Environmental monitoring.pptx

Environmental monitoring refers to the tools and techniques designed to observe an environment, characterize its quality, and establish environmental parameters, for the purpose of accurately quantifying the impact an activity has on an environment. Results are gathered, analyzed statistically, and then published in a risk assessment and environmental monitoring and impact assessment repor

1. Environmental Monitoring And Modelling

2. Environmental monitoring refers to the tools and techniques designed to observe an environment, characterize its quality, and establish environmental parameters, for the purpose of accurately quantifying the impact an activity has on an environment. Results are gathered, analyzed statistically, and then published in a risk assessment and environmental monitoring and impact assessment repor Environmental monitoring

3. OBJECTIVE OF ENVIRONMENT MONITORING Monitoring of the environment may be undertaken for a number of reasons. In general monitoring is done in order to gain information about the present levels of harmful or potentially harmful pollutants in discharges to the environment, within the environment itself or in living creatures that may be affected by these pollutants. This definition can be expanded as follows:- Monitoring may be carried out to assess pollution effects on man and his environment in order to identify any possible cause and effect relationship between pollutant concentration and health effects, climatic changes etc. To evaluate pollution interactions and patterns To assess the need for legislative controls and emissions of pollutants and to ensure compliance with emission standards.

4. ENVIRONMENT MONITORING METHODS Ground-based Sampling and Measurement Model-based Monitoring Satellite based Monitoring Source Monitoring Ambient Environment Monitoring TYPES OF MONITORING

5. SOURCE MONITORING This may be carried out for a number of reasons Identification and characterization of main sources in urban areas. Determination of the mass emission rates of pollutants from a particular source and assessment of how these are affected by process variations . Evaluation of the effectiveness of control devices for pollution abatement. Evaluation of compliance with statutory limitations on emissions from individual sources .

6. AMBIENT ENVIRONMENT MONITORING Monitoring the environment may be carried out for a number of reasons: Mapping the concentration of pollutants in the environment . Identification of pollution sensitive zones . Identification of possible sites for the environmental monitoring stations . Tracking progress towards National Quality Standards attainment and emission reductions . Serve as the basis for modeling of predicted pollutant concentrations in ambient air. Provide input for human health risk assessment studies. Ambient environment monitoring includes: Air Pollution Monitoring Water Pollution Monitoring Sediment, Soil and Biological Monitoring Noise Level Monitoring

7. Environmental Monitoring Types Soil Monitoring   Grab sampling (individual samples) and composite sampling (multiple samples) are used to monitor soil, set baselines, and detect threats such as acidification, biodiversity loss, compaction, contamination, erosion, organic material loss, salinization, and slope instability. Water Monitoring  Environmental sampling techniques include judgmental, simple random, stratified, systematic and grid, adaptive cluster, grab, and passive; semi-continuous and continuous environmental monitoring; remote sensing and environmental monitoring; and bio-monitoring are used to measure and monitor ranges for biological, chemical, radiological, microbiological, and population parameters. Air Monitoring  Environmental data gathered using specialized observation tools, such as sensor networks and Geographic Information System (GIS) models, from multiple different environmental networks and institutes is integrated into air dispersion models, which combine emissions, meteorological, and topographic data to detect and predict concentration of air pollutants . The three main types of environmental monitoring are soil, atmosphere, and water. Some techniques of environmental scanning and monitoring include filtration, sedimentation, electrostatic samples, impingers , absorption, condensation, grab sampling, and composite sampling.

8. Air Pollution Monitoring  Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or damages the natural environment into the atmosphere

9. Air Pollution System Receptor Air Concentration Deposition or Loading Easy to change colors, photos and Text. Contents Contents Emission Atmospheric Process Source

10. Oxides of carbon like carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide (CO & CO2) Oxides of nitrogen, like NO, NO2, NO3 (expressed as NOx). Oxides of sulphur particularly sulphur dioxide (SO2) Volatile organic compounds, mostly hydrocarbons 01 02 03 04 CLASSIFICATION OF AIR POLLUTANTS Suspended particulate matter (SPM): Aerosols 05 PRIMARY POLLUTANTS ( emitted directly to the atmosphere)

11. Sulphuric acid 01 Nitric acid 02 Carbonic acid 03 Ozone 04 CLASSIFICATION OF AIR POLLUTANTS Formaldehydes 05 SECONDARY AIR POLLUTANTS (emitted directly to the atmosphere) The pollutants that are produced in the atmosphere, when certain chemical reactions take place among the primary pollutants and with others in the atmosphere are called secondary air pollutants. Peroxy -acyl-nitrate (PAN) 06

12. National Ambient Air quality

13. SOUCES OF AIR POLLUTION NATURAL SOURCES: The natural sources of air pollution are also known as Biogenic sources . The natural pollution includes sources such as oceanic aerosol, volcanic emissions, forest fires, biological decay, windblown terrestrial dust and lightening. ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCES: The artificial pollution generates from human activities and includes sources such as fuel burning, refuge burning, transportation, construction of buildings, chemical factories, metallurgical factories and, vehicles.

14. T ypes of air monitoring technologies are contributing to a more holistic understanding of air pollution As air quality monitoring expands across the globe, so too do the types of monitoring technologies available. While in the United States, air quality monitoring began with the implementation of reference-grade equipment by the federal government, it has evolved to leverage alternative technologies such as mobile sensors, stationary low-cost sensors, air quality measurement conducted by satellites, and even the use of moss to detect air pollutants.  Each type of monitoring technology comes with its unique advantages and disadvantages. Each approach to air quality measurement also yields different data outcomes — different spatiotemporal resolution, accuracy, and more — and consequently can result in a very different understanding of the nature of air pollution. 

15. Traditional air quality monitoring using FRM and FEM equipment Government reference-grade air quality monitors, categorized as either  federal reference method (FRM) or federal equivalent method (FEM) monitors , represent the scientific standard for air quality monitoring. This equipment has strict standards for measurement performance and is typically used to support air quality decision-making, policymaking, and evaluation of attainment for regulatory standards at both state and federal levels. Federal reference method (FRM) or federal equivalent method (FEM) air quality monitors are operated in the United States by environmental agencies to monitor regional air quality and collect data for benchmarking and policy decisions

16. Mobile air quality monitoring As opposed to stationary air quality monitors, including both FRM/FEM monitors and stationary low-cost sensors, mobile air quality monitoring measures air quality across a city or region within a given timeframe — typically by mounting monitoring equipment on or inside of a car or other vehicle. This approach yields a spatially diverse, but temporally limited dataset to provide a snapshot of air quality across a region for a certain point in time. Mobile air quality monitors capture snapshots of air quality across the monitoring zone for a given point in time but often cannot provide a complete picture of air quality trends or hotspots, which can change rapidly

17. Stationary monitoring with low-cost air sensors In terms of both spatial and temporal resolution, stationary low-cost air quality sensors fall in the middle-ground between traditional and mobile monitoring. Emerging air quality sensors – with general traits of being more compact, directly reading pollutants, and lower in cost than traditional methods - have a wide appeal to professional researchers, community groups, students, and citizen scientists alike. Since this technology is still under development, little information exists on the quality of data that these sensors produce. Stationary low-cost sensors, like the Clarity Node-S displayed above, can be deployed in a variety of environments and collect air quality data at the local level with high spatiotemporal data resolution.

18. Air quality monitoring using satellites The technology used to monitor air quality from space is complex, dealing itself with the complexity of atmospheric chemistry. One type of measurement, aerosol optical depth (AOD), represents the density of aerosol particles by measuring the difference between solar radiation at the top of Earth’s atmosphere compared to that which reaches its surface. A larger AOD measurement occurs when there are more particles in the air and, thus, less radiation that can be detected at the surface. In general, satellite-based air quality monitoring operates by looking at how sunlight is scattered by ambient particulates, Combining a variety of satellite-based and ground-based measurements, along with computer modeling, helps to form a more complete picture of air quality. (Image source:

19. Types of Air Pollution Control Systems and Equipment A ir pollution control equipment is an umbrella term referring to equipment and systems used to regulate and eliminate the emission of potentially hazardous substances—including particulate matter and gases—produced by manufacturing, process system, and research applications into the air, atmosphere, and surrounding environment . Typically , fans or blowers direct industrial exhaust and emissions into the air pollution control equipment and systems which remove or reduce air pollutants through the use of one or more of the following processes : Combustion (i.e., destroying the pollutant) Conversion (i.e., chemically changing the pollutant to a less harmful compound) Collection (i.e., removing the pollutant from the waste air before its release into the environment and atmosphere ) Some types of air pollution control equipment applied to industrial applications and which utilize one or more of the methods of air pollutant removal or reduction mentioned above include: # Scrubbers # Biofilters # Air Filters # Catalytic Reactors # Cyclones # Incinerators # Electrostatic Precipitators # Mist Collectors

20. Effects on human health Irritation and inflammation Breathing difficulties Lung damage Heart disease Vision problems Premature death EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION Effects on natural environment Acid rain Ozone layer depletion Global warming Global climate change Photochemical Smog Reduction in visibility

21. Water Pollution Monitoring

22. Water Pollution Water quality is affected by materials delivered to a water body from either point or nonpoint sources. 1. Point sources can be traced to a single source, such as a pipe or a ditch. 2. Nonpoint sources are diffuse and associated with the landscape and its response to water movement, land use and management, and/or other human and natural activities on the watershed. Agriculture , industrial, and urban areas are anthropogenic sources of point and nonpoint substances. Major factors affecting water quality in water bodies across the landscape are suspended sediments (turbidity), algae (i.e., chlorophylls, carotenoids), chemicals (i.e., nutrients, pesticides, metals), dissolved organic matter (DOM), thermal releases, aquatic vascular plants, pathogens, and oils.

23. Monitoring Objectives

24. Apart from the monitoring of pollutants in liquid effluents, sampling may be carried out . In rivers, lakes, estuaries and the sea in order to obtain an overall indication of water quality. For rain water, groundwater and run-off water particularly in the urban environment ) to assess the influence of pollutant sources. At points where water is taken for supply, to cheek its suitability for a particular use. Using sediments and biological samples in order to assess the accumulation of pollutants and as indicators of pollution. Apart from the measurement of chemical and physical parameters the quantitative or qualitative assessment of aquatic flora and fauna is often used to give a holistic view of the presence or absence of pollution, and well recognized relationships exist between the abundance and diversity of species and the degree of pollution. This is often used to assess the cleanliness of natural fresh waters (biological monitoring) Source of Monitoring

25. Water Quality Parameter From the user's point of view, the term "water quality" is defined as "those physical, chemical or biological characteristics of water by which the user evaluates the acceptability of water. PHYSICAL PARAMETERS (solids, color, temperature, turbidity, conductivity, density, odor and taste etc .) CHEMICAL PARAMETERS (BOD, DO, COD, pH, alkalinity, acidity, total organic carbon, phenols, pesticides, hardness, chloride etc.) BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS ( microorganisms: MPN count)

26. Water Quality Standard Water quality standards serve as the foundation for the water quality based approach to pollution control and are a fundamental component of water management. Water quality is a general descriptor of water properties in terms of physical, chemical, thermal, and/or biological characteristics. It is difficult to define a single water quality standard to meet all uses and user needs. There are two categories of standards: Environmental standards Drinking water standards The complexity of water quality as a subject is reflected in the many types of measurements of water quality indicators. Making these complex measurements can be expensive. Because direct measurements of water quality can be expensive, ongoing monitoring programs are typically conducted. Tools available are on-site test kits commonly used for water quality testing . The following is a list of indicators often measured by situational category .-------

27. Water Quality Standard

28. Water Quality Standard

29. Water Quality Indicators for General Designatd Use Categories

30. Water quality monitoring tools Portable equipment can also be used to monitor pollution in the water environment, for example in waste water, rivers, lakes, trade effluents and groundwater. Portable field kits are also useful for the field testing of samples in a water quality monitoring programme . • Surface Water Test Kit, Multi-Parameter ( Hach ) Chlorine , Coliform, and pH Test Kit, Model CEC-2 Groundwater Multi-parameter water quality tester

31. Water quality monitoring by biological method (Observing Periphytic Ciliates) Ciliated protozoa (also known as Ciliates or Ciliated protozoa) are especially common in sediments and at the air-water interface, it is an eukaryotic microorganism that belongs to the phylum Protista. Moreover, periphytic ciliates have great abundance, widespread distribution, and ease of collection, which makes them good bio indicators . A wide range of contaminants and a variation in physical-chemical conditions are detectable by periphytic protozoa, which are considered reliable bioindicators of water quality.

32. (Observing Periphytic Ciliates) Ciliated protozoa collection frame with glass slide Where frame submerged in water for certain fixed days. Protozoa attached on glass slides. After passing a fixed time the glass slide observe under Inverted Microscope. After observing the abundance and population density of protozoa communities its confine the water quality of certain aquatic area. protozoa collection frame, Frontal view (left) Side view (right)

33. EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTION Water borne diseases diarrhea, typhoid etc. Eutrophication ↑ organic matter ↓ dissolved oxygen (DO) Bio magnification High levels of organic chemicals (acids, salts& toxic metals) can make the water unfit to drink, harm fish and other aquatic life, reduce crop yields. Thermal pollution Heavy metal poisoning eg . Arsenic and Mercury poisoning of water. Sediments (Increase the turbidity of water)