Env engineering

environmental engineering , its application,history of environmental engineering , Environmental engineering today , solid waste management, noise pollution ,air pollution ,notable environmental engineers

1. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND ITS APPLICATION SUBMITTED BY, TESSA RAJU M.Sc.Environmental science 5/9/2021 1 Tessa

2. • Environmental Engineering is the application of science and engineering principles to improve the natural environment (air, water, and/or land resources), to provide healthy water, air, and land for human habitation (house or home) and for other organisms, and to remediate polluted sites. • It involves waste water management and air pollution control, recycling, waste disposal, radiation protection, industrial hygiene, environmental sustainability, and public health issues as well as a knowledge of environmental engineering law. It also includes studies on the environmental impact of proposed construction projects. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 5/9/2021 2 Tessa

3. THE HISTORY OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING • Environmental engineering is a new name for us but that has been done since early civilizations, as people learned to modify the environment to meet needs. • As people recognized that their health was related to the quality of their environment, they built systems to improve it. • The ancient Indus Valley Civilization (3300 B.C.E. to 1300 B.C.E.) had advanced control over their water resources. • The public work structures found at various sites in the area include wells, public baths, storage tanks, a drinking water system, and a city-wide sewage collection system. • They also had an early canal irrigation system e nabling larg e-scale agriculture. 5/9/2021 3 Tessa

4. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING TODAY Environmental engineering takes from broad scientific topics like chemistry, biology, ecology, geology, hydraulics, hydrology, microbiology, and mathematics to create solutions that will protect the health of organisms and improve the quality of the environment. Environmental engineering is a sub-discipline of civil engineering Environmental engineering is the application of scientific & engineering principles to improve and maintain the environment to: – protect human health, – protect nature's beneficial ecosystems --improve environmental-related enhancement of the quality of human life. 5/9/2021 4 Tessa

5. Environmental engineers devise solutions for waste water management, water and air pollution control, recycling, waste disposal, and public health. They design municipal water supply and industrial wastewater treatment systems, and design plans to prevent waterborne diseases and improve sanitation in urban, rural and recreational areas. They evaluate hazardous-waste management systems to evaluate the severity of hazards, advise on treatment and containment, and develop regulations to prevent mishaps. They implement environmental engineering law, as in assessing the environmental impact of proposed construction projects. Environmental engineers study the effect of technological advances on the environment, addressing local and worldwide environmental issues such as acid rain, global warming, ozone depletion, water pollution air pollution from automobile exhausts and industrial sources. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING TODAY 5/9/2021 5 Tessa

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7. NOTABLE ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS • Ellen Henrietta Swallow Richards was an industrial and safety engineer, environmental chemist, and university faculty member in the United States during the 19th century. She is known as first female environmental engineer • Her pioneering work in sanitary engineering, and experimental research in domestic science, laid a foundation for the new science of home economics. • She was the founder of the home economics movement characterized by the application of science to the home, and the first to apply chemistry to the study of nutrition. • G.D. Agrawa l was an Indian environmental engineer, religious leader, environmental activist, professor. • He is notable for a number of fasts undertaken to stop many projects on the River Ganga . His fast in 2009 led to the damming of the Bhagirathi River being stopped. • Agrawal died on in October 2018, after fasting since June 2018, demanding the government act on its promises to clean and save the Ganga . 5/9/2021 7 Tessa

8. G.D AGARWAL ELLEN HENERIETTA SWALLOW RICHARD 5/9/2021 8 Tessa

9. 5/9/2021 9 Tessa APPLICATIONS

10. APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Contaminated land management and site remediation Risk assessment Environmental policy and regulation development Solid waste management Hazardous waste management Environmental health and safety Natural resource management Noise pollution Geographic information system (GIS) Air pollution 5/10/2021 10 Tessa

11. 1.CONTAMINATED LAND MANAGEMENT AND SITE REMEDIATION Defined as the introduction of a substance into the land so that its quality and function are adversely affected.   Health Effects Chronic exposure to chromium, lead and other metals, petroleum, solvents, and many pesticide and herbicide formulations can be carcinogenic. Chronic exposure to benzene at sufficient concentrations is known to be associated with higher incidence of leukemia. Organophosphates and carbomates can induce a chain of responses leading to neuromuscular blockage. • Mercury linked to higher incidences of kidney damage 5/10/2021 Tessa 11

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13. 5/10/2021 Tessa 13 Risk Assessment • The purpose of preliminary risk assessment is to develop an initial conceptual model of the site and establish whether or not there are potentially unacceptable risks. • Information collection may include: i . Desk study ii. Site reconnaissance iii. Additional desk study and exploratory site I investigation Options Appraisal • A feasible remediation option is one that is likely to meet defined, site-specific objectives relating to both the pollutant linkage and the wider management context for the site as a whole. • The purpose of this stage of options appraisal is to develop a remediation strategy capable of practical implementation on the site and to describe in broad terms the characteristics of that strategy. Verification Plan • It is a document that gives requirements for gathering data to demonstrate that remediation meets the remediation objectives and remediation criteria . • It includes sampling and testing criteria Implementation Of The Remediation Strategy • Deals with all aspects of the design, preparation, implementation, verification, and long-term monitoring and maintenance of remediation. • Elements of design are passed onto the specialist sub consultants or contractors, the design needs to also be subject to proper checking and quality assurance procedures.

14. Remediation Technologies • Remediation technologies are many and varied but can be categorized into ex-situ and in-situ methods. • The more traditional remediation approach consists primarily of soil excavation (disposal to landfill “dig and dump”) and groundwater (pump and treat) OTHER METHODS SEAR surfactant enhanced aquifer remediation • Also known as Solubilization and recovery   Solidification and Stabilization 5/10/2021 Tessa 14

15. Excavation or dregrading • Excavation processes can be as simple as hauling the contaminated soil to a regulated landfill . Pump and Treat Pump and treat involves pumping out contaminated groundwater with the use of a submersible or vacuum pump and then treating it For petroleum-contaminated sites this material is usually activated carbon in granular form.   It is expensive and a very slow process. 5/10/2021 Tessa 15

16. 2.RISK ASSESSMENT 5/10/2021 Tessa 16 Environmental Risk Assessment  is a process for estimating the likelihood or probability of an adverse outcome or event due to pressures or changes in  environmental  conditions resulting from human activities. PRINCIPLES OF RISK ASSESSMENT Step 1: Identify hazards, i.e. anything that may cause harm. Step 2: Decide who may be harmed, and how. Step 3:  Assess  the  risks  and take action. Step 4: Make a record of the findings. Step  5 : Review the risk assessed.

17. 3. ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND REGULATION DEVELOPMENT Environmental policy can include  laws  and  policies  addressing water and air pollution, chemical and oil spills, smog, drinking water quality, land conservation and management, and wildlife protection, such as the protection of endangered species . Environmental policy and regulation   research is needed by both government and business. Be competitive and sustainable in a globalised world, a clear future-resilient strategy is needed to prepare for both environmental risks and opportunities. 5/10/2021 Tessa 17

18. Environment policies of the Government of India Environment policies of the Government of India  includes legislations related to environment. In the Directive Principles of State Policy, Article 48 says "the state shall endeavor to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country"; Article 51-A states that "it shall be the duty of every citizen of India to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures." India is one of the parties of the  Convention on Biological Diversity  (CBD) treaty. Prior to the CBD, India had different laws to govern the environment. The  Indian Wildlife Protection Act 1972  protected the biodiversity. It was amended later multiple times. The 1988 National Forest Policy had conservation as its fundamental principle. In addition to these acts, the government passed the  Environment (Protection) Act 1986  and Foreign Trade (Development and Regulation) Act 1992 for control of biodiversity 5/10/2021 Tessa 18

19. 4.SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Solid-waste management, the collecting, treating, and disposing of solid material that is discarded because it has served its purpose or is no longer useful. Improper  disposal of municipal solid waste  can create unsanitary conditions, and these conditions in turn can lead to pollution of the environment and to outbreaks of vector-borne disease—that is, diseases spread by rodents and insects.” CATEGORIES Organic waste:  Kitchen waste, waste from food preparation, vegetables, flowers, leaves, fruits, and market places. Combustibles:  Paper, wood, dried leaves, packaging for relief items etc. that are highly organic and having low moisture content. Non-combustibles:  Metal, Tins, Cans, bottles, stones, etc. Toxic waste:  Old medicines, paints, chemicals, bulbs, spray cans, fertilizer and pesticide containers, batteries, shoe polish. Recyclables:  Paper, glass, metals, plastics. Ashes or Dust:  Residue from fires that are used for cooking. Construction waste:  Rubble, roofing, broken concrete etc. Hazardous waste:  Oil, battery acid, medical waste, industrial waste, hospital waste. Dead animals:  Carcasses of dead livestock or other animals. Bulky waste:  Tree branches, tires etc. Soiled waste:  Hospital waste such as cloth soiled with blood and other body fluids. 5/10/2021 Tessa 19

20. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT METHODS 1. Solid Waste Open Burning Solid waste open burning is not the perfect method in the present scenario. 2. Sea Dumping Process This sea dumping process can be carried out only in coastal cities. This is very costly procedure and not environment friendly. 3. Solid wastes sanitary landfills Solid wastes sanitary landfills process is simple, clean and effective. In this procedure, layers are compressed with some mechanical equipment and covered with earth, leveled, and compacted. A deep trench of 3 to 5 m is excavated and micro-organisms act on the organic matter and degrade them. In this procedure, refuse depth is generally limited to 2m. Facultative bacteria hydrolyze complex organic matter into simpler water soluble organics 4. Incineration method Incineration method is suitable for combustible refuse. High operation costs and construction are involved in this procedure. This method would be suited in crowded cities where sites for land filling are not available. It can be used to reduce the volume of solid wastes for land filling. 5. Composting process Composting process is similar to sanitary land-filling and it is popular in developing countries. Decomposable organic matter is separated and composted in this procedure. Yields are stable end products and good soil conditioners. They can be used as a base for fertilizers. Two methods have been used in this process: a)Open Window Composting b) Mechanical Composting 6. Disposal by Ploughing into the fields Disposal by ploughing into the fields are not commonly used. These disposals are not environment friendly in general. 7. Disposal by hog feeding Disposal by hog feeding is not general procedure in India. Garbage disposal into sewers including BOD and TSS increases by 20-30%. Refuse is ground well in grinders and then fed into sewers. 8. Salvaging procedure Materials such as metal, paper, glass, rags, certain types of plastic and so on can be salvaged, recycled, and reused. 9. Fermentation/biological digestion Biodegradable wastes are converted to compost and recycling can be done whenever possible. Hazardous wastes can be disposed using suitable methods. 5/10/2021 Tessa 20

21. 5.HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Hazardous waste management  involves reducing the amount of  hazardous  substances produced, treating  hazardous wastes  to reduce their toxicity, and applying sound engineering controls to reduce or eliminate exposures to these  wastes . METHODS USED TO TREAT HAZARDOUS WASTE Deepwell or underground injection aqueous organic treatment   incineration , and landfill surface impoundments are the common hazardous waste management techniques being used. 5/10/2021 Tessa 21

22. 6.ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND SAFETY Environment ,  Health, and Safety , or  EHS  is a system that includes laws about professionals, programs, and workplace behaviors that protect the  health and safety  of people in the workplace E is for Environment.  This refers to things like spills, chemical release, and other environmental problems that can increase health risks for people and animal inhabitants of the area. Oil spills, radioactive waste, trash, sewage, and other messes can also be categorized here. H   is   for   Health . Maintaining your good health means that you have to practice personal protection from airborne particles, biological pathogens, radiation, and other environmental toxins including pollution and even noise that can harm you. Staying healthy has specific challenges at every age so, for some people, additional protective measures may be necessary to maintain good health. S   is   for   Safety . Ensuring that accidents, injuries, and incidences do not occur is all part of safety. Getting caught up in equipment, tripping, and falling, or falling prey to chemical spills happens. However, workplace safety is always a priority for a company that operates with active EHS systems in place. 5/10/2021 Tessa 22

23. 7.NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Is the management of natural resources such as land, water, soil, plants and animals, with a particular focus on how management affects the quality of life for both present and future generations. The  four natural resources  are renewable, living, non renewable, and fossil fuels. They are very important to our life and existence. Resources are important for us as we utilize them to satisfy our wants. Many minerals like iron, copper, mica etc. are used in industries for manufacturing various goods. Minerals like coal and petroleum are used for the generation of electricity Natural resource management ties in with applied concepts such as maximum sustainable yield (MSY) and optimum utilization. Every natural resource has its optimum utilization, or acceptable levels of use, which are established scientifically and according to which management authorities regulate its exploitation .  The management of renewable natural resources seeks to balance the demands of exploitation with a respect for regenerative capacities. 5/10/2021 Tessa 23

24. 8 . NOISE POLLUTION 5/10/2021 Tessa 24 Noise pollution  is generally defined as regular exposure to elevated sound levels that may lead to adverse effects in humans or other living organisms. According to the World Health Organization, sound levels less than 70 dB are not damaging to living organisms, regardless of how long or consistent the exposure is. Exposure for more than 8 hours to constant noise beyond 85 dB may be hazardous. If you work for 8 hours daily in close proximity to a busy road or highway, you are very likely exposed to traffic noise pollution around 85dB. street traffic sounds from cars, buses, pedestrians, ambulances etc. construction sounds like drilling or other heavy machinery in operation airports, with constant elevated sounds from air traffic, i.e. planes taking off or landing workplace sounds, often common in open-space offices constant loud music in or near commercial venues industrial sounds like fans, generators, compressor, mills train stations traffic household sounds, from the television set to music playing on the stereo or computer, vacuum cleaners, fans and coolers, washing machines, dishwashers, lawnmowers etc. events involving fireworks, firecrackers, loudspeakers etc .

25. 5/10/2021 Tessa 25 9. GIS - GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATIVE SYSTEM A geographic information system (GIS) is a framework for gathering, managing, and analyzing data. Rooted in the science of geography, GIS integrates many types of data. It analyzes spatial location and organizes layers of information into visualizations using maps and 3D scenes. Principle 1 . Data Capture Data sources are mainly obtained from manual digitization and scanning of aerial photographs, paper maps, and existing digital data sets. 2 . Database Management and Update data security, data integrity, and data storage and retrieval, and data maintenance abilities 3. Geographic Analysis The collected information is analyzed and interpreted qualitatively and quantitatively. 4 4 . Preparing Result One of the most exciting aspects of GIS technology is the variety of different ways in which the information can be presented. 

26. GIS- ADVANTAGES AND DIS ADVANTAGES Advantages of GIS GIS allows us to view, understand, and visualize data in many ways that reveal relationships, patterns, and trends in the form of maps, globes, reports, and charts. A GIS helps you answer questions and solve problems by looking at your data in a way that is quickly understood and easily shared. GIS give the accurate Data. Better Predictions and Analysis Disadvantages of GIS Excessive damage in case of internal fault. Long outage periods as  Repair of damaged part at site may be difficult. Expensive software. Integration with traditional map is difficult.  5/10/2021 Tessa 26

27. 5/10/2021 Tessa 27 10.AIR POLLUTION • Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particles or biological material that cause harm or discomfort to humans or are unhealthy for humans or other living organisms plants and animals, or damage the natural environment into the atmosphere. • Any visible or invisible particle or gas found in the air that is not part of the original, normal composition of air MANAGEMENT The best way to protect air quality is to reduce the emission of pollutants by changing to cleaner fuels and processes. Pollutants not eliminated in this way must be collected or trapped by appropriate air-cleaning devices as they are generated and before they can escape into the atmosphere. Common types of equipment for collecting fine particulates include cyclones, scrubbers, electrostatic precipitators, and bag filters Gaseous  criteria pollutants,aswellas volatileorganic compounds  (VOCs) and other gaseous  air toxics , are controlled by means of three basic techniques:  absorption ,  adsorption , and incineration

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30. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1D2h0g8II5QYavSXqv8oMOeRERGA9wBOK/view?usp=drivesdk 5/10/2021 Tessa 30

31. https://drive.google.com/file/d/10_j7_GB_cCma4F2E7w93QnOv_PH2rIUn/view?usp=drivesdk 5/10/2021 Tessa 31