ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE GROUP 8 Done .pptx

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1. ENVIROMENTAL BEHAVIOUR STUDIES ABA2308 GROUP 8 URBAN REGENERATION

2. GROUP MEMBERS LISA MARIA MUNGA -  ABS211-0250/2018 KANZA MUNYAO  - ABS211-0021/2020 ALPHA MUMO MBUVI - ABS211-0018/2021 SHEM LAURIN OWILA - ABS211-0022/20 21 MUNGUTI GIDION - ABS211-0030/2020 ROGERS MOINDI MOKUAH - ABS 211-0474/2021 ROBIN WAYNE -ABS211-0248/2019 KAMAU DORCAS - ABS211-0341/2021 ZACHARY MOTARI - ABS211-0032/2020 FRANCIS KUYA SIMEKHA - ABS211-0325/2023 MUIGAI RACHAEL WANJIRU - ABS211-0350/2018 DUCTON IAN JUMA ABS211-0529/2016

3. URBAN REGENERATION Urban regeneration refers to the process of revitalizing or improving urban areas that have experienced decline or decay. It involves various strategies aimed at enhancing the physical, economic, social, and environmental aspects of a neighborhood or city. Urban regeneration projects typically involve the redevelopment of underutilized or derelict land, the renovation of existing infrastructure, the creation of new amenities, and the implementation of policies to attract investment and stimulate economic growth.

4. IMPORTANCE OF URBAN REGENERATION 1.Economic Growth: Regenerating urban areas can stimulate economic activity by attracting investment, creating jobs, and fostering entrepreneurship. Revitalized neighborhoods can become hubs of commercial activity, leading to increased consumer spending, business growth, and tax revenues for local governments. 2.Social Inclusion: Regeneration projects often aim to address social inequalities and improve the quality of life for residents in disadvantaged communities. By providing affordable housing, access to education and healthcare, and opportunities for employment and social interaction, urban regeneration can promote social inclusion and reduce poverty and social exclusion. 3.Environmental Sustainability: Many urban regeneration initiatives incorporate sustainable design principles and green technologies, such as energy-efficient buildings, green spaces, and improved public transportation. By promoting sustainable development practices, urban regeneration can help mitigate the environmental impact of urbanization, reduce carbon emissions, and enhance the resilience of cities to climate change.

5. IMPORTANCE OF URBAN REGENERATION 4.Cultural Preservation: Urban regeneration projects often seek to preserve and celebrate the cultural heritage of urban areas, including historic buildings, cultural landmarks, and traditional practices. By revitalizing cultural assets and promoting cultural events and activities, urban regeneration can contribute to the preservation of local identity and promote cultural diversity and understanding. 5.Improved Public Infrastructure: Regenerating urban areas typically involves upgrading and expanding public infrastructure, such as transportation networks, utilities, and public spaces. Improved infrastructure can enhance the accessibility, safety, and livability of urban areas, making them more attractive places to live, work, and visit. 6.Crime Reduction: Revitalizing neglected urban areas can help reduce crime and improve public safety by addressing the underlying social and economic factors that contribute to criminal activity. By providing better housing, employment opportunities, and community facilities, urban regeneration can help create safer and more cohesive communities.

6. PROCESS OF URBAN RENEWAL 1.Identification of Areas in Need: The process often begins with identifying urban areas that are in need of regeneration. This could include neighborhoods suffering from economic decline, physical deterioration, social problems, or environmental degradation. 2.Stakeholder Engagement: Engaging with various stakeholders, including local residents, community groups, businesses, government agencies, and other relevant organizations, is crucial for understanding the needs and aspirations of the community and ensuring their participation in the regeneration process. 3.Vision and Planning: Developing a vision and strategic plan for the regeneration of the identified areas is essential. This involves setting clear objectives, defining the scope of the project, and identifying the key interventions needed to achieve the desired outcomes. Urban planners, architects, economists, and other experts may be involved in this stage to develop comprehensive regeneration plans.

7. PROCESS OF URBAN RENEWAL 4.Policy and Legal Framework: Establishing the necessary policy and legal framework to support urban regeneration initiatives is important. This may involve zoning regulations, land-use policies, building codes, and incentives for investment. Governments may also provide funding and support for regeneration projects through grants, tax incentives, or public-private partnerships. 5.Implementation: Once the planning and regulatory framework are in place, the actual implementation of regeneration projects can begin. This may involve a range of interventions, such as infrastructure upgrades, redevelopment of vacant or underutilized land, renovation of existing buildings, creation of new public spaces, and provision of social amenities and services. 6.Monitoring and Evaluation: Continuous monitoring and evaluation of regeneration projects are essential to assess their effectiveness, identify any challenges or issues that arise, and make adjustments as necessary. This may involve tracking key performance indicators, collecting feedback from stakeholders, and conducting periodic reviews of the project's progress against its objectives.

8. PROCESS OF URBAN RENEWAL 7.Sustainability and Long-Term Management: Ensuring the sustainability of regeneration efforts and their long-term management is critical for their success. This may involve building capacity within the local community, establishing mechanisms for ongoing maintenance and upkeep of regenerated assets, and integrating considerations of social, economic, and environmental sustainability into planning and decision-making processes. 8.Adaptive Management and Iteration: Urban regeneration is often an iterative process that requires flexibility and adaptability to changing circumstances and emerging challenges. Regularly revisiting and updating regeneration plans based on feedback and evaluation results is important to ensure that they remain relevant and responsive to the needs of the community over time.

9. URBAN REGENERATION IN NAIROBI The Nairobi Urban Renewal Pilot Project Seven old Nairobi County estates are expected to undergo renewal as part of the first phase in the Nairobi Metropolitan Services Improvement Project (NAMSIP) funded by the World Bank. These include improvements made to urban roads and public transport systems, solid waste collection, sewerage and wastewater treatment, amongst others.  The project seeks to also alleviate the over densification in the old city county estates by demolishing the existing residential buildings in some estates, and replacing them with high-rise units

10. CASE STUDY 1 Pangani affordable housing scheme

11. BRIEF HISTORY Pangani Estate is an upcoming integrated mixed-use multi-Storey Development nestled in the heart of Nairobi’s Starehe division, along Ring Road Ngara and in the vicinity of Thika super highway. Regeneration and upgrading is amongst the first project to be outlined by the National government and the county government of Nairobi under the big four agenda. The collaboration between the county government and urban housing renewal LLP is a joint venture to develop 1500 residential units of various typologies. Stima Investment Corporative Society was controlled as the lead agents for the units. The project targets the middle & lower middle class population of the project.

12. SUMMARY OF THE TYPE OF UNITS. ONE BEDROOM SOCIAL HOUSE (25SQM –KSH 1M) TWO BEDROOM SOCIAL HOUSE (50SQM –KSH 2.5M) 3 BEDROOM SOCIAL HOUSE (60 SQM – KSH 3M)

13. ECONOMIC REGENERATION Job Creation: The development of the affordable housing programme has created over 650 direct job opportunities during the construction phase for artisans, masons, plumbers, electricians painters and thousands of indirect jobs. Local labor is often employed for construction work, providing jobs for residents of Ngara and surrounding areas. Additionally, the development may create long-term employment opportunities in maintenance, management, and other related services. Local Business development: The construction and operation of the affordable housing programme can create demand for goods and services from local businesses. This includes suppliers of construction materials, food vendors, retail shops, and service providers. By sourcing goods and services locally, the programme supports the growth of local businesses and stimulates economic activity in the area.

14. Commercial/retail spaces- the units have a commercial centre which creates opportunities for entrepreneurship and job creation. Retail store fronts, co-working spaces can be leased to local businesses providing a platform for them to thrive. Social enterprises and cooperatives- the programme has facilitated the establishment of social enterprises or cooperatives that provide goods or services to the residents.eg cooperatives could be formed to manage community facilities, maintain green spaces or provide security services, at a fee. Skills development and Training – the affordable housing programme has led to training and skills development initiatives to enhance employability of local residents.

This involves offering vocational training programs in construction trades in the TVET institutions. Hence their economic prospects are improved.

15. AIMS/THEMES FOR THE PROJECT Social Services/social infrastructure The provision of decent affordable housing is not sufficient to ensure a better quality of life for citizens. Basic amenities such as schools and hospitals are vital to a community. Other amenities such as sports or leisure facilities ensure for a better and more pleasant living environment. Accessibility The ability to move freely and easily by all members of a society is of great benefit to their well-being. Thus having proper access to various facilities and amenities, regardless of someone's age or physical condition is of great importance.

16. AIMS/THEMES FOR THE PROJECT Job Availability The availability of jobs is one of the drivers for rural-urban migration. Chan and Lee (2008) state that besides providing individuals with an income, jobs also offer individuals a place for social interaction, which according to them are key components for 9 social well-being for citizens.   When there is an increase in employment, other social problems such as poverty, crime, and social exclusion also decrease. Ownership This is of outmost relevance to this research. Ownership which refers to being a legal owner and possessing a title deed to the concerning property .

17. DEMERITS OF THE PANGANI SCHEME  DISPLACEMENT OF LOCALS  The displacement of locals can have an extreme negative impact to the individuals' well-being (having     to leave their homes behind can cause adverse mental health effects) and lifestyle (e.g. potentially long commute times). The government can sort out relocation needs by providing alternative housing units to the affected persons, transport for relocation and relocation loans for starting life afresh in different neighborhoods. This will make the relocation process easier and less painful. In a situation where the developer has sufficient funds it is advisable to put up decanting sites for relocation purposes.  HIGH RENT PRICES FOR THE LOCALS The locals who are to move into the newly built residential units may not be able to afford to pay rent due to the current high cost of living.

18. DEMERITS OF THE PANGANI SCHEME The government should consider extending housing incentives to developers in order to reduce the cost of redevelopment in the remaining phases that are yet to be completed. This will reduce the amount of rent settled on by the developers.  THE THREAT TO LOCAL BUSINESSES As regeneration occurs, threats to local businesses can sometimes increase. This can happen for a      few reasons e.g. increase in the cost of rent and operating costs. The government can provide financial support and training to the local businesses to help them expand their services and be able to cater to the growing demand caused by the increase in the number of people living in the area.

19. CASE STUDY 2 NGARA

20. BRIEF HISTORY OF NGARA Ngara is a commercial and residential suburb in the city of Nairobi, Located within Starehe sub county dived into Ngara east and Ngara west which is divided by muranga road In the 20th century there were formal settlement for the Asian community who came to assist in the railway construction Ngara east has however changed over years and it has become ethnically diverse with affordable housing for the low middle to low income earners especially students Ngara has however transformed into high density suburb with a number of high rise flats coming up as well as the national government launching affordable housing in the area

21. 1. Standardization of building designs   and components for industrial/mass production   of affordable housing units; Standardization of designs and building components allow off- site preparation of units of building components which can easily be transported and assembled on desired locations and sites. Contractors and other players in the housing industry have an opportunity to be at the fore front in embracing mass housing production to cut cost and reduce time of construction. MERITS OF URBAN REGENERATION IN NGARA ESTATE 2.Benefits of small sub-sectors; Construction works in the affordable housing projects are set to benefit the informal Jua Kali sector through business and employment opportunities.

22. 3. Use of locally available resources and  ​ labor lowers housing costs.; ​ Kenya is endowed with local resources; has a  ​ huge pool of well-trained workforce artisans with  ​ various specialized skills in house construction  ​ such as masons, plumbers, tilers, painters etc.  ​ these presents a good opportunity for house  ​ developers as the local workforce is also affordable. ​ Use of imported resources, labor, equipment and other  ​ components causes delay of housing projects,  ​ increase in construction costs and loss of business  ​ for local industries including the Jua Kali sector.  4. Better utilization of existing and proposed infrastructure  5. Increased city productivity from the co-location of more intensive jobs and housing 6. The attraction of visitors and additional expenditure  7. New employment opportunities. 

23. MERITS OF URBAN REGENERATION IN NGARA ESTATE 8. S ustainable development by r enewal projects that set clear delivery or efficiency targets. They achieve this through lower greenhouse emissions and more affordable housing compared to a 'business as usual' approach. 8. S kills development. 9. E nhanced social infrastructure and connections within and between neighborhoods 10. I mproved health outcomes through improved living environments.

24. DEMERITS OF THE NGARA SCHEME OVERCROWDING The recent surge in population in Ngara has led to there being competition for cheap and affordable housing with has led to there being human congestion. SECURITY Ngara is known for housing several dens of criminals that contribute to the high crime rates known to occur in the region. There is also a lack of street lights and slow Police response foster insecurity. UNEMPLOYMENT The high unemployment rate contributes to the slow growth in infrastructure and construction industry.

25. DEMERITS OF THE NGARA SCHEME RESOURCES Ngara’s large population has led to competion of resources such as water. This has led to there being several incidences of water rationing in the area Some people siphon off electricity from the grid leading to power outages WASTE MANAGEMENT The region experiences a lack of regular maintenance leading to low quality waste management and flooding of sewers 

26. DEMERITS OF THE NGARA SCHEME POLLUTION There is also a lot of air pollution and sound pollution in the area. Waste management is also a factor that contributes to pollution.

27. INFRASTRUCTURE The roads in the area are known to have been in a deteriorated state for the longest the residents can remember. This has in turn led to there being accidents along the roads in the region

28. URBAN REGENERATION PROJECTS SUMMARY CHALLANGES AND BEHAVIOURAL IMPACTS

29. CHALLENGES FACING URBAN REGENERATION IN NAIROBI CORRUPTION CRIME UNEMPLOYMENT POOR SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE DENSE POPULATION DENSITY LACK OF PUBLIC PARTICIPATION POLLUTION

30. ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOURAL IMPACTS INSECURITY The surge in insecurity has led to there being many crimes which has led to there being negative psychological impacts on the residents in the area. WASTE MANAGEMENT The poor waste management in the area has led to there being surges of water borne diseases attributed by the open sewers. POLLUTION The noise and air pollution has led to there being a surge in diseases such as asthma and also Tuberculosis.

31. ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOURAL IMPACTS UNEMPLOYMENT The high unemployment rate has led to extreme poverty in the area and has even caused some of the residents turning to crime. SERVICES SUPPLY The poor infrastructure has led to deterioration in services supplied thus leading to a deterioration in water and electricity supply. This has caused the lack of water for hygiene and sanitation causing various bouts of sicknesses and lack of electricity in some regions’ street lights has led to there being insecurity and negative psychological impacts POOR REAL ESTATE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM The residents often face threats of eviction by the land lords leading to them having fear and leading to negative adverse psychological frames of mind