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environmental pollution

1. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION NOVELTY METHODOLOGY RESULTS CONCLUSION 1

2. INTRODUCTION 2 The socio-economic growth and wellbeing of nations rely heavily on adequate power generation, effective distribution, and efficient usage. Many developing nations face energy availability dilemmas due to factors like lack of funds, low generating capacity, poor investment policies, and technical knowledge. Over 1.1 billion people globally lack access to electrical energy, with a majority residing in remote areas where energy provision efforts have often failed. Alternative energy sources, such as biogas, solar, wind, and hydro, are gaining importance due to their sustainability and potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Fossil fuel reliance is challenged by price volatility, creating opportunities for renewable energy to compete effectively.

3. INTRODUCTION 3 Anaerobic digestion (AD) of organic waste, particularly food waste (FW) and spent animal beddings (SAB), presents promising avenues for energy generation. FW – 1.3 Billion tons, comprising a significant portion of global food production. FW – rich in nutrition and biodegradable organic matter - can be efficiently converted into biogas through AD. SAB, rich in organic matter, is another viable substrate for AD-based energy production.

4. NOVELTY Challenges in AD include volatile fatty acids (VFAs) accumulation, which can hinder methane production. The proposed solution involves using catalytic fuel cells to directly convert fermentation products from FW and SAB into electricity, bypassing the methanogenesis stage. This approach promises high efficiency, stability, and elimination of methanogen inhibition. The study aims to evaluate electricity generation from the anaerobic fermentation of FW and SAB using fuel cells, demonstrating the efficacy of this synergy for future applications. 4

5. METHODOLOGY 5 Figure 1: This shows the schematic diagram of the experimental set up showing both the first and second phases of experiment.

6. METHODOLOGY Food waste and SAB are collected and blended to feed into a anaerobic fermenter. Once fermentation is completed the biofuel produced is passed through the fuel cell. In fuel cell the biofuel moves through anode and reacts with catalyst releasing electrons. The oxygen available in cathode completes electrical circuit. The effluent is then passed through the circuit. Here the first step finishes. The effluent passed to the second step is the reconstituted effluent which is again fermented and passed through fuel cell. 6

7. ADVANTAGES Waste to Energy High VFA Conversion Nutrient Recirculation DISADVANTAGES Technology Immaturity 7

8. RESULTS Waste as Fuel: They combined food waste and spent animal bedding and fermented them anaerobically. This process yielded a fermentation liquid rich in organic matter. Fermentation Products: The key components of the fermentation liquid were volatile fatty acids (VFAs), which served as the fuel for the next stage. Fuel Cell Efficiency: The fermentation liquids from both FW and SAB were fed into a catalytic fuel cell. The results were promising: The fuel cell produced electricity with a good conversion efficiency, especially for butyric acid (a type of VFA). Up to 97% of VFAs were converted into electricity. 8

9. RESULTS 9 Figure 2:This figure shows the pattern of total solids (TS) conversion for (A) food wastes and (B) spent animal beddings during the experiments

10. RESULTS Nutrient Recirculation: The research also highlights the potential for nutrient recirculation within this system. The leftover material after fermentation could potentially be used as fertilizer. 10

11. CONCLUSION The study demonstrates that this biochemical system is a viable approach for generating electricity from waste materials like food scraps and used animal bedding. It offers a method to not only create usable energy but also potentially recover nutrients for agricultural purposes. 11

12. REFERENCES 12

13. REFERENCES Title: Electricity generation from food wastes and spent animal beddings with nutrients recirculation in catalytic fuel cell. Author: S. O. Dahunsi Journal: Natural climate change Publications: Nature portfolio 13

14. THANK YOU 14