ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF OIL INDUSTRIES

A case study on how oil industries can and in some cases actually are polluting our environment.

1. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF OIL INDUSTRIES SOMA SEKHAR SRIADIBHATLA, DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY, ANDHRA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING. - A MATTER OF PRIORITY

2. OUTLINE INTRODUCTION ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS EFFLUENTS AND THEIR EFFECTS CONTROL MEASURES CONCLUSIONS REFERANCES

3. INTRODUCTION This paper focuses on serious environmental impacts of oil industries and also suggests a few control measures for a green and cool habitat to live. This is to forecast an oil industry as a biased coin , with one side - great economic importance and the other side - serious environmental consequences. These environmental consequences are due to various effluents released from these industries during extraction, refining and combustion of petroleum.

4. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE Oil industries have a big role in the economy of different countries. Oil accounts for a large percentage of energy consumption and production, distribution, refining and retailing of petroleum taken as a whole represents world’s largest industry in terms of dollar value. Oil provides 40% of energy in industrial countries. Oil supplies the US with 30% of energy , 22% for India, 50% for UK. The top oil users are COUNTRY CONSUMPTION USA 19.5 Mbpd EUROPEAN UNION 14.44 Mbpd CHINA 7.99 Mbpd JAPAN 4.785 Mbpd INDIA 2.94Mbpd Statistics as per year 2008 given by EIA, USA.( mbpd = million barrels per day)

5. Oil is especially critical for agriculture, transportation, food production. Petroleum by products are used in fertilizer industries, pharmacology. India’s oil reserves meet 25% of the country’s domestic oil demand, as of 2009 India imported 2.5 million barrels per day, making it one of the largest buyers of crude oil. Oil market thereby forms the deciding factor for GDP growth of any country.

6. ENVIROMENTAL IMPACTS The oil industries have several impacts on environment as a consequence of their operations. The operations of oil industries include exploration (onshore/offshore), refining of crude oil. The various effluents released during these operations are toxic and effect the biotic life.

7. EFFLUENTS AND THEIR EFFECTS DRILLING MUD Various synthetic based fluids are used to lubricate oil- drilling equipment. These are non-biodegradable and lead to bio-accumulation in food chain. The drilling mud, a special mixture of materials pumped during drilling operations either offshore or onshore when released for marine disposal effects marine life as they are toxic for many years. They consist of crude oil, aromatic hydrocarbons, sulphur compounds, heavy metals which cause marine pollution. They increase BOD, alter the pH of the medium and even form suspended particles poisoning the marine life. Especially Gastropods, pelagic fish are prone to these pollutants. On shore drilling causes land pollution and drilling equipment may cause noise pollution.

8. GASEOUS EMISSIONS The gaseous emissions from an oil industry include: Process emissions, flue gases from boilers and fuel firing cell, waste gases from storage or handling, fugitive emissions from pumps and compressor seals. The main air emissions form refinery units are S02, N0x, and particulate plus volatile organic compounds. 25% of annual S02 production is from petroleum refineries and non- ferrous smelters. The annual green house gas emissions from the process of fossil fuel retrieval, processing and distribution contribute to 11.3%. It accounts for 8.4% C02 emissions, 29.6% of CH4 production and 1.5% of nitrous oxide production. These gases are include among six well mixed green gases named in Kyoto protocol.

9. This is for the year 2000 given by Environmental Protection Agency, USA .

10. CONSEQUENCES: GLOBAL WARMING It is important consequence faced due to the increase in the concentration of green house gases. Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of earth’s surface air and oceans. According to the 2007 fourth assessment report by intergovernmental panel on climate change ( IPCC) global earth temperature has increased 1.3F last year and if it increases in such a manner then by 2100 it will increase between 2&11.5 F. The important green house gases released from oil industries include C02 and CH4 .Their contribution for green house effect is as follows GAS CONTRIBUTION CO2 CH4 9-26% 4-9%

11. MECHANISM The atmosphere of earth is like membrane of gases monitoring the entry and exit of solar radiation. Some gases which do monitor the radiation within the thermal infrared range are green house gases. These green house gases are transparent to the sunlight coming in but they strongly absorb the infrared radiation, which earth sends back as of longer wavelengths. This trapping of heat causes warming of earth. C02 absorbs I.R radiation in the range 12000 - 16,300 nm. It has been calculated that with a doubling of C02 concentration, the temperature of earth’s surface increases by 1.9c. When concentration of green house gases particularly C02 is high, they trap too much of heat, which leads to global warming. The computer modeling indicates following effects due to global warming: Melting of polar ice caps, dry areas becoming drier , earth quakes, tsunamis , drastic drop in food production , and expansion of oceans leads to the drowning of low lying cities like Mumbai, New York.

12. OCEAN ACIDIFICATION NOAA states in the May 2008 ‘ The oceans have absorbed about 50% of the carbon dioxide released from the burning of fossil fuels resulting in the chemical reaction that lower the ocean pH’ REACTION C0 2 + H 2 O → H 2 C0 3 H 2 CO 3 ↔ [H] + + HCO3‾ HCO 3 ‾ ↔ [H] + + [CO3 ]‾ 2

13. ACID RAIN Rain tends to be naturally acidic with a pH of 5.6- 5.7 [due to carbonic acid formation]. In the some places, where the oil refineries are located the rain must pass through an atmosphere polluted with oxide of SOX and nitrogen NOX. These oxides get dissolved in rain water to form sulphuric acid, nitric acid. This rain water is known as acid precipitation or acid rain. This acid rain has pH as low as 2.5. REACTION SO 2 + O 3 → SO 3 + O 2 SO 3 + H 2 O → H 2 SO 4 → ( H 2 SO 4 )n SO 3 + H 2 O → H 2 SO 4 → ( H 2 SO 4 )n

14. MATHURA OIL REFINERY - A THREAT TO TAJ MAHAL Mathura oil refinery, owned by loc is located in Mathura, uttarpradesh. It is located about 50kms away from the Taj mahal. The toxins released from Mathura oil refinery, is posing a huge threat to it. The refinery produces air pollutants, SO2 which affects the marble of Taj mahal. The corrosion is mostly due to sulphur dioxide which has been turning the Tajmahal to yellow. REACTION CaCO3 + H2SO4 → CaSO4 + H2O + CO2 2CaCO3 +2 SO2 + O2 → 2CaSO4+ CO2 (Yellow)

15. CRUDE OIL - AS A MARINE POLLUTANT The crude oil finds it way into sea through waste discharge from refineries and oil exploration operations. Combined refinery wastes are rich in dissolved salts, suspended minerals and organic compounds like organic sulphur and organic nitrogen compounds. This chemical ingredients causes physiological changes in marine organisms. Tar balls formed due to coagulation of oil, water and other debris is washed into shore, causing harm to human and coastal life that relies on the water and beaches for food. SULPHUR NITROGEN MERCAPTANS AMINES DIALKY-SULPHIDES AMIDES THIOPHENES PYRIDINE

16. OILL SPILLS An oil spill is a release of liquid petroleum into environment due to human activity and is a form of pollution. Oil spills include release of oil from tankers, offshore platforms, drilling rigs and wells, as well as spills of refined petroleum products. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS The oil penetrates into the structure of the plumage of the birds, reducing its insulating ability and thus making more vulnerable to temperature fluctuations. Petroleum also causes hormonal changes in marine birds. Oil coats the fur of sea otters and seals leading to hypothermia. The photosynthesis of phytoplankton is reduced due to which the DO depletes and the food chain of marine organisms is effected.

17. DISASTERS IXTOC I IXTOC I was an exploratory oil well which was located in the Bay of Campeche, Mexico. On 3 rd June 1979, the well suffered a blow out resulting in one of the largest oil spills in history. An estimated 30000 of barrels of oil per day were flowing from the well. The oil had a drastic impact on littoral crab and on the mollusk fauna of the beaches. The population of crabs, e.g. the ghost crab ocypode quadrata, was almost totally eliminated over a wide area. Fishes and octopuses were buried under the oil layer. SURF SCOOTER

18. CONTROL MEASURES Using biodegradable and non- toxic lubricants to lubricate oil drilling equipment( like genetically enhanced soya bean oil with VI- 223) The drilling cutting should be conveyed through a proper conveyor system to the disposal pit after proper washing. Using various absorption and adsorption techniques to remove pollutants out of flue gases. They can be removed when passed though scrubbers or absorbers by process of physical or chemisorptions. POLLUTANT ADSORBENT NOX SILICA GEL SO2 PULVERISED LIMESTONE ORGANIC VAPOURS ACTIVATED CARBON PETROLEUM FRACTIONS BAUXITE

19. CARBON SESQUESTRATION Carbon dioxide which is the major effluent from oil industries can be trapped using adsorbents like hyper branched amino silica capable of capturing CO2 reversibly. The CO2 which is captured can be refined and stored. The captured CO2 can be used for many commercial purposes like: as pressurizing agent for enhanced oil recovery in oil drilling process , preparation of synthetic gas , dry ice , production of biodiesel. Methods for cleaning oil spill. BIOREMEDIATION Use of organisms like sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) to break down or remove oil. Controlled burning of oil on the surface of water. Dispersants which acts as detergents to remove oil. Employment of oil spill response team which is to clean up the oil.  

20. CONCLUSIONS Oil industries should follow various protocols , guidelines issued by Environmental Protection Agency, Central Pollution Control Board, Hazardous wastes( Management and handling ) Rules for discharge of effluents. A green belt should be developed around industries. Enhanced research should be carried out in the field of disaster management to handle oil accidents. Greatest slogan of 21 st century, ‘ Educate the Educated’. Our motto being earthlings should be: ‘ to maintain clean, green and cool earth’.

21. REFERENCES Journal of American chemical society. IPCC ARTICLE US GREEN HOUSE INVENTORY, EPA ARTICLE American Petroleum Institute. "Industry Sectors." Matthew R. Simmons, Twilight in the Desert The Coming Saudi Oil Shock and the World Economy , John Wiley & Sons Ranked in order of 2007 worldwide oil equivalent reserves as reported in "OGJ 200/100", Oil & Gas Journal NOAA, Office of Response and Restoration, Emergency Response Division, INCIDENT IXOTI I , NOAA. Nelson-Smith, Oil Pollution and Marine Ecology. Allison, D. (1995) Air Pollution . Wikipedia. ECOLOGY ENVIRONMENT AND POLLUTION BY SS PUROHIT, ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY BY S.S .DARA.

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