ENT 509 Term Paper-Newer techniques for stored grain insect detection by Sneka A.pdf

Agricultural Entomology- Newer techniques for stored grain insect detection- Stored pests

1. Newer techniques
for stored grain
insect detection
Sneka A
M.Sc.(Ag),Entomology
2251140003

2. •Pestilential activities of insects in
stored food grains affects the
marketability as well as the nutritional
values.
INTRODUCTION
•Post-harvest losses of grains and
legumes of approximately 10-15%.

•Several methods have been developed
to detect hidden insects in whole
kernels.
•Insects produce heat and moisture- leads
to growth of microflora and the
development of hotspots in grain.
2

3. 3
•As estimated, there are more
than 20, 000 species of field
and storage pests and dozens
of species are highly
destructive to stored grains in
terms of quality and quantity.
(Saikia & Borkakati, 2020)
•Among them, Coleoptera and
Lepidoptera are the major insect
orders.
(Banga, Kumar et al., 2020)

4. 4
Cereals Pulses Oil seeds
1.21%
The economic value of harvest and post-harvest losses of agricultural produces are estimated to be INR
926510 million (based on production data of 2012-13 and wholesale prices of 2014, India)
1.67%
Storage losses in India Jha et al., 2015
1.61%
4

5. NEED FOR TECHNOLOGY IN STORED GRAIN PEST DETECTION
•The holistic or integrated strategies - highly recommended for pest
management.

•Storage losses can be mitigated by the use of strict storage conditions,
efficient storage techniques, upgrading infrastructures, and storage
practices.

•However, most of the harvested cereal grains in undeveloped areas are stored
in traditional storage structures and adverse climatic conditions, which are
inadequate to avoid pest infestation during storage .
(Kumar & Kalita, 2017).
•Traditional methods for pest inspection face big difficulties in detecting
internal grain infestation.

•To this end, a serial of novel alternatives to traditional pest inspection have
been explored and gained a lot of achievements.
5

7. •Early detection and monitoring of insects in
the stored food grains.
•The inspection of storage facilities and the
stored food commodities that they contain, is of
paramount importance in preserving grain.
•Detection of hidden infestation, whose
population may be many times higher than the
free-living insects is an important concern to
mitigate the losses in bulk storage warehouses.
7
Km Sheetal Banga et al, 2018
OUTCOME ACIEVED
BY ENHANCED
TECHNIQUES

8. BASIC STEPS FOR INSECT
CONTROL
•Monitoring :
To have an inspection or surveillance
programme which will yield prompt
awareness of a possible problem before it
occurs.

•Identification :
To determine the extent and nature of the
possible problem (species, type, level, means
of transmission)
•Control:
Devising a plan for controlling the problem
(integration of all possible means to achieve
good, cheap and safe pest control)
8

9. MONITORING
•The easiest way to avoid damages
by insect pests is to prevent their
occurrence and spread.
•Inspection and monitoring are
excellent tools for early detection
of insect infestation.

•Monitoring of stored food grains
is used to ascertain the trends in
insect's number, insect's
development stages or infestation
level in a period of time.
9

10. Methods for detection of insect pest in stored grain
Conventional
methods
10

11. Methods for detection of insect pest in stored grain
Modern
methods and
approaches
10

12. CONVENTIONAL
METHOD

(Detected by insects’ presence)
A
VISUAL INSPECTION
B
C
11

13. •It is a uniform, qualitative and subjective
method, used as a standard method for
comparison of quantitative methods
(Semple, FAO report, 1980).
•Presence of eggs, adult insects, and
infested grains can be seen by the naked
eye without drawing grain samples
within the storage bags.
Conventional method
(Detected by insects’ presence)
Visual Inspection
12
Grain inspection program by Washington state
department of agriculture

14. 1. Stack inspection
C = Clear or none No insects discovered in the course of a prolonged search.
F = Few or light Small numbers of insects occuring infrequently or irregularly.
MN = Moderate numbers Insects obvious, encountered regularly, sometimes forming small populations or aggregations.
LN - Large numbers
Insects immediately obvious where large numbers are actively crawling over the entire surface of the
commodity, i.e. stack or bulk.
VLN = Very large numbers
Insects extremely active and numerous that they are audibly present within the confines of the bulk or
stack.
2. Storage inspector
C = Clear or none No abvious insects or populations signs.
VF = Moderate numbers
Insects occuring regularly and and frequently, often forming populations but not obvious enough to be
immediately noticeable.
LN = Large numbers
Insects immediately obvious on commencement of inspection crawling actively on walls and in other
situations.
VLN = Very large numbers
Insects present in very large numbers, often forming dense populations on numerous surfaces as well as in
any grain residues present on the floor, in mill augers, used sacks, dis-used machinery, bins, etc.
3. Sampling inspector
C = Clear or none No insects obvious on stacks or sacks or any of the samples. (Require protection from cross-infestation).
VL = Very light
Insects not obvious on sacks, or in sample of produce before sieving. < 20 insects per 90 kg sieved sample
(Requires disinfestation in near future)
L = Light numbers Between 20-300 insects per 90 kg sieve sample.
M = Moderate numbers Between 50-300 insects per 90 kg sieved sample.
H = Heavy numbers Between 300-1500 insects per 80 kg sieved sample.
VH = Very heavy numbers > 1500 insects per 90 kg sieved sample
Notation used for recording the results of a visual inspection or general inspection
13
(FAO)

15. •Probe sampling and sieving are the most widely
used methods.
•However it is laborious and time-consuming.
•These traps are useful in the trapping of a variety
of stored grain insects including
lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica F.),
rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae L.),
red flour beetle(Tribolium castaneum Herbst),
11111111111111111111111111111sawtoothed grain beetle (Oryzaephilus surnamensis)
22222221 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 222etc;
(Mohan and Rajesh, 2016)
Probe sampling and trap method
Manual Stainless Steel Multi-Levels Sampling Probe
for Corn
14
Conventional method
(Detected by insects’ presence)

16. •Detection, monitoring and management of
insects by utilizing the responses of insects
towards the light.
•“Clean” form of technology and uses three
types of lights:
Incandescent, Fluorescent, and Ultraviolet.
•Mainly winged stored insect pests like
Angoumois grain moth (Sitotroga cerealella),
Indianmeal moth (Plodia interpunctella) can
be controlled.
•Traps of different materials, containing
pheromones used on adhesive-coated
surface or a funnel-shaped structure to
catch the insects.
Visual lures and Pheromones
NoSurvivorKit to attract and trap Lesser
Grain Borer, Rhyzopertha dominica. 15
Conventional method
(Detected by insects’ presence)

17. CONVENTIONAL
METHOD

(Detected by insects’ density)
A
Insectomat
B
Liquid chromatography
C
16

18. •It consists of a standard Berlese funnel
apparatus with a mesh screen (Minkevich et
al., 2002).
•Grain samples are put in the funnel below
the incandescent light for 8 h and a jar
containing alcohol/water is used for
capturing the insects.

•Dry heat used to remove the insects from
the grains, warms the grains and compels
the insects to move opposite to heat in a
funnel (Neethirajan et al., 2007).
Berlese funnels
17
Conventional method
(Detected by insects’ density)

19. •The method detects the insect infestation of the
entire storage period indirectly using insects’
excreta.
•Later on, different methods were developed to
determine the uric acid level: by paper
chromatographic, fluorometric, colorimetric, gas-
liquid chromatography (GLC), thin layer
chromatography (TLC), high performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC) and by enzymatic
methods.
Uric acid method
18
Conventional method
(Detected by insects’ density)

20. •Simple and low-cost device used to detect
hidden infestation in grains.
•It consists of three circular plates placed
over one another.

1. Base plate- covered with ninhydrin treated
filter paper.
2. Holes of middle plate - filled with grain
samples of about 20% moisture content.
3. Top plate - pressed to crush the grains.

•Later, filter paper stained the infested
grains, counted and percentage of
infestation was estimated.
Hidden infestation detector using sensors
US firm Centaur Analytics has developed
sensors to detect stored grain pests19
Conventional method
(Detected by insects’ density)

21. Source: pexels.com
•Mechanical dockage testers can be used in the
grain grading process to remove dockage from
stored grains.
•Grain run through a Carter dockage tester,
the insects collected in the aspirator
containing the smallest sortings.
•The Carter Day Dockage Tester is the only
machine currently approved to be used by
FGIS in official inspections.
Dockage tester
20
Conventional method
(Detected by insects’ density)

22. 1.2.3.4.
To detect stored grain pest
MODERN METHODS
AND APPROACHES
1. Olfactory based
•Solid phase micro-extraction
•Electronic nose(E-nose)
2. Electromagnetic-spectrum
based
•Imaging methods
•Non-imaging methods
3. Acoustics based
•Window function and filtering
•Acoustic spectrum features
•Acoustic temporal pattern features
4. Conductance
•Conductance mills
21

23. 1.2.3.4.
To detect stored grain pest
MODERN METHODS
AND APPROACHES
1. Olfactory based
•Solid phase micro-extraction
•Electronic node(E-nose)
2. Electromagnetic-spectrum
based
•Imaging methods
•Non-imaging methods
3. Acoustics based
•Window function and filtering
•Acoustic spectrum features
•Acoustic temporal pattern features
4. Conductance
•Conductance mills
21

24. 1.2.3.4.
To detect stored grain pest
MODERN METHODS
AND APPROACHES
1. Olfactory based
•Solid phase micro-extraction
•Electronic node(E-nose)
2. Electromagnetic-spectrum
based
•Imaging methods
•Non-imaging methods
3. Acoustics based
•Window function and filtering
•Acoustic spectrum features
•Acoustic temporal pattern features
4. Conductance
•Conductance mills
21

25. 1.2.3.4.
To detect stored grain pest
MODERN METHODS
AND APPROACHES
1. Olfactory based
•Solid phase micro-extraction
•Electronic node(E-nose)
2. Electromagnetic-spectrum
based
•Imaging methods
•Non-imaging methods
3. Acoustics based
•Window function and filtering
•Acoustic spectrum features
•Acoustic temporal pattern features
4. Conductance
•Conductance mills
21

26. •This method facilitates early detection of
infestation, storage age determination,
varietal discrimination of foodgrains etc;

•SPME used the headspace techniques to
isolate volatile compounds vaporized
from samples and finally evaluated by gas
chromatography-mass spectrometry
(GCMS) for quantification of volatiles.
•Larval and adult insects secreted distinct
volatiles and these distinct volatiles were
useful for early monitoring of infestation.
Olfactory basedSolid phase micro-extraction
(Pearson and Brabec, 2007)
22

27. •Technique utilized the non-contact sensor for
inspection of large samples.

•Soft X-ray imaging is a fast non-destructive and
direct method, used for the detection of invisible
insects in stored food grains, grading, internal
quality of agricultural produce also for hidden
insects. (Kotwaliwale et al., 2014).
•Combination of X-ray and hyperspectral features
improved the classification accuracy of egg and
larvae stages.
X-ray imaging method
Electromagnetic-
spectrum based
X-ray of the stored product beetle,Rhyzopertha
dominica, inside infested wheat kernels.
23

28. •Acoustic technology depends on the
hypothesis that the sound made due to
movement and feeding of insects can be
monitored to estimate the type and
density of insects within a stored grain
mass.
•It has shown encouraging results on
detection of internal and external insects
in the grain mass during early stages of
infestation through insect feeding sounds.
(Eliopoulos et al., 2015)
Acoustic spectrum features
Acoustic based
Micro-electromechanical system (MEMS)
microphone.24

29. Source: pexels.com
•Principle of electrical conductance and
compression force is used for infestation
in stored foodgrains.

•The conductance of kernels is inspected
through the voltage during the crushing
kernels between the rolls.
•Presence of insects inside the kernel
increases the kernel moisture content,
which provides an easy discrimination of
sound kernels from the infested kernel.
Electrically conductive roller mill
Conductance based
method
25

30. Electrically conductive roller mill
CONDUCTANCE BASED METHOD
Source: unslpash.com
26

31. Solid phase micro-extraction
OLFACTORY BASED METHODS
Source: unslpash.com
26

32. Electronic nose (E-nose)
Source: unslpash.com
OLFACTORY BASED METHODS
26

33. Machine vision within visible domain
ELECTROMAGNETIC -SPECTRUM BASED METHODS
Source: unslpash.com
26

34. Electronic grain probe insect counter (EGPIC)
NON-IMAGING METHODS
Source: unslpash.com
26

35. Oscillogram
ACOUSTIC DETECTION
Source: unslpash.com
26

36. •Grain elevator boot and pit areas facilitate
the commingling of insects with the grain
moving through the elevator leg.
•The area surrounding the boot is where
the grain is allowed to accumulate.
•Residual insecticide sprays are often
applied to floor, wall, and equipment
surface areas inside grain-handling
facilities to control stored-product
insects.
Other methods
for management
Pilot-scale bucket elevator boots
28

37. •DE products contain mined diatom sediments
ground into a dust.

•The sharp edges of DE cut the pest's cuticle,
resulting in death by dehydration.

•The use of DE is for the hygienic and structural
treatment in stored product facilities.

•It also interrupt other functions in insects such
as movement, vision, pheromone release,
breathing, reproduction etc;
Diatomaceous earth
29
Other methods
for management

38. •A very effective means of controlling
grain moisture content and insect
activity for grain stored in tropical
regions.

•Respiration by the grain and insects
inside the storage, change the inter-
granular atmosphere by consuming O2.
•At oxygen levels below 10%, insects are
curtailed and the viability of seed
doubled i.e. from 6-12months

Hermetic sealing
30
Other methods
for management
(IRRI,2013)

39. Source: pexels.com
•Allowable formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis
used during grain storage to kill moths’
caterpillars that hatch after the grain is stored.

•It kills caterpillars by damaging their digestive
tract over a period of two or more days.
•Treatment of the surface layer of stored grain
with B. thuringiensis is done in storage bins,
would prevent infestations of these species.

Biological Control
31
Other methods
for management

40. Disadvantages Advantages
•The labor should be skilled enough to control
the sophisticated equipment as per the
protocols.
•The hefty maintenance costs of the technology
make it tough for small enterprises and farmers
to handle.
•Compared with traditional methods, deep
learning algorithms have better results, but
their computational complexity is also higher-
detection accuracy and detection speed.
•Occlusion conditions have different degrees of
impact on the recognition algorithm, resulting
in false detection or even missed detection.
•Safe food and health concerns paved the path
for green chemistry and non-chemical
management practices.
•The approach of modern methods in stored
food grains may offer an easy, rapid solution to
detect both internal and external infestation.
•These methods currently an automated,
remote and promising technique than the
conventional methods.
•It is useful for quality control checks for
monitoring grain in storage to determine
whether fumigations are necessary.
32

41. Disadvantages Advantages
•The labor should be skilled enough to control
the sophisticated equipment as per the
protocols.
•The hefty maintenance costs of the technology
make it tough for small enterprises and farmers
to handle.
•Compared with traditional methods, deep
learning algorithms have better results, but
their computational complexity is also higher-
detection accuracy and detection speed.
•Occlusion conditions have different degrees of
impact on the recognition algorithm, resulting
in false detection or even missed detection.
•Safe food and health concerns paved the path
for green chemistry and non-chemical
management practices.
•The approach of modern methods in stored
food grains may offer an easy, rapid solution
to detect both internal and external
infestation.
•These methods currently an automated,
remote and promising technique than the
conventional methods.
•It is useful for quality control checks for
monitoring grain in storage to determine
whether fumigations are necessary.
32

42. 1. United Nations World Food Programme has put forward a “zero loss for zero hunger”
initiative under Zero Hunger Challenge – 2030..
2. TNAU stored grain insect pest management kit and devices introduced for development of
detection devices for stored grain insects:

*TNAU insect probe trap.
*TNAU Pitfall trap
*TNAU Two-in-one trap for pulse beetle
*Indicator Device
*Automatic insect removal bin
*UV – Light trap for warehouse
3. Through U.N. World Food Programme support, GrainMate moisture meter helps farmers to
measure the moisture content in their grains and reduce post-harvest losses.
4. Promoting research for development of alternate storage technologies like Vacuums Process
Storage (VPS) technology.
33
SOME GOVERNMENT INTIATIVES FOR DETECTING STORED GRAIN PEST

43. REFERENCE
Kaushik, R. and Singhai, J., 2018. Sensing technologies used for monitoring and detecting insect infestation in stored
grain. Int. J. Eng. Tech, 7, pp.169-173.
Neethirajan, S., Karunakaran, C., Jayas, D.S. and White, N.D.G., 2007. Detection techniques for stored-product
insects in grain. Food control, 18(2), pp.157-162.
Towards integrated commodity ... - Section 6-Inspection and detection methods for storage insect pests (fao.org)
Zhu, L., Ma, Q., Chen, J. and Zhao, G., 2022. Current progress on innovative pest detection techniques for stored
cereal grains and thereof powders. Food Chemistry, p.133706.
Banga, K.S., Kotwaliwale, N., Mohapatra, D. and Giri, S.K., 2018. Techniques for insect detection in stored food
grains: An overview. Food Control, 94, pp.167-176.
Stored Grain Pests and Their Control — Vikaspedia
Singh, V., Verma, D.K. and Srivastav, P.P., 2017. Food grain storage structures: introduction and applications. In
Engineering Interventions in Foods and Plants (pp. 247-284). Apple Academic Press.
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44. THANK YOU