Environment Notes_Environmental impact assessment air pollution water pollution.pptx

EIA 12 chapters knowledge Environment Notes_Environmental impact assessment air pollution water pollution Environment Notes_Environmental impact assessment air pollution water pollution Environment Notes_Environmental impact assessment air pollution water pollution Environment Notes_Environmental impact assessment air pollution water pollution Environment Notes_Environmental impact assessment air pollution water pollution Environmental impact assessment air pollution water pollution Environment Notes_Environmental impact assessment air pollution water pollutionEnvironmental impact assessment air pollution water pollution Environment Notes_Environmental impact assessment air pollution water pollutionv environment monitoring

1. What is Particulate Matter? Airborne particulate matter (PM) is not a single pollutant, but rather is a mixture of many chemical species. It is a complex mixture of solids and aerosols composed of small droplets of liquid, dry solid fragments, and solid cores with liquid coatings. Particles vary widely in size, shape and chemical composition, and may contain inorganic ions, metallic compounds, elemental carbon, organic compounds, and compounds from the earth’s crust. Particles are defined by their diameter for air quality regulatory purposes. Those with a diameter of 10 microns or less (PM10) are inhalable into the lungs and can induce adverse health effects. Fine particulate matter is defined as particles that are 2.5 microns or less in diameter (PM2.5). Therefore, PM2.5 comprises a portion of PM10. What is the Difference Between PM10 and PM2.5? PM10 and PM2.5 often derive from different emissions sources, and also have different chemical compositions. Emissions from combustion of gasoline, oil, diesel fuel or wood produce much of the PM2.5 pollution found in outdoor air, as well as a significant proportion of PM10. PM10 also includes dust from construction sites, landfills and agriculture, wildfires and brush/waste burning, industrial sources, wind-blown dust from open lands, pollen and fragments of bacteria.

2. PM may be either directly emitted from sources (primary particles) or formed in the atmosphere through chemical reactions of gases (secondary particles) such as sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), nitrogen oxides (NO X ), and certain organic compounds. These organic compounds can be emitted by both natural sources, such as trees and vegetation, as well as from man-made (anthropogenic) sources, such as industrial processes and motor vehicle exhaust. The relative sizes of PM10 and PM2.5 particles are compared in the figure below.

3. What are the Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter?

4. The two main pollutants from ship emissions are Nitrogen oxides (NOx) and Sulfur oxides ( SOx ). The reason? These combustible gases, emitted into the environment in the form of smoke, can have adverse effects on the ozone layer in the troposphere, which results in the “greenhouse effect” and may contribute to global warming. Sulfur oxide ( SOx ) emissions are main­ly due to the presence of sulfur compounds in the fuel. Smoke containing sulfur oxides emitted by the combustion of marine fuel will often oxidize further, forming sulfuric acid which is a major contributor to acid rain. SOx emissions also contribute to the formation of secondary inorganic aerosol gases – fine particulates that are harmful to people. NOx is the collective term for the nitrogen oxides NO and NO2, which are significant components of harmful air pollution. NOx is formed in combustion processes such as engines, power plants, and boilers, as well as industrial processes with very high temperatures

5. Nitrogen dioxide (N in air is oxidized); No sum of NO, NO , other oxides of N Brownish gas irritates the respiratory system originates from combustion Burning fuels including petrol, diesel, and coal Ground level O3 (primary constituent of smog) Reaction of VOC + nox in presence of heat +sun light Vehicles and industries are the major source Carbon monoxide Reduces bloods ability to carry O Produced by the incomplete burning of carbon-based fuels & natural and synthetic products such as cigarettes Carbon dioxide Principle greenhouse gas. Emitted as a result of human activities such as the burning of coal, oil, and natural gases Sulphur dioxide Precursor to acid rain along with Nox Formed when fuel (coal, oil) containing S is burned and metal smelting Chorofluoro carbon (CFC) Ozone depletion Released from air- conditioning systems and refrigeration. Lead Cause learning disabilities in children , toxic to liver, kidney, blood forming organs Present in petrol, diesel, lead batteries, paints, hair dye products, etc Particulate matter (PM 10 & 2.5)

6. P o ll u t a n t s e n t e r t h r o u g h s t o m a t a Destroy chlorophyll and Affect photosynthesis Cuticle( Wax Layer on Leaves) is lost

7. Treatment of water before leaving in water bodies. Restoration of polluted water bodies. Ganga Action Plan River Water Monitoring

8. Effluents should not be discharged Treatment before discharge S t r i c t l a w e n f o r c e m e n t - r e g a r d i n g d r i ll i n g i n Ecosensitive zones, dumping of toxic & Hazardous wastes Minimum developmental activities on shore CRZs: Coastal regulation Zones

9. Transportation H e a v y M a c h i n e r y Construction activities C e l e b r a t i o n s a n d h o u s e h o l d appliances P h y s i o l o g i c a l a n d p s y c h o l o g i c a l changes Interferes communication Hearing damage Sleep disturbance

10. Reduce soil productivity Affects soil flora and fauna Sludge contains worms, bacteria and pathogens. R a d i o a c t i v e w a s t e s e n t e r f o o d c h a i n : Strontium 90 mimics calcium. Treatment before discharge Convert waste to biogas, fuel etc. Recover from soil.

11. Following methods in use: Composting S a n i t a r y l a n d f i ll Incineration Segregation of waste Current trends of 3- R e d u c e R e u s e R e c y c l e

12. Think globally act locally Use eco-friendly products U s e r e c h a r g e a b l e b a tt e r i e s No to excess pesticides, chemicals, paints, solvents U s e l e s s o r o n l y r e q u i r e d q u a n t i t y o f r e s o u r c e PLANT MORE TREES(local species) Best from Waste - Reduce, Reuse, Recycle