https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.indcrop.2018.10.044.
81. Ruggiero, A.; Valášek, P.; Müller, M. Exploitation of Waste Date Seeds
of Phoenix dactylifera in Form of Polymeric Particle Biocomposite:
Investigation on Adhesion, Cohesion and Wear.Compos. B: Eng.2016,
104,9–16; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.08.014.
82. Raut, A. N.; Gomez, C. P. Thermal and Mechanical Performance of Oil
Palm Fiber Reinforced Mortar Utilizing Palm Oil Fly Ash as a
Complementary Binder.Constr. Build. Mater.
2016,126, 476–483;
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.09.034.
83. Hassan, A.; Salema, A. A.; Ani, F. N.; Bakar, A. A. A Review on Oil Palm
Empty Fruit Bunch Fiber‐reinforced Polymer Composite Materials.
Polym. Compos.2010,31(12), 2079–2101; https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.
21006.
84. Maiti, S.; Islam, M. R.; Uddin, M. A.; Afroj, S.; Eichhorn, S. J.; Karim, N.
Sustainable Fiber‐reinforced Composites: a Review.Adv. Sustain. Syst.
2022,6(11), 2200258; https://doi.org/10.1002/adsu.202200258.
85. Khanam, P. N.; AlMaadeed, M. Improvement of Ternary Recycled
Polymer Blend Reinforced with Date Palm Fibre.Mater. Des.2014,60,
532–539; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.04.033.
86. Taban, E.; Khavanin, A.; Ohadi, A.; Putra, A.; Jafari, A. J.; Faridan, M.;
Soleimanian, A. Study on the Acoustic Characteristics of Natural Date
Palm Fibres: Experimental and Theoretical Approaches.Build. Environ.
2019,161, 106274; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.106274.
87. Binhussain, M. A.; El-Tonsy, M. M. Palm Leave and Plastic Waste Wood
Composite for Out-Door Structures.Constr. Build. Mater.2013,47,
1431–1435; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.06.031.
88. Ameh, A. O.; Isa, M. T.; Sanusi, I. Effect of Particle Size and
Concentration on the Mechanical Properties of Polyester/date Palm
Seed Particulate Composites. Leonardo Electron.J. Pract. Technol.
2015,14(26), 65–78.
89. Nagaraj, N.; Balasubramaniam, S.; Venkataraman, V.; Manickam, R.;
Nagarajan, R.; Oluwarotimi, I. S. Effect of Cellulosic Filler Loading on
Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Date Palm Seed/vinyl Ester
Composites.Int. J. Biol. Macromol.2020,147,53–66; https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.247.
90. Lahouioui, M.; Ben Arfi, R.; Fois, M.; Ibos, L.; Ghorbal, A. Investigation
of Fiber Surface Treatment Effect on Thermal, Mechanical and
Acoustical Properties of Date Palm Fiber-Reinforced Cementitious
Composites.Waste Biomass Valori2020,11, 4441–4455; https://doi.
org/10.1007/s12649–019–
00745–3.
91. Asim, M.; Jawaid, M.; Khan, A.; Asiri, A. M.; Malik, M. A. Effects of Date
Palm Fibres Loading on Mechanical, and Thermal Properties of Date
Palm Reinforced Phenolic Composites.J. Mater. Res. Technol.2020,9
(3), 3614–3621; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.01.099.
92. Asim, M.; Jawaid, M.; Saba, N.; Nasir, M.; Sultan, M. T. H. Processing of
Hybrid Polymer Composites–A Review.Hybrid Polym. Compos. Mater.
2017,1–22; https://doi.org/10.1016/B978–0–08–100789–1.00001–0.
93. AlMaadeed, M.; Kahraman, R.; Khanam, P. N.; Al-Maadeed, S.
Characterization of Untreated and Treated Male and Female Date
Palm Leaves.Mater. Des.2013,43, 526–531; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
matdes.2012.07.028.
94. Amroune, S.; Bezazi, A.; Belaadi, A.; Zhu, C.; Scarpa, F.; Rahatekar, S.;
Imad, A. Tensile Mechanical Properties and Surface Chemical
Sensitivity of Technical Fibres from Date Palm Fruit Branches (Phoenix
Dactylifera L.).Compos.–A: Appl. Sci. Manuf.2015,71,95–106; https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2014.12.011.
95. Belgacem, C.; Tarres, Q.; Espinach, F. X.; Mutjé, P.; Boufi, S.;
Delgado-Aguilar, M. High-yield Lignocellulosic Fibers from Date Palm
Biomass as Reinforcement in Polypropylene Composites: Effect of
Fiber Treatment on Composite Properties.Polym. J.2020,12(6), 1423;
https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12061423.
96. Saada, K.; Zaoui, M.; Amroune, S.; Benyettou, R.; Hechaichi, A.;
Jawaid, M.; Hashem, M.; Uddin, I. Exploring Tensile Properties of Bio
Composites Reinforced Date Palm Fibers Using Experimental and
Modelling Approaches.Mater. Chem. Phys.2024,314, 128810; https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2023.128810.
97. Lotfi, A.; Li, H.; Dao, D. V.; Prusty, G. Natural Fiber–Reinforced
Composites: A Review on Material, Manufacturing, and Machinability.
J. Thermoplast. Compos. Mater.2021,34(2), 238–284; https://doi.org/
10.1177/0892705719844546.
98. Ibrahim, H.; Farag, M.; Megahed, H.; Mehanny, S. Characteristics of
Starch-Based Biodegradable Composites Reinforced with Date Palm
and Flax Fibers.Carbohydr. Polym.2014,101,11–
19; https://doi.org/10.
1177/0892705719844546.
99. Swain, P. T. R.; Das, S. N.; Jena, S. P. Manufacturing and Study of
Thermo-Mechanical Behaviour of Surface Modified Date Palm Leaf/
glass Fiber Reinforced Hybrid Composite.Mater. Today2018,5(9),
18332–18341; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2018.06.172.
100. Bamaga, S. The Influence of Silica Fume on the Properties of Mortars
Containing Date Palm Fibers.Fibers2022,10(5), 41; https://doi.org/10.
3390/fib10050041.
101. Singh, T.; Gangil, B.; Ranakoti, L.; Joshi, A. Effect of Silica Nanoparticles
on Physical, Mechanical, and Wear Properties of Natural Fiber
Reinforced Polymer Composites.Polym. Compos.2021,42(5),
2396–2407; https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.25986.
14
A. Ebrahim et al.: Enhancing polymer composites with date palm residues
102. Rangavar, H.; Hoseiny Fard, M. The Effect of Nanocopper Additions in
a Urea-Formaldehyde Adhesive on the Physical and Mechanical
Properties of Particleboard Manufactured from Date Palm Waste.
Mech. Compos. Mater.2015,51, 119–126; https://doi.org/10.1007/
s11029–015–9482–y.
103. Saba, N.; Md Tahir, P.; Jawaid, M. A Review on Potentiality of Nano
Filler/natural Fiber Filled Polymer Hybrid Composites.Polym. J.2014,6
(8), 2247–2273; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym6082247.
104. Jose, S.; George, J. S.; Jacob, T. A.; Vijayan, P. P.; Bhanu, A. V. A.;
Nedumpillil, N. N.; Thomas, S. Nanosilica Incorporated Coarse Wool-
Epoxy Hybrid Biocomposites with Improved Physico-Mechanical
Properties.Front. Mater.2023,10, 1140602; https://doi.org/10.3389/
fmats.2023.1140602.
105. Wang, X.; Jiang, M.; Zhou, Z.; Gou, J.; Hui, D. 3D Printing of Polymer
Matrix Composites: A Review and Prospective.Compos. B: Eng.2017,
110, 442–458; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.11.034.
106. Dhakal, H. N.; Khan, S. H.; Alnaser, I. A.; Karim, M. R.; Saifullah, A.
; Zhang, Z. Potential of Date Palm Fibers (DPFs) as a
Sustainable Reinforcement for Bio‐Composites and its
Property Enhancement for Key Applications: A Review.Macromol.
Mater. Eng.2024, 2400081; https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.
202400081.
107. Saroia, J.; Wang, Y.; Wei, Q.; Lei, M.; Li, X.; Guo, Y.; Zhang, K. A Review
on 3D Printed Matrix Polymer Composites: its Potential and Future
Challenges.The Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Tech.2020,106, 1695–1721; https://
doi.org/10.1007/s00170–019–04534–z.
A. Ebrahim et al.: Enhancing polymer composites with date palm residues15
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a Urea-Formaldehyde Adhesive on the Physical and Mechanical
Properties of Particleboard Manufactured from Date Palm Waste.
Mech. Compos. Mater.2015,51, 119–126; https://doi.org/10.1007/
s11029–015–9482–y.
103. Saba, N.; Md Tahir, P.; Jawaid, M. A Review on Potentiality of Nano
Filler/natural Fiber Filled Polymer Hybrid Composites.Polym. J.2014,6
(8), 2247–2273; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym6082247.
104. Jose, S.; George, J. S.; Jacob, T. A.; Vijayan, P. P.; Bhanu, A. V. A.;
Nedumpillil, N. N.; Thomas, S. Nanosilica Incorporated Coarse Wool-
Epoxy Hybrid Biocomposites with Improved Physico-Mechanical
Properties.Front. Mater.2023,10, 1140602; https://doi.org/10.3389/
fmats.2023.1140602.
105. Wang, X.; Jiang, M.; Zhou, Z.; Gou, J.; Hui, D. 3D Printing of Polymer
Matrix Composites: A Review and Prospective.Compos. B: Eng.2017,
110, 442–458; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.11.034.
106. Dhakal, H. N.; Khan, S. H.; Alnaser, I. A.; Karim, M. R.; Saifullah, A.
; Zhang, Z. Potential of Date Palm Fibers (DPFs) as a
Sustainable Reinforcement for Bio‐Composites and its
Property Enhancement for Key Applications: A Review.Macromol.
Mater. Eng.2024, 2400081; https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.
202400081.
107. Saroia, J.; Wang, Y.; Wei, Q.; Lei, M.; Li, X.; Guo, Y.; Zhang, K. A Review
on 3D Printed Matrix Polymer Composites: its Potential and Future
Challenges.The Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Tech.2020,106, 1695–1721; https://
doi.org/10.1007/s00170–019–04534–z.
A. Ebrahim et al.: Enhancing polymer composites with date palm residues15
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