ENT PROBLEMS IN CHILDREN. .pptx

Pediatrics notes

1. EAR NOSE PROBLEMS IN CHILDREN

2. EAR NOSE THROAT DISORDERS Ear nose and throat disorders are common in children. This is because they have tiny ear and nose passages and may cause problems even when partially blocked. Beside their immune system is immature hence it cannot fight infections adequately. The disorders are sometimes so common parents consider them as part of childhood. Some may be minor but cause annoyances but some are serious that require medical attention. Some can cause pain and discomfort

3. COMMON EAR DISORDERS Ear infection: Ear infections are one of the most common problems children Cause: - bacteria - viruses (not important direct cause. They cause obstruction of the eustachian canal which allow bacteria to multiply in the middle ear) Common symptoms: - ear pain - fever - difficult hearing - fluid draining from ear

4. EAR INFECTION(cont.) Treatment: - dry mopping the ear - analgesics for pain - antipyretics for fever antibiotics directed against Streptococcal pneumoniae and Haemophylus influenzae N/B patients with otitis media should avoid swimming because fluid in the ear canal will allow bacteria to grow and spread

5. ALLERGIES Allergy occurs when the immune system reacts to a harmless substance as if it were a threat Causes: - plant pollen - insect bite - animal fur - dust mite

6. Signs and symptoms (common) - runny nose - sneezing - itchy or red eye - rash - treatment - antihistamines - decongestants

7. HOUSEDUST MITE HOUSE DUST MITE (DUST MITE)-these are member of mite family ( Pyroglyphidae ). Due to their very tiny size and translucent bodies are barely visible to naked eye. They feed on dead human skin cells. They are found world wide. They cause allergy reaction Runny or itch nose Post nasal drip Itchy skin Congestion Cough Itchy red eyes

8. HOUSE DUST MITE

9. HOUSE DUST MITE

10. HOUSE DUST MITE Prevention: Wash beddings weekly Use allergen proof bed covers

11. TONSILLITIS Tonsillitis: inflammation of the tonsillis which are located in the back of throat N/B tonsillitis and pharyngitis are very common upper air ways infection in children Cause Bacterial or viral. The common bacteria causing tonsillitis and pharyngitis is Group A beta- haemolytic streptococcus Group A haemolyitic streptococcus is uncommon under the age of one year of age because of protective antibodies from the mother. Besides the tiny size of the tonsils makes its difficult for Streptococcal bacteria to multiply and cause infection. It is common between ages 5-15

12. TONSILITIS (cont.) Signs and symptoms: - cough - fever - sore throat - difficult swallowing - swollen tonsils Treatment: - antibiotics - pain relievers - indication for tonsillectomy in case of tonsillitis: seven or more episodes of DOCUMENTED bacterial tonsillitis in a year

13. TONSILITIS(cont.)

14. PHARYNGITIS

15. SINUSITIS This is the inflammation of the sinuses (air filled spaces ) in the skull. Sinuses secrete mucus to protect against infection and humidify the air you breath before it reaches the lungsThe thin mucus trap dirt, dust and pollutants and drain into the throat where stomach acid destroys it when it is swallowed. Sinuses help to lighten theweight of the skull CLASSIFICATION; - acute sinusitis-short –term sinus infection which may last for a week to 10 days and often go asway without medical treatment. - long term sinusitis (chronic)- symptoms last longer than 12 weeks - recurrent sinusitis- infection comes back 3 or more times in a year

16. SINUSES

17. SINUSES

18. SINUSITIS (cont.) Symptoms: - runny nose - nasal congestion - postnasal drip TREATMENT: - acute sinusitis- ncan be treated with antibiotics or allergy medicines - recurrent sinusitis needs specialist’s evaluation and management. Nasal drops with steroids may alleviate the symptoms