Enterotoxemia ppt

Enterotoxemia in small ruminants (commonly in goat & and sheep)

1. ENTEROTOXEMIA
Dr Ashish Tanwer
Teaching Associate
V. C.C, C.V.A.S Bikaner

2. Enterotoxemia
Introduction
Enterotoxemia, also known as
"overeating disease" or "pulpy
kidney" disease.
It is caused by two strains of
bacteria called Clostridium
perfringens–the strains are
termed types C and D.

3. These bacteria normally found in the
soil and as part of the normal
microflora in the gastrointestinal tract
of a healthy sheep and goats in very
low number.
Under certain conditions, these
bacteria can rapidly reproduce in the
animals, producing large quantities of
toxins.

4. Causative Agent:
The disease is caused by the
bacteriumClostridium perfringens.
Clostridium perfringens is a Gram-
positive, rod-shaped, Non motile
anaerobic, spore-formingbacterium
with stuby ends.

5. C.perfringens colonies

6. Spores of C.perfringens

7. C.perfringens(food borne
pathogen)

8. PATHOGENESIS: -
The toxins cause enterocolitis
(inflammation of the intestine),
increase the permeability of the blood
vessels, and become absorbed in the
blood. They circulate in the
bloodstream, promoting swelling in the
lungs and kidneys, giving the condition
the name pulpy kidneydisease.

9. Factors Associated with
Enterotoxemia Outbreaks
When kids and lambs excessively
consume milk or feed with high
quantities of grain.
While recovering from an illness or
distress when natural immunity is
compromised.

10. As a consequence of heavy
infestations of gastrointestinal
parasites, such as (worms) and
coccidia.
When animals have a diet rich in
grains and low in dry matter (hay
or green grass)

11. When animals have any condition or
disease that slows the peristalsis
(motility of the gastrointestinal tract)
Clinical Signs:
The peracute form is characterized by
sudden death occurs only minutes
after a lamb or a kid shows signs of
central nervous system alteration.
These signs are excitement and
convulsion, followed by death.

12. Affected animals may show signs of
stomach pain, such as kicking at their belly,
repeatedly laying down and getting up,
laying on their sides, panting, and crying
out.
Animals may lose the ability to stand, lay
on their sides, and extend their legs, with
their head and neck extended back over
their withers. This posture is caused by the
effects of the toxins on the brain. Death
commonly occurs within minutes to hours
after this sign is seen.

13. The animals may abruptly go off of feed and
become lethargic.
Diarrhea may develop; in some cases, there
is blood visible in the loose stool.
Diagnosis
1.Post-mortem changes:
They usually include congestion and
fluid in the lungs.
An increase in fluid in the heart sac
(pericardial sac) with clots of
gelatinous material (fibrin).

14. Small hemorrhages and blood
splashes will be seen under the
clear membrane which lines the
outer and inner muscle walls of
the heart.
The tissues of the kidney can be
filled with fluid and deteriorate
rapidly. This is where the term
"pulpy kidney" arises

15. The presence of glucosuria (high levels of
sugar in the urine) can indicate
enterotoxemia.
Diagnosis can be confirmed by positive
identification of enterocolitis (inflammation
of theintestine) Clostridium perfringens
types C & D from the feces, and gut
content and kidneys cultured and isolated
from the affected animals.

16. 2. Microscopical examination (Gram, Spore stain etc)
Gram-positive bacilli, non motile, capsulated&
sporulated
The spore is oval, sub-terminal & non bulging
Spores are rarely observed
Culture:Anaerobically at 37C
On Robertson's cooked meat medium →
blackening of meat will observed with the production
of H2S and NH3
On blood agar→β-hemolytic colonies

17. Treatment:
Treatment of enterotoxemia may not be
successful in severe cases.
Many veterinarians treat mild cases with
analgesics, probiotics (gels or pastes with
“good bacteria), oral electrolyte solutions,
and antisera, which is a solution of
concentrated antibodies that neutralize the
toxins that these bacteria produce. .

18. More severe cases may require
intravenous fluids, antibiotic therapy,
and other types of supportive care,
such as supplemental oxygen.
Reducing pain by applying Banamine
(as prescribed by a veterinarian).
Administering thiamin (vitamin B1)
I.M .

19. Prevention
1.By vaccination:-
All animals in a herd should be vac-
cinated against enterotoxemia.
Vaccina-tion will reduce the chances
that ani-mals will contract
enterotoxemia.

20. 2.By Feeding Strategies :-
When feeding these high -risk
feedstuffs, divide the daily allotment
for each animal into as many small
feedings as is feasible (say, three to
four feedings), rather than providing
such feeds in a single, large meal.
It is also advisable to feed roughages
such as hay before feeding these
higher-risk feeds, simply to allow the
animals to become full on hay
beforehand.

21. This helps to limit the potential
for overeating on high-risk
feedstuffs, such as grain. Consult
your veterinarian to determine
what feeding strategy is optimal
for your situation.

22. Thanks