Environment studies Unit-I for B.Com, BBA, BA, B,Sc - I year, B.Tech

Environment, EVS, Non-Renewable resources, Renewable resources, ECOSYSTEM, living/biotic component, ‘keystone’ species., PRODUCERS, CONSUMERS AND DECOMPOSERS, FOOD CHAINS, FOOD WEBS AND ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS, ENERGY FLOW IN THE ECOSYSTEM, Water cycle, Carbon cycle, Oxygen cycle, Nitrogen cycle and Energy cycle, Biodiversity, HOTSPOTS OF BIODIVERSITY, CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY, Ex-situ conservation, RAINWATER HARVESTING, WATERSHED MANAGEMENT, Causes, Effects & Control measures of Air Pollution, Solid Waste Management, Incineration, Vermi – Composting, Global warming, Ozone layer depletion, DISASTER MANAGEMENT: FLOODS, EARTHQUAKES, CYCLONES, THE WILDLIFE PROTECTION ACT, FOREST CONSERVATION ACT, THE WATER (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT, THE AIR (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT, Women and Child Welfare.

1. What is Environment ?
•ThetermisderivedfromaFrenchword
‘Environ’whichmeansENCIRCLE.
•ScientificallyEnvironmentmeansallofthe
outsideforces,events,andthingsthatactona
thing.Theenvironmentiseverythingthatis
aroundsomething.
1
BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

2. ????
WHY WE HAVE TO STUDY
‘ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES’
????
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BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

3. SupremeCourtinit’sjudgmenthasmadelearningofthe
subjectmandatoryatundergraduatelevel(1991).
UniversityGrantsCommissionhasdirectedallaffiliated
institutionstocompulsorilyteachthesubject,forallthe
branchesofGraduation.
OsmaniaUniversityhasintroducedthesubjectatIyearlevel
asacoresubject,incompliancewithUGCdirective.
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BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

4. Definition
•Environmental studies deals with every issue that
affects an organism.
•Itisessentiallyamultidisciplinaryapproachthat
bringsaboutanappreciationofournaturalworld
andhumanimpactsonitsintegrity.
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BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

5. Scope
•Everythingaroundusformsourenvironment
andourlivesdependonkeepingitsvitalsystems
asintactaspossible.
•Modifiedheavilybyhumanbeings!
•Ourdependenceonnatureissogreatthatwe
cannotcontinuetolivewithoutprotectingthe
earth’senvironmentalresources.
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BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

6. •Non-Renewable resources, such as minerals and
oil are those which will be exhausted in the
future if we continue to extract these without a
thought for subsequent generations.
•Renewable resources, such as timber and water,
are those which can be used but can be
regenerated by natural processes such as
regrowth or rainfall.
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BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

7. Importance
•It is an integration of several subjects that
include both Science and Social Studies.
•Weliveinaworldinwhichnatural
resourcesarelimited.Water,air,soil,
minerals,oil,theproductswegetfrom
forests,grasslands,oceansandfrom
agricultureandlivestock,areallapartof
ourlifesupportsystems.
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BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

8. •WecannotexpectGovernmentsalonetomanage
thesafeguardingoftheenvironment,Weneedto
doitourselves.
Activity
•Thinkofallthethingsthatyoudoina
day.Listtheseactivitiesandidentify
themainresourcesusedduringthese
activities.
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BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

9. ECOSYSTEM
•An‘Ecosystem’isaregionwithaspecificand
recognizablelandscapeformsuchasforest,
grassland,desert,wetlandorcoastalarea.
•Thegeographical,climaticandsoilcharacteristics
formitsnon-living/abioticcomponent.
•Thelivingpartoftheecosystemisreferredtoas
itsliving/bioticcomponent.
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BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

10. •Ecosystems are divided into terrestrial or land
based ecosystems, and aquatic ecosystems in
water.
•Allthelivingorganismsinanarealivein
communitiesofplantsandanimals.Theyinteract
withtheirnon-livingenvironment,andwitheach
otheratdifferentpointsoftimeforalarge
numberofreasons.
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BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

11. The living community of plants and
animals in any area together with
the non-living components of the
environment such as soil, air and
water, constitute the
ecosystem.
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BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

12. •Ecosystemsarehoweverfrequentlydisruptedby
humanactionswhichleadtotheextinctionof
speciesofplantsandanimalsthatcanliveonlyin
thedifferentnaturalecosystems.
•Somespeciesifeliminatedseriouslyaffectthe
ecosystem.Thesearecalled‘keystone’
species.
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BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

13. PRODUCERS, CONSUMERS
AND
DECOMPOSERS
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BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

14. •Everylivingorganismisinsomewaydependent
onotherorganisms.
•Plantsarethe‘producers’intheecosystemas
theymanufacturetheirfoodbyusingenergy
fromthesun.
•Theherbivorousanimalsareprimaryconsumers
astheyliveontheproducers.
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BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

15. •Carnivorousanimals,orsecondaryconsumers,
liveonherbivorousanimals.
•Decomposersordetrivoresareagroupof
organismsconsistingofsmallanimalslikeworms,
insects,bacteriaandfungi,whichbreakdown
deadorganicmaterialintosmallerparticlesand
finallyintosimplersubstancesthatareusedby
plantsasnutrition.
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BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

16. FOOD CHAINS, FOOD
WEBS
AND
ECOLOGICAL
PYRAMIDS
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BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

17. The food chains
•Whenherbivorousanimalsfeedon
plants,energyistransferredfromplants
toanimals.
•Carnivorousanimalsfeedonotherliving
organisms.
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BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

18. The food webs
•Inanecosystemthereareaverylargenumberof
interlinkedfoodchains.Thisformsafoodweb.
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BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

19. The ecological pyramids
•Theproducers,utilizeenergydirectlyfromsunlight
andconvertitintomatter.Alargenumberofthese
organismsformthemostbasic,orfirst‘trophic
level’ofthefoodpyramid.
•Theherbivorousanimalsthateatplantsareatthe
secondtrophiclevel.
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BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

20. •The predators that feed on them form the third
trophic level.
•Only a few animals form the third trophic level.
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BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

21. ENERGY FLOW
IN THE
ECOSYSTEM
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BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

22. •Everyecosystemhasseveralinterrelated
mechanismsthataffecthumanlife.
•These are:
Water cycle
Carbon cycle
Oxygen cycle
Nitrogen cycle and
Energy cycle.
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BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

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BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

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BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

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BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

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BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

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BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

28. Biodiversity
•Biologicaldiversitydealswiththedegreeofnature’svariety
inthebiosphere.
•Thedifferencesingenesamongtheindividualsofaspecies.
•Geneticdiversity:Eachmemberofanyanimalorplant
speciesdifferswidelyfromotherindividualsinitsgenetic
makeup.
•Example:Eachhumanbeingisverydifferentfromall
others.
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BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

29. •Speciesdiversity:Thenumberofspeciesofplants
andanimalsthatarepresentinaregionconstitutes
itsspeciesdiversity.
•Naturalundisturbedtropicalforestshaveamuch
greaterspeciesrichness.
•Atpresentthereareabout1.8millionspecieson
earth.
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BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

30. •Ecosystemdiversity:Therearealargevarietyof
differentecosystemsonearth,whichhavetheir
owncomplementofdistinctiveinterlinkedspecies
basedonthedifferencesinthehabitat.
•Distinctiveecosystemsincludeforests,grasslands,
deserts,mountains,rivers,lakesandtheseaetc.
•Anecosystemisreferredtoas‘natural’whenitis
relativelyundisturbedbyhumanactivities,or
‘modified’whenitischangedtoothertypesof
uses,suchasfarmlandorurbanareas.
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BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

31. HOTSPOTS OF BIODIVERSITY
•Mostofthebiodiversityhotspotsoccurintropical
forests.Theyrepresentjust2.3%ofEarth'sland
surface,butbetweenthemtheycontainaround
50%oftheworld'sendemicplantspecies.
•Examples:CoralreefsinIndianwaterssurroundthe
AndamanandNicobarIslands,Lakshadweep
Islands,theGulfareasofGujaratandTamilNadu.
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BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

32. THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
•Duetotheoveruseormisuseofnaturalecosystems
‘unsustainable’resource-use,onceproductive
forestsandgrasslandshavebeenturnedinto
desertsandwastelandhaveincreasedalloverthe
world.
•Scientistshaveestimatedthathumanactivitiesare
likelytoeliminateapproximately10millionspecies
bytheyear2050.
32
BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

33. •Muchofthismegaextinctionisrelatedtohuman
populationgrowth,industrializationandchangesin
land-usepatterns.
•Lossofspeciesoccursduetothedestructionof
naturalecosystems,eitherforconversionto
agricultureorindustry,orbyover-extractionof
theirresources,orthroughpollutionofair,water
andsoil.
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BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

34. Excessivefirewoodiscollectedfromtheforest.
Increasinghumanpopulation
Introductionofexoticweeds
Overharvestingoffish
Poaching
aresomeofthemajorthreatsof
Biodiversity.
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BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

35. CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY
In-situconservation:
•Biodiversity at all its levels can be best preserved In-
situ by setting up ‘Protected Areas’ like National
Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries.
•species cannot be protected individually as they are
all inter dependent on each other. Thus the whole
ecosystem must be protected.
35
BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

36. •There are 589 Protected Areas in India of which 89
are National Parks and 500 are Wildlife Sanctuaries.
•Examples:TheGreatHimalayanNationalPark,
DachigamSanctuary,KazirangaNationalPark,
ManasSanctuary,DesertNationalPark,Gir
Sanctuaryetc,.
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BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

37. Ex-situ conservation:
•Whenanendangeredspeciesissocloseto
extinction,theyaretakenoutsideitsnaturalhabitat
inacarefullycontrolledsituationsuchasabotanical
gardenforplantsorazoologicalparkforanimals,
wherethereisexpertisetomultiplythespecies
underartificiallymanagedconditions.
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BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

38. WATER CONSERVATION:
•Asdeforestationanddesertificationspreadsdueto
extensivechangesinlandusetheonceperennial
riversarebecomingincreasinglyseasonal.
•It’soveruseandmisuseduetovariousactivities
thatwastewaterorcausepollutionhasledtoa
seriousshortageofpotabledrinkingwater.Thus
waterconservationislinkedcloselywithoverall
humanwellbeing.
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BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

39. RAINWATER HARVESTING:
•Managerainwaterinsuchawaythatitisusedat
thesource.
•Ifasmuchwateraspossibleiscollectedandstored
thiscanbeusedaftertherainyseasonisover.
•Anotherwayofusingrooftoprainwaterharvesting
istocollectitsothatitpercolatesintotheground
torechargewells.
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BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

40. WATERSHED MANAGEMENT:
•Themanagementofasingleunitoflandwithits
waterdrainagesystemiscalledwatershed
management.
•Thisincludessoilandwatermanagementand
developingvegetativecover.
•Thefirsttechnicalstepistotakeappropriatesoil
conservationmeasures.
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BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

41. •Allowing grasses and shrubs to grow and by
planting trees which hold the soil and prevents it
from being washed away.
•several small check dams are built which together
hold back larger amounts of water.
41
BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

42. Causes, Effects & Control measures of Air
Pollution
•Airpollutionbegantoincreaseinthebeginningof
thetwentiethcenturywiththedevelopmentofthe
transportationsystemsandlarge-scaleuseofpetrol
anddiesel.
•Pollutionduetoauto-exhaustremainsaserious
environmentalissue.
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BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

43. Whatisairpollution?
•Airpollutionoccursduetothepresenceofundesirable
solidorgaseousparticlesintheairinquantitiesthatare
harmfultohumanhealthandtheenvironment.
•Pollutantsthatareemittedbynaturalevents(forexample,
duststormsandvolcaniceruptions)andhumanactivities
(emissionfromvehicles,industries,etc.).
•Examples:Carbonoxides(COandCO2),nitrogenoxides,
sulfuroxides,volatileorganiccompounds(mostly
hydrocarbons)andsuspendedparticulatematter.
43
BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

44. Effects of Air Pollution:
•Prolongedsmokingorexposuretoairpollutantscan
overloadorbreakdownthesenaturaldefenses
causingorcontributingtodiseasessuchaslung
cancer,asthma,chronicbronchitisandemphysema.
•Elderlypeople,infants,pregnantwomenand
peoplewithheartdisease,asthmaorother
respiratorydiseasesareespeciallyvulnerabletoair
pollution.
44
BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

45. •Pollutantsthatareproducedintheatmosphere
whencertainchemicalreactionstakeplaceamong
theprimarypollutantsarecalledsecondary
pollutants.Eg:sulfuricacid,nitricacid,carbonic
acid,etc.
45
BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

46. Control measures for air pollution:
•Airpollutioncanbecontrolledbytwofundamental
approaches:preventivetechniquesandeffluent
control.
•Devicesforremovalofpollutantsfromtheflue
gasesthoughscrubbers,closedcollectionrecovery
systemsthroughwhichitispossibletocollectthe
pollutantsbeforetheyescape,useofdryandwet
collectors,filters,electrostaticprecipitators,etc.
46
BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

47. Water Pollution
Causes:
•Disease-causingagents(pathogens)whichinclude
bacteria,viruses,protozoaandparasiticwormsthatenter
waterfromdomesticsewageanduntreatedhumanand
animalwastes.
•Oxygendepletingwastesareorganicwastesthatcanbe
decomposedbyaerobic(oxygenrequiring)bacteria.
•Inorganicplantnutrientsarewatersolublenitratesand
phosphatesthatcauseexcessivegrowthofalgaeandother
aquaticplants.
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BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

48. Measures:
•Settingupeffluenttreatmentplantsandtreating
wastethroughthesecanreducethepollutionload
intherecipientwater.
48
BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

49. •RootZoneProcessinvolvesrunningcontaminatedwater
throughtherootzoneswhichabsorboxygenfromthe
surroundingairthroughtheirstomatalopenings.
•Theoxygenenterstherootzoneandcreatesconditions
suitableforthegrowthofnumerousbacteriaandfungi.
•Thesemicro-organismsoxidizeimpuritiesinthe
wastewaters,whichfinallycomesoutisclean.
49
BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

50. Solid Waste Management
•Thetermmunicipalsolidwaste(MSW)isgenerallyusedto
describemostofthenon-hazardoussolidwaste.
•Controlmeasuresofurbanandindustrialwastes:An
integratedwastemanagementstrategyincludesthreemain
components:
Source reduction
Recycling
Disposal
50
BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

51. •Incinerationistheprocessofburningmunicipalsolidwaste
inaproperlydesignedfurnaceundersuitabletemperature
andoperatingconditions.
•Vermi–Composting:Alldeadanddryleavesandtwigs
decomposeandarebrokendownbyorganismssuchas
wormsandinsects,andisfinallybrokendownbybacteria
andfungi,toformadarkrichsoil-likematerialcalled
compost.
•Thiscompostcanbeusedasamanureforfarmsand
gardens.
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BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

52. Global warming:
•About75%ofthesolarenergyreachingtheEarthis
absorbedontheearth’ssurfacewhichincreasesits
temperature.
•Therestoftheheatradiatesbacktothe
atmosphere.Someoftheheatistrappedby
greenhousegases,mostlycarbondioxide.
•Ascarbondioxideisreleasedbyvarioushuman
activities,itisrapidlyincreasing.Thisiscausing
globalwarming.
52
BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

53. Ozone layer depletion:
•Theozonelayerintheupperatmosphereabsorbsthesun’s
ultravioletradiation,preventingitfromreachingtheearth’s
surface.
•Inthe1970s,scientistsdiscoveredthatchemicalscalled
chlorofluorocarbonsorCFCs,whichwereusedas
refrigerantsandaerosolspraypropellants,posedathreat
totheozonelayer.
•Thedestructionoftheozonelayerisseentocause
increasedcasesofskincancerandcataracts.
53
BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

54. DISASTER MANAGEMENT:
FLOODS, EARTHQUAKES, CYCLONES
•Amongallthedisastersthatoccurinthecountry,floodsare
themostfrequentlyoccurringnaturaldisasters.
•Earthquakesareconsideredtobeoneofthemost
destructivenaturalhazards.Theimpactofthis
phenomenonoccurswithsolittlewarningthatitisalmost
impossibletomakepreparationsagainstdamagesand
collapseofbuildings.
54
BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

55. •Disastermanagementisamultidisciplinaryareainwhicha
widerangeofissuesthatrangefromforecasting,warning,
evacuation,searchandrescue,relief,reconstructionand
rehabilitationareincluded.
•Amitigationprogrammustensureeffectivepartnership
betweenGovernment,scientific,privatesector,NGOsand
thecommunity.
55
BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

56. THEWILDLIFEPROTECTIONACT
•ThisActpassedin1972.
•DealswiththedeclarationofNationalParksand
WildlifeSanctuariesandtheirnotification.
•Itprohibitshuntingofallanimalsspecifiedin
SchedulesItoIVoftheAct.
•Plantsthatareprotectedareincludedinschedule
VI.
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BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

57. •Apersonwhobreaksanyoftheconditionsofanylicenseor
permitgrantedunderthisActshallbeguiltyofanoffence
againstthisAct.Theoffenceispunishablewith
imprisonmentforatermwhichmayextendtothreeyears
orwithafineofRs25,000orwithbothandmayextendto
sixyearsandafineofRs25,000.
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BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

58. FOREST CONSERVATION ACT
•Forest Conservation Act of 1980, which
was amended in 1988.
•The Act gave the Government and Forest
Department the power to create Reserved Forests,
and the right to use Reserved Forests for
Government use alone, the use of resources by
local people was controlled.
58
BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

59. •In 1992, the 73rd and 74th Amendments to the
Constitution furthered governance through
panchayats. It gives States the ability to provide
power to the local panchayats to manage local
forest resources.
•The Forest Conservation Act of 1980 was enacted to
control deforestation.
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BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

60. •Penalties for offences in Reserved Forests:
No person is allowed to make clearings or set fire
to a Reserved Forest.
Cattle are not permitted to trespass into the
Reserved Forest.
collecting any forest product is punishable with
imprisonment for a term of six months, or with a
fine which may extend to Rs.500, or both.
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BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

61. THE WATER (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF
POLLUTION) ACT
•TheGovernmenthasformulatedthisActin1974to
beabletopreventpollutionofwaterbyindustrial,
agriculturalandhouseholdwastewaterthatcan
contaminateourwatersources.
•The main objectives of the Water Act are to provide
for prevention, control and abatement of water
pollution.
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BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

62. •The Central Government and State Governments
have set up Pollution Control Boards that monitor
water pollution.
•An individual or organization that fails to comply
with the directions given in the subsections of the
law can be convicted or punished with
imprisonment for a term of three months or with a
fine of Rs.10,000 or both and in case failure
continues an additional fine of Rs.5,000 everyday.
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BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

63. THE AIR (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF
POLLUTION) ACT
•The Government passed this Act in 1981 to clean up our air
by controlling pollution.
•Pollution Control Boards (PCBs) have been set up by
Government to measure pollution levels in the atmosphere
and at certain sources by testing the air.
•The presence of pollution beyond certain limits due to
various pollutants discharged through industrial emission
are monitored by the Pollution Control Boards set up in
every State.
63
BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

64. HUMAN RIGHTS
•Several environmental issues are closely
linked to human rights. These include the
equitable distribution of environmental
resources, the utilization of resources and
Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs).
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BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

65. •Environmental issues are closely linked to human
rights:
Equity
Nutrition, health and human rights
Intellectual Property Rights
65
BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

66. Women and Child Welfare
•Womenconstitute48percentofthetotal
populationofthecountry.
•Thedevelopmentofwomenhasbeenreceiving
attentionoftheGovernmentofIndiafromtheFirst
Plan.
•In1953,theCentralSocialWelfareBoardwassetup
whichactsasanApexBodyattheCentreto
promotevoluntaryactionatvariouslevels,
especiallyatthegrassroots,totakeupwelfare-
relatedactivitiesforwomenandchildren.
66
BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

67. •In 2
nd
to 5
th
Plans priority was given to women’s
education, and launching measures to improve
material and child health services, supplementary
feeding for children and expectant and nursing
mothers.
•The Sixth Plan adopted a multi-disciplinary
approach with special emphasis on the three core
sectors of health, education and employment.
67
BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT

68. •Examples of Schemes for Women and Child:
Swayamsidha
Swashakti Project
Child Development Services Scheme (CDS)
Swavlamban
Rashtriya Mahila Kosh
Swadhar
68
BALASRI PRASAD KAMARAPU
M.B.A, NET, (Ph.D)
LECTURER IN MANAGEMENT