Environmental Studies and Environmental Laws (: LLB -301)

The objective of this paper is to acquaint the students with the environmental issues and the measures taken for its protection along with the norms prevailing at international and national
level

1. Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi –110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
SEMESTER: FIFTH
BBALLB III A+B+C & BALLB III A+B+C
NAME OF THE SUBJECT: ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
UNIT-1
TOPIC: ENVIRONMENT MEANING & ENVIRONMENTAL
POLLUTION
FACULTY NAME: Ms. RidamAggarwal
(Assistant Professor)

2. Environment: Introduction
•Theexpression―environmentconnotessurroundings,
environmentcontainsair,water,foodandsunlightetc.
•AccordingtoSection2(a)oftheIndianEnvironment
(Protection)Act,1986,theterm―Environmentincludes
water,airandlandandhumanbeings,otherlivingcreatures,
plants,micro-organismandproperty.
•Environmentmeansalltheessentialandnecessaryelements
thatarefirstandforemostneedsforthesurvivalandbasic
andfortheexistenceoflifeandlivingandnonliving
creatures.Thoseelementswhicharecalledtheenvironment.
ChanderprabhuJainCollegeofHigherStudies&SchoolofLaw
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(AffiliatedtoGuruGobindSinghIndraprasthaUniversityandApprovedbyGovtofNCTofDelhi&BarCouncilofIndia)

3. Environment Pollution: Meaning
and Issues
•Environmentpollutionreferstotheintroductionofharmful
pollutantsintotheenvironment.Thesepollutantscontaminates
theenvironment.Ithasahazardouseffectonthenaturalworld
andontheactivitiesoflivingbeings.
•Themajortypesofenvironmentalpollutionareairpollution,
waterpollution,noisepollution,thermalpollution,soilpollution
andlightpollution.Withthedawnoftheageofscienceand
technology,therehasbeenhugegrowthanddevelopmentof
humanpotentials.Thesurgeinpollutionisoftenattributedtothe
widescaleurbanizationandlarge-scaleindustrialization,whichis
inturnaproductofouradvancementinscienceandtechnology
and,itisherethatmanfirstbeganlosingcontrolandbecame
victimofhisowncreations.
ChanderprabhuJainCollegeofHigherStudies&SchoolofLaw
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(AffiliatedtoGuruGobindSinghIndraprasthaUniversityandApprovedbyGovtofNCTofDelhi&BarCouncilofIndia)

4. Sources and Causes of
Environmental Pollution
•Industrialactivities:Theindustriesallovertheworld
thatbroughtprosperityandaffluence,madeinroadsinthe
biosphereanddisturbedtheecologicalbalances.Thepall
ofsmoke,theswirlinggases,industrialeffluentsandthe
fall-outofscientificexperimentsbecameconstanthealth
hazards,pollutingandcontaminatingbothairandwater.
Theimproperdisposalof industrialwastes
arethe sourcesofsoilandwaterpollution.
Chemicalwasteresultingfromindustrycanpollutelakes,
riversandseasandsoiltooaswellasreleasingfumes.
ChanderprabhuJainCollegeofHigherStudies&SchoolofLaw
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(AffiliatedtoGuruGobindSinghIndraprasthaUniversityandApprovedbyGovtofNCTofDelhi&BarCouncilofIndia)

5. Sources and Causes of
Environmental Pollution
•Dumpingsolidwaste:Householdandcommercialwaste
pollutestheenvironmentwhennotdisposedofproperly.
•Vehicles:Thesmokeemittedbyvehiclesusingpetrolanddiesel
andthecookingcoalalsopollutestheenvironment.The
multiplicationofvehicles,emittingblacksmokethat,beingfree
andunfettered,spreadsoutandmixeswiththeairwebreathe.
Theharmfulsmokeofthesevehiclescausesairpollution.
Further,thesoundsproducedbythesevehiclesproducescauses
noise-pollutio
•Agriculturalwaste:Fertilizersandpesticidesusedinagriculture
arekeycausesofenvironmentalpollution.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi –110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)

6. Sources and Causes of
Environmental Pollution
•Rapidurbanizationandindustrialization:Theurbanizationand
therapidgrowthofindustrializationarecausingthrough
environmentalpollutionthegreatestharmtotheplantlife,whichin
turncausingharmtotheanimalkingdomandthehumanlives.
•Populationovergrowth:Duetotheincreaseinpopulation,
particularlyindevelopingcountries,therehasbeensurgeindemand
forbasicfood,occupationandshelter.Theworldhaswitnessed
massivedeforestationtoexpandabsorbthegrowingpopulationand
theirdemands.
•Combustionoffossilfuels:Thecombustionoffossilfuelspollutes
theair,thesoilandthewaterwithnoxiousgasessuchasCO2and
CO.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi –110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)

7. Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi –110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
TOPIC: CONSTITUTIONAL GUIDELINES

8. Right to Wholesome Environment:
Evolution and Application
•PartIIIoftheConstitutionofIndiacontainsfundamentalrights.These
rightswereincludedintheConstitutionafterlongdebatesinthe
Constituentassembly.
•Article21.ProtectionoflifeandpersonallibertyNopersonshallbe
deprivedofhislifeorpersonallibertyexceptaccordingtoprocedure
establishedbylaw.
•Article32.RemediesforenforcementofrightsconferredbythisPart
(1)therighttomovetheSupremeCourtbyappropriateproceedingsforthe
enforcementoftherightsconferredbythisPartisguaranteed.
(2)TheSupremeCourtshallhavepowertoissuedirectionsorordersor
writs,includingwritsinthenatureofhabeascorpus,mandamus,
prohibition,quowarrantoandcertiorari,whichevermaybeappropriate,for
theenforcementofanyoftherightsconferredbythisPart.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi –110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)

9. Case Laws
•ItwastheManekaGandhicasethatheraldedtheneweraofjudicial
thought.Thecourtstartedrecognisingseveralunarticulatedliberties
thatwereimpliedbyArticle21andduringthisprocesstheSupreme
Courtinterpreted,aftersomehesitationtherighttolifeandpersonal
libertytoincludetherighttowholesomeenvironment.
•IncidentallytheDehradunQuarriescasethatpavedthewayfor
righttowholesomeenvironmenthasalsofocusedonthiscontinuing
conflict.ThejudgmentsinDehradunquarriescaseswerepassed
underArticle32oftheConstitutionandinvolvedclosureofsomeof
thequarriesonthegroundthattheiroperationwasupsetting
ecologicalbalanceofthearea.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi –110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)

10. Relevant Provisions: Art. 14, 19 (1)
(g), 21, 48-A, 51-A(g)
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi –110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)

11. Article 14-Right to Equality
•Article14oftheConstitutionguaranteestoeverypersonthe
right–nottobedeniedequalitybeforethelawortheequal
protectionofthelaws.Thepossibilityofinfringementofthis
Articlebyagovernmentdecisionhavingimpactonthe
environmentcannotberuledout.Article14strikesat
arbitrarinessbecauseanactionthatisarbitrarymust
necessarilyinvolveanegationofequality.”
•Thus,permissionforcontractionsthatiscontrarytotown
planningregulationbythemunicipalauthoritymaybe
challenged.Similarly,Article14maybeinvokedtochallenge
governmentalsanctionofprojectshavingadverseimpacton
thenaturalenvironmentandwheresuchsanctionsinvolve
arbitraryconsiderations.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi –110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)

12. Article 19 (1)(g) -Freedom of trade
•Article19(1)(g)oftheConstitutionguaranteestoallcitizensof
India,therighttopracticeanyprofessionortocarryonany
occupationortradeorbusiness.Thefreedomhowever,isnot
uncontrolled.
•TheaggrievedindustrialistmayresorttoArticle19incasehistrade
andbusinessinterestsareaffectedbytheactionofgovernmental
agenciesinthenameoftheenvironmentalprotection.
•Asenvironmentalregulationgrowsmorestringentandits
enforcementbecomesmorevigorous,industrialchallengetoagency
actionislikelytoincrease.
•Courtswillthenneedtobalanceenvironmentalinterestswiththe
fundamentalrightitcarryonanyoccupation,tradethefundamental
righttocarryinanyoccupation,tradeorbusinessguaranteedin
Article19(1)(g).
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi –110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)

13. Article 48A: Protection and improvement of
environment and safeguarding of forests and
wild life
•Protectionandimprovementofenvironmentand
safeguardingofforestsandwildlife.—TheStateshall
endeavourtoprotectandimprovetheenvironmentandto
safeguardtheforestsandwildlifeofthecountry.
•48-AoftheDirectivePrinciplesofStatePolicyhavea
definitebearingofenvironmentalproblems.They,by
themselvesandcollectivelyimposeadutyontheStateto
securethehealthofthepeople,improvepublichealthand
protectandimprovetheenvironment.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi –110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)

14. Article 51A(g): Fundamental Duties
•51A.Fundamentalduties.—Itshallbethedutyofeverycitizenof
India-
(g)toprotectandimprovethenaturalenvironmentincludingforests,
lakes,riversandwildlife,andtohavecompassionforliving
creatures
•IndianConstitutionhasimposedajointresponsibilityuponthe
State;andeverycitizenofIndiatoprotectandimprovethenatural
environment.
•InthewordsofRanganathMishra,J.:“Preservationofenvironment
andkeepingtheecologicalbalanceunaffectedisataskwhichnot
onlyGovernmentbutalsoverycitizenmustundertake.Itisasocial
obligationandletisremindeverycitizenthatitishisfundamental
dutyasenshrinedinArticle51-A(g)oftheConstitution”
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi –110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)

15. Article 21: Protection of life and
personal liberty
•TheSupremeCourthasrecognizedanotheraspectoftherighttolife
enshrinedunderArticle21oftheConstitution,viz.therightto
livelihood.Thereisarealchanceofclashoftheserights,i.e.rightto
environmentandrighttolivelihoodasgovernment’sactiontoclose
downindustrialunitsforprotectionofenvironmentmayresultinloss
ofjob,dislocationofpoorworkersandmightdisruptbadlythe
lifestylesofpeopleheavilydependentonsuchindustries.
•TheSupremeCourthasrecognizedanotheraspectoftherighttolife
enshrinedunderArticle21oftheConstitution,viz.therightto
livelihood.Thereisarealchanceofclashoftheserights,i.e.rightto
environmentandrighttolivelihoodasgovernment’sactiontoclose
downindustrialunitsforprotectionofenvironmentmayresultinloss
ofjob,dislocationofpoorworkersandmightdisruptbadlythe
lifestylesofpeopleheavilydependentonsuchindustries.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi –110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)

16. Environment Protection through
Public Interest Litigation
•OneofthemostinnovativepartsoftheConstitutionis
thattheWritJurisdictionisconferredontheSupreme
CourtunderArticle32andonalltheHighCourtsunder
Article226.Undertheseprovisions,thecourtshavethe
powertoissueanydirectionorordersorwrits,including
writsinthenatureofhabeascorpus,mandamus,
prohibition,quowarrantoandcertiorari,whicheveris
appropriate.Thishaspavedwayforoneofthemost
effectiveanddynamicmechanismsfortheprotectionof
environment,thatis,PublicInterestLitigations.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi –110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)

17. Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi –110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
Environmental Law : India & International

18. Law of Torts
•Litigationrelatedtoenvironmentalcontaminationandtoxinshas
grownatarapidpace,asbusinessescomeundergreaterscrutinyfor
theirenvironmentalpracticesandfacepotentiallycostlyclaims.
Industrializationhasposedseriousconcernfortheprotectionof
environment.
•Ifwefollowthedevelopmentaroundtheworldinlasttwodecades
orso,itisclearthatbothjudicialandlegislativeprocesseshave
appliedtheyardstickof‘StrictorAbsoluteLiability’tojudgethe
conductofthepolluters.
•Atoxictortisaspecialtypeofpersonalinjurylawsuitinwhichthe
plaintiffclaimsthatexposuretoachemicalcausedtheplaintiff's
toxicinjuryordisease.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi –110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)

19. Hazardous and Inherently
Dangerous Activities
•Strictliabilityforultra-hazardousactivitiesmightalsobe
consideredageneralprincipleoflawasitisfoundinthe
nationallawofmanystatesinrelationtoultrahazardous
activities.
•UndertheEnglishlaw,’apersonwhoforhisownpurposes
bringsonhisownlandandcollectsandkeepsthereanything
likelytodomischiefifitescapes,mustkeepitinathisperil,
and,ifhedoesnotdoso,isprimafacieanswerableforallthe
damagewhichisthenaturalconsequenceofitsescape’aslaid
downbythelandmarkjudgmentofRylandv.Fletcher
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi –110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)

20. Hazardous and Inherently
Dangerous Activities Cont.
•Absoluteliabilityfortheharmcausedbyindustryengagedin
hazardousandinherentlydangerousactivitiesisanewly
formulateddoctrinefreefromtheexceptionstothestrictliability
ruleinEngland.TheIndianrulewasevolvedin19(1868)LR3
HL330MCMehtav.UnionofIndia,whichwaspopularly
knownastheOleumgasleakcase.Itwaspublicinterest
litigationunderArticle32oftheIndianconstitution.
•Inthejudgment,onthesubstantivelawitwasemphasizedthat
theprincipleofabsoluteliabilityshouldbefollowedto
compensatevictimsofhazardousandinherentlydangerous
activity’
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi –110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)

21. Legislations so related
•Legislationinthelate80’sandthe90’sreflectthe
law’sgrowingrecognitionofthecapacityof
‘hazardoussubstances’tocausedamagetoperson,
propertyandtheenvironment.TheBhopalGas
DisasterandthejudgementofthecourtintheOleum
GasLeakcasewerethepreludetotheEnvironment
(Protection)Act1986,theFactories(Amendment)
Act1987andthePublicLiabilityInsuranceAct,1991
(PLIA).
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi –110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)

22. Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi –110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
TOPIC: ENVIRONMENTAL LAW : INDIA & INTERNATIONAL

23. Law of Crimes
•Environmentalcrimereferstotheviolationof
lawsintendedtoprotecttheenvironmentand
humanhealth.Theselawsgovernairandwater
qualityanddictatethewaysinwhichthe
disposalofwasteandhazardousmaterialscan
legallytakeplace.Individualsorcorporations
canbefoundguiltyofenvironmentalcrimes.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi –110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)

24. Indian Penal Code, 1860
•PublicNuisanceundertheIndianPenalCode
focusesontheoperationofthelawofnuisance
throughspecificstatutoryprovisionsinthe
CivilandCriminalCodesofIndia.TheIndian
penalCodeof1860containselaborate
provisionsdefiningthecrimeofpublic
nuisanceinitsvariousaspectsandinstances
andprescribespunishments.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi –110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)

25. Indian Penal Code, 1860
•ChapterXIVoftheIndianPenalCodedeals
withoffencesaffectingpublichealth,safety,
convenience,decencyandmorals.
•Section268definesPublicNuisance.
•Section277definesFoulingofwater.
•Section278-makingtheatmospherenoxious
tohealth.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi –110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)

26. Indian Penal Code, 1860
•Section277-Foulingwaterofpublicspringorreservoir.
Whoevervoluntarilycorruptsorfoulsthewaterofanypublic
springorreservoir,soastorenderitlessfirforthepurposefor
whichitordinarilyused,shallbepunishedwithimprisonmentof
eitherdescriptionforatermwhichmayextendtothreemonths,
orwithfinewhichmayextendtofivehundredrupeesorwith
both.
•Section278-Makingatmospherenoxioustohealth.
Whoevervoluntarilyvitiatestheatmosphereinanyplacesoas
tomakeitnoxioustothehealthofpersonsingeneraldwellingor
carryingonbusinessintheneighbourhoodprpassingalonga
publicway,shallbepunishedwithfinewhichmayextendtofive
hundredrupees.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi –110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)

27. Drawback of Sec 277 & 278
Theabovetwoprovisionshavedirectrelevanceto
environmentalprotectionastheyseektopreventwaterand
airpollutionthroughapenalstrategy.
•Theireffectiveapplicationtowardsachievingthisobjective
isdoubtful,becausethetechnicalitiesofIndiancriminallaw
requireacompletesatisfactionoftheingredientsofthe
offenceasstipulatesinthepenalprovisions.
•Theaboveprovisionsdidnotliberatethecriminaljustice
processfromthedifficultiesofthecommonlawdemanding
elaborateevidenceforsundrymattersaswellastechnical
interpretationsofobviousthingsandevents.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi –110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)

28. The Indian Criminal Procedure
Code of 1973 (CrPC)
TheIndianCriminalProcedureCodeof1973hasa
significantchapteronmaintenanceofpublicorderand
tranquility,whichfallsintofourparts.
•PartAdealswithunlawfulassemblies(Section129-132),
•PartBwithpublicnuisance(Sections133-143),
•PartCwithurgentcasesofnuisanceorapprehended
danger(Section144),
•PartDwithdisputesastoimmovableproperty(Sections
145-148).
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi –110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)

29. Relevant CrPc Sections
•Section133whichhasbeenresortedtoasaneffectiveremedyto
abatepublicnuisanceininstancesofenvironmentalharm.This
provisionempowersaDistrictMagistratetopasconditionalorders
fortheremovalofnuisances.Thissectionissupplementedwith
ancillaryprovisions,containedinSections134to143oftheCode,
toconstituteacomprehensiveproceduretacklingpublicnuisance.
•Section144oftheCodehastobeseenasasignificantprovision
conferringwidepowersupontheMagistratetodealwithurgent
casesofnuisanceorapprehendeddangerandtranquillity.This
magisterialpowerhasbeenexercisedonlyforthepurposeof
preventingpublicdisorderarisingoutofpublicunrestorriot
situations.Thepotentialofthisprovisionisvast,butitdoesnot
appeartohavebeenutilisedeffectivelyincasesofenvironmental
harm.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi –110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)

30. Judicial Activism
•Theimportantroleplayedbythejudicialactivism
oftheeightiesmadeitsimpactfeltmireinthe
areaoftheenvironmentalprotectionthaninany
otherfield.Municipalcouncil,Ratlamv.
Vardhichandisasignpost.TheSupremeCourt
identifiedtheresponsibilitiesoflocalbodies
towardstheprotectionofenvironmentand
developedthelawofpublicnuisanceintheCode
ofCriminalprocedureasapotentinstrumentfor
enforcementoftheirduties
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi –110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)

31. Types of Environmental Crimes
• Littering
• Improper waste disposal
• Oil spills
• Destruction of wetlands
• Dumping into oceans,
streams, lakes, or rivers
• Improperly handling
pesticides or other toxic
chemicals
• Burning garbage
• Committing fraud related to
environmental crime
•Improperly removing and
disposing of asbestos
•• Falsifying lab data
pertaining to
environmental regulations
•• Smuggling certain
chemicals, such as CFC
refrigerants, into the U.S.
•• Bribing government
officials
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi –110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)

32. Punishment
•Environmentallawviolatorsareusuallyhitwithcriminal
fines,probation,jailtime,oracombinationofthese
punishments.
•Whilejailtimemaybethemostformidablepunishmentfor
individualswhocommitenvironmentalcrimes,finesare
intendedtodeterlargecorporationsfromviolating
environmentallawsandregulations.
•Withoutthethreatofheavymonetarypunishment,some
corporationsmightfindthatnoncomplianceismorecost-
effectivethanobeyingthelaw.
•Environmentalcrimefinesaremeanttooffsetthefinancial
allureofactivitiessuchasillegaldumping.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi –110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)

33. Punishment
•Enforcementisoftencarriedoutbyjointtask
forces,whicharecomposedofrepresentatives
fromfederal,state,andlocalorganizations.At
thefederallevel,theEnvironmentalProtection
Agency(EPA)hasenforcementauthorityover
environmentallawviolations.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi –110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)

34. Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi –110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
TOPIC: ENVIRONMENTAL LAW : INDIA & INTERNATIONAL

35. Public Nuisance
•UndertheCivilProcedureCodeof1908,civil
suitsagainsttheperpetratorsofpublic
nuisancewereallowed.Bytheamendmentof
theCivilProcedureCodein1976,the
procedurewasmadeeasierforthegeneral
publictoseekrecourseinthecivilcourts.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi –110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)

36. Public Nuisance Cont.
Section91,CPCnowreadsasfollows:
PublicNuisancesandotherwrongfulactsaffectingthepublic:-
(1)Inthecaseofapublicnuisanceorotherwrongfulactaffecting,or
likelytoaffect,thepublic,asuitforadeclarationandinjunctionon
forsuchotherreliefasmaybeappropriateinthecircumstancesof
thecase,maybeinstituted,-
(a)BytheAdvocate-General,or
(b)Withtheleaveofthecourt,bytwoormorepersons,eventhough
nospecialdamagehasbeencausedtosuchpersonsbyreasonof
suchpublicnuisanceorotherwrongfulact.
(2)Nothinginthissectionshallbedeemedtolimitorotherwiseaffect
anyrightofsuitwhichmayexistindependentlyofitsprovision.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi –110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)

37. Order 1 Rule 8
•Order1Rule8undertheCivilProcedureCodeof1908,asamendedin
1976complementstheabovesectionandissignificantfor
environmentallitigationinIndia.
•Thisrulepermitsonepersontosueordefendonbehalfofallhaving
thesameinterestinwhatareknownasrepresentativesuitsoverasingle
causeofaction.
•Wheretheinterestofthecommunityatlargeisaffected,thecourthas
thepowertodirectonepersonorfewtorepresentthewhole
communitysothatmembersofaclassshouldhaveacommoninterest
inacommonsubjectmatterandacommongrievanceandtherelief
soughtshouldbebeneficialtoall.
•Thisruleisanenablingprovisionanddoesnotpreventanindividual
frompursuingthesamematteronhisownrighttoseekrelief.
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38. Relief
Animportantfeatureofthecivillitigation
strategyadoptedinIndiaistheresorttoinjunctive
reliefratherthandamages.Althoughintheory
damagesformanimportantprincipleinatort
action,inpracticeinjunctivereliefisusedmorein
Indiaforabatingpollution.LawyersinIndia,
intentonabatingpollution,oftenseeka
temporaryinjunctionagainstthepolluterfollowed
byaperpetualinjunctionondecree
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39. Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
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THE WATER (PREVENTION & CONTROL OF
POLLUTION) ACT, 1974

40. THE WATER (PREVENTION AND CONTROL
OF POLLUTION) ACT, 1974
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41. THE WATER (PREVENTION AND CONTROL
OF POLLUTION) ACT,1974
ACTNO.6OF1974[23rdMarch,1974.]
AnActtoprovideforthepreventionandcontrolofwaterpollutionandthe
maintainingorrestoringofwholesomenessofwater,fortheestablishment,
withaviewtocarryingoutthepurposesaforesaid,ofBoardsfortheprevention
andcontrolofwaterpollution,forconferringonandassigningtosuchBoards
powersandfunctionsrelatingtheretoandformattersconnectedtherewith.
WHEREASitisexpedienttoprovideforthepreventionandcontrolofwater
pollutionandthemaintainingorrestoringofwholesomenessofwater,forthe
establishment,withaviewtocarryingoutthepurposesaforesaid,ofBoardsfor
thepreventionandcontrolofwaterpollutionandforconferringonand
assigningtosuchBoardspowersandfunctionsrelatingthereto;
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42. THE WATER (PREVENTION AND CONTROL
OF POLLUTION) ACT,1974
ANDWHEREASParliamenthasnopowertomakelawsfortheStateswith
respecttoanyofthemattersaforesaidexceptasprovidedinarticles249and
250oftheConstitution;
ANDWHEREASinpursuanceofclause(1)ofarticle252oftheConstitution
resolutionshavebeenpassedbyalltheHousesoftheLegislaturesofthe
StatesofAssam,Bihar,Gujarat,Haryana,HimachalPradesh,Jammuand
Kashmir,Karnataka,Kerala,MadhyaPradesh,Rajasthan,TripuraandWest
Bengaltotheeffectthatthemattersaforesaidshouldberegulatedinthose
StatesbyParliamentbylaw.
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43. CH. I:-
CH. II
CH. II:-
CH. IV:-
CH. V:-
CH. VI:-
CH. VII:-
PRELIMINARY
CENTRAL AND STATE BOARDS FOR THE PREVENTION
AND CONTROL OF WATER POLLUTION
JOINT BOARDS
POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF BOARDS
PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF WATER POLLUTION
FUND, ACCOUNTS AND AUDIT PENALTIES AND
PROCEDURE
CH. VIII:- MISCELLANEOUS
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44. CHAPTER I:-PRELIMINARY
Definitions.—Under this Act:-
(a)“Board”meanstheCentralBoardoraStateBoard;
(b)“CentralBoard”meanstheCentralPollutionControlBoardconstitutedundersection
(c)“member”meansamemberofaBoardandincludesthechairmanthereof;
(d)“occupier”,inrelationtoanyfactoryorpremises,meansthepersonwhohascontrol
overtheaffairsofthefactoryorthepremises,andincludes,inrelationtoanysubstance,
thepersoninpossessionofthesubstance;
(dd)“outlet”includesanyconduitpipeorchannel,openorclosed,carryingsewageor
tradeeffluentoranyotherholdingarrangementwhichcauses,orislikelytocause,
pollution;
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45. (e)“pollution”meanssuchcontaminationofwaterorsuchalterationofthephysical,
chemicalorbiologicalpropertiesofwaterorsuchdischargeofanysewageortradeeffluent
orofanyotherliquid,gaseousorsolidsubstanceintowater(whetherdirectlyorindirectly)
asmay,orislikelyto,createanuisanceorrendersuchwaterharmfulorinjurioustopublic
healthorsafety,ortodomestic,commercial,industrial,agriculturalorotherlegitimateuses,
ortothelifeandhealthofanimalsorplantsorofacquaticorganisms;
(f)“prescribed”meansprescribedbyrulesmadeunderthisActbytheCentralGovernment
or,asthecasemaybe,theStateGovernment;
(g)“sewageeffluent”meanseffluentfromanyseweragesystemor
sewagedisposalworksandincludessullagefromopendrains;
(gg)“sewer”meansanyconduitpipeorchannel,openorclosed,carryingsewageortrade
effluent;
•“StateBoard”meansaStatePollutionControlBoardconstituted
undersection4;
(i)“StateGovernment”inrelationtoaUnionterritorymeanstheAdministrator
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46. (j) “stream” includes—
(i)river;
(ii)water course (whether flowing or for the time being dry);
(iii)inland water (whether natural or artificial);
(iv)sub-terranean waters;
(v)seaortidalwaterstosuchextentor,asthecasemaybe,tosuchpointastheState
Governmentmay,bynotificationintheOfficialGazette,specifyinthisbehalf;
(k)“tradeeffluent”includesanyliquid,gaseousorsolidsubstancewhichisdischarged
fromanypremisesusedforcarryingonanyindustry,operationorprocess,ortreatment
anddisposalsystem,otherthandomesticsewage.
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47. (o)“StateBoard”means,—
inrelationtoaStateinwhichtheWater(PreventionandControlofPollution)Act,1974
(6of1974),isinforceandtheStateGovernmenthasconstitutedforthatStatea[State
PollutionControlBoard]undersection4ofthatAct,thesaidStateBoard;and
inrelationtoanyotherState,theStateBoardforthePreventionandControlofAir
PollutionconstitutedbytheStateGovernmentundersection5ofthisAct.
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48. CHAPTER II :-CENTRAL AND STATE BOARDS FOR
THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF WATER
POLLUTION
1.CentralPollutionControlBoard.—TheCentralPollutionControlBoardconstituted
underSection3oftheWater(PreventionandControlofPollution)Act,1974(6of1974),
shall,withoutprejudicetotheexerciseandperformanceofitspowersandfunctionsunder
thatAct,exercisethepowersandperformthefunctionsoftheCentralPollutionControl
BoardforthepreventionandcontrolofairpollutionunderthisAct.
2.StatePollutionControlBoardsconstitutedundersection4ofAct6of1974
tobeStateBoardsunderthisAct.—InanyStateinwhichtheWater(Preventionand
ControlofPollution)Act,1974(6of1974),isinforceandtheStateGovernmenthas
constitutedforthatStateaStatePollutionControlBoardundersection4ofthatAct,such
StateBoardshallbedeemedtobetheStateBoardforthePreventionandControlofair
Pollutionconstitutedundersection5ofthisAct,andaccordinglythatStatePollution
ControlBoardshall,withoutprejudicetotheexerciseandperformanceofitspowersand
functionsunderthatAct,exercisethepowersandperformthefunctionsoftheStateBoard
forthepreventionandcontrolofairpollutionunderthisAct.
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49. ConstitutionofCentralBoards.—
(1)TheCentralGovernmentshall,witheffectfromsuchdate(beingadatenotlaterthansix
monthsofthecommencementofthisActintheStatesofAssam,Bihar,Gujarat,Haryana,
HimachalPradesh,JammuandKashmir,Karnataka,Kerala,MadhyaPradesh,Rajasthan,
TripuraandWestBengalandintheUnionterritories)asitmay,bynotificationinthe
OfficialGazette,appoint,constituteaCentralBoardtobecalledthe[CentralPollution
ControlBoard]toexercisethepowersconferredonandperformthefunctionsassignedto
thatBoardunderthisAct.
(2)TheCentralBoardshallconsistofthefollowingmembers,namely:—
(a)afull-timechairman,beingapersonhavingspecialknowledgeorpracticalexperiencein
respectof[mattersrelatingtoenvironmentalprotection]orapersonhavingknowledgeand
experienceinadministeringinstitutionsdealingwiththemattersaforesaid,tobenominated
bytheCentralGovernment;
(b)suchnumberofofficials,notexceedingfive,tobenominatedbythe
CentralGovernmenttorepresentthatGovernment;
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50. (c)suchnumberofpersons,notexceedingfive,tobenominatedbytheCentral
Government,fromamongstthemembersoftheStateBoards,ofwhomnotexceedingtwo
shallbefromthosereferredtoinclause(c)ofsub-section(2)ofsection4;
(d)suchnumberofnon-officials,notexceedingthree,tobenominatedbytheCentral
Government,torepresenttheinterestsofagriculture,fisheryorindustryortradeorany
otherinterestwhich,intheopinionoftheCentralGovernment,oughttoberepresented;
(e)twopersonstorepresentthecompaniesorcorporationsowned,controlledormanaged
bytheCentralGovernment,tobenominatedbythatGovernment;
(f)afull-timemember-secretary,possessingqualifications,knowledgeandexperienceof
scientific,engineeringormanagementaspectsofpollutioncontrol,tobeappointedbythe
CentralGovernment.
(3)TheCentralBoardshallbeabodycorporatewiththenameaforesaidhavingperpetual
successionandacommonsealwithpower,subjecttotheprovisionsofthisAct,toacquire,
holdanddisposeofpropertyandtocontract,andmay,bytheaforesaidname,sueorbe
sued.
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51. 3. Constitution of StateBoards.—
(1)TheStateGovernmentshall,witheffectfromsuchdate***asitmay,bynotification
intheOfficialGazette,appoint,constitutea[StatePollutionControlBoard],undersuch
nameasmaybespecifiedinthenotification,toexercisethepowersconferredonand
performthefunctionsassignedtothatBoardunderthisAct.
(2)AStateBoardconstitutedunderthisActshallconsistofthefollowingmembers,
namely:—
(a)aChairman,beingaperson,havingspecialknowledgeorpracticalexperiencein
respectofmattersrelatingtoenvironmentalprotection,tobenominatedbytheState
Government:
ProvidedthattheChairmanmaybeeitherwhole-timeorpart-timeastheState
Governmentmaythinkfit;
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52. (b)suchnumberofofficials,notexceedingfive,astheStateGovernmentmaythinkfit,to
benominatedbytheStateGovernmenttorepresentthatGovernment;
(c)suchnumberofpersons,notexceedingfive,astheStateGovernmentmaythinkfit,to
benominatedbytheStateGovernmentfromamongstthemembersofthelocalauthorities
functioningwithintheState;
(d)suchnumberofnon-officials,notexceedingthree,astheStateGovernmentmaythink
fit,tobenominatedbytheStateGovernmenttorepresenttheinterestofagriculture,fishery
orindustryortradeorlabouroranyotherinterest,which,intheopinionofthat
Government,oughttoberepresented;
(e)twopersonstorepresentthecompaniesorcorporationsowned,controlledormanaged
bytheStateGovernment,tobenominatedbythatGovernment;
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53. (3)(f)afull-timemember-secretaryhavingsuchqualificationsknowledgeandexperience
ofscientific,engineeringormanagementaspectsofpollutioncontrolasmaybe
prescribed,tobe appointedby theState Government:
ProvidedthattheStateGovernmentshallensurethatnotlessthantwoofthemembersare
personshavingspecialknowledgeorpracticalexperienceinrespectofmattersrelatingto
theimprovementofthequalityofairortheprevention,controlorabatementofair
pollution.
EveryStateBoardconstitutedunderthisActshallbeabodycorporatewiththename
specifiedbytheStateGovernmentinthenotificationissuedundersub-section(1),having
perpetualsuccessionandacommonsealwithpower,subjecttotheprovisionsofthisAct,
toacquireanddisposeofpropertyandtocontract,andmaybythesaidnamesueorbe
sued.
(4)Notwithstandinganythingcontainedinthissection,noStateBoardshallbeconstituted
foraUnionterritoryandinrelationtoaUnionterritory,theCentralBoardshallexercise
thepowersandperformthefunctionsofaStateBoardforthatUnionterritory:Provided
thatinrelationtoanyUnionterritorytheCentral
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54. CHAPTER III :-JOINT BOARDS
1.ConstitutionofJointBoard.—
(1)NotwithstandinganythingcontainedinthisAct,anagreementmay
beenteredinto—
•bytwoormoreGovernmentsofcontiguousStates,or
•bytheCentralGovernment(inrespectofoneormoreUnionterritories)andoneormore
GovernmentsofStatescontiguoustosuchUnionterritoryorUnionterritories,tobein
forceforsuchperiodandtobesubjecttorenewalforsuchfurtherperiod,ifany,asmay
bespecifiedintheagreementtoprovidefortheconstitutionofaJointBoard,—
•inacasereferredtoinclause(a),foralltheparticipatingStates,and
•inacasereferredtoinclause(b),fortheparticipatingUnionterritoryor
UnionterritoriesandtheStateorStates.
(2)Anagreementunderthissectionmay—
(a)provide,inacasereferredtoinclause(a)ofsub-section(1),fortheapportionment
betweentheparticipatingStatesandinacasereferredtoinclause(b)ofthatsub-section,for
theapportionmentsbetweentheCentralGovernmentandtheparticipatingStateGovernment
orStateGovernments,oftheexpenditureinconnectionwiththeJointBoard;
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55. (b)determine,inacasereferredtoinclause(a)ofsub-section(1),whichofthe
participatingStateGovernmentsandinacasereferredtoinclause(b)ofthatsub-section,
whethertheCentralGovernmentortheparticipatingStateGovernment(iftherearemore
thanoneparticipatingState,alsowhichoftheparticipatingStateGovernments)shall
exerciseandperformtheseveralpowersandfunctionsoftheStateGovernmentunderthis
ActandthereferencesinthisActtotheStateGovernmentshallbeconstruedaccordingly;
(c)provideforconsultation,inacasereferredtoinclause(a)ofsub-section(1),between
theparticipatingStateGovernmentsandinacasereferredtoinclause(b)ofthatsub-
section,betweentheCentralGovernmentandtheparticipatingStateGovernmentorState
GovernmentseithergenerallyorwithreferencetoparticularmattersarisingunderthisAct;
(d)makesuchincidentalandancillaryprovisions,notinconsistentwiththisAct,asmaybe
deemednecessaryorexpedientforgivingeffecttotheagreement.
(3)Anagreementunderthissectionshallbepublished,inacasereferredtoinclause(a)of
sub-section(1),intheOfficialGazetteoftheparticipatingStatesandinacasereferredto
incause(b)ofthatsub-section,intheOfficialGazetteoftheparticipatingUnionterritory
orUnionterritoriesandparticipatingStateorStates.
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56. 2. Composition of JointBoards.—
(1)AJointBoardconstitutedinpursuanceofanagreemententeredintounder
clause(a)ofsub-section(1)ofsection13shallconsistofthefollowing
members,namely:—
(a)afull-timechairman,beingapersonhavingspecialknowledgeorpracticalexperiencein
respectof1[mattersrelatingtoenvironmentalprotection]orapersonhavingknowledgeand
experienceinadministeringinstitutionsdealingwiththemattersaforesaid,tobenominated
bytheCentralGovernment;
(b)twoofficialsfromeachoftheparticipatingStatestobenominatedbytheconcerned
participatingStateGovernmenttorepresentthatGovernment;
(c)onepersontobenominatedbyeachoftheparticipatingStateGovernmentsfromamongst
themembersofthelocalauthoritiesfunctioningwithintheStateconcerned;
(d)onenon-officialtobenominatedbyeachoftheparticipatingStateGovernmentsto
representtheinterestsofagriculture,fisheryorindustryortradeintheStateconcernedor
anyotherinterestwhich,intheopinionoftheparticipatingStateGovernment,istobe
represented;
(e)twopersonstobenominatedbytheCentralGovernmenttorepresentthecompaniesor
corporationsowned,controlledormanagedbytheparticipatingStateGovernments;
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57. (f)afull-timemember-secretary,possessingqualifications,knowledgeandexperienceof
scientific,engineeringormanagementaspectsofpollutioncontrol,tobeappointedby
theCentralGovernment.
(2)AJointBoardconstitutedinpursuanceofanagreemententeredinto
underclause(b)ofsub-section(1)ofsection13shallconsistofthe
followingmembers,namely:—
(a)afull-timechairman,beingapersonhavingspecialknowledgeorpracticalexperience
inrespectofmattersrelatingtoenvironmentalprotectionorapersonhavingknowledge
andexperienceinadministeringinstitutionsdealingwiththemattersaforesaid,tobe
nominatedbytheCentralGovernment;
(b)twoofficialstobenominatedbytheCentralGovernmentfromtheparticipating
UnionterritoryoreachoftheparticipatingUnionterritories,asthecasemaybe,andtwo
officialstobenominated,fromtheparticipatingStateoreach
(c)onepersontobenominatedbytheCentralGovernmentfromamongstthemembersof
thelocalauthoritiesfunctioningwithintheparticipatingUnionterritoryoreachofthe
participatingUnionterritories,asthecasemaybe,andonepersontobenominated,from
amongstthemembersofthelocalauthoritiesfunctioningwithintheparticipatingState
oreachoftheparticipatingStates,asthecasemaybe,bytheconcernedparticipating
StateGovernment;
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58. (d)onenon-officialtobenominatedbytheCentralGovernmentandonepersontobe
nominatedbytheparticipatingStateGovernmentorStateGovernmentstorepresentthe
interestsofagriculture,fisheryorindustryortradeintheUnionterritoryorineachofthe
UnionterritoriesortheStateorineachoftheStates,asthecasemaybe,oranyotherinterest
whichintheopinionoftheCentralGovernmentor,asthecasemaybe,oftheState
Governmentistoberepresented;
(e)twopersonstobenominatedbytheCentralGovernmenttorepresentthecompaniesor
corporationsowned,controlledormanagedbytheCentralGovernmentandsituateinthe
participatingUnionterritoryorterritoriesandtwopersonstobenominatedbythe
companiesorcorporationsCentral
owned,
Governmenttorepresentthe
controlledormanagedbytheparticipatingState
Governments;
(f)afull-timemember-secretary,possessingqualifications,knowledgeandexperienceof
scientific,engineeringormanagementaspectsofpollutioncontrol,tobeappointedbythe
CentralGovernment.
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59. (3)WhenaJointBoardisconstitutedinpursuanceofanagreementunderclause(b)ofsub-
section(1)ofsection13,theprovisionsofsub-section(4)ofsection4shallceasetoapplyin
relationtotheUnionterritoryforwhichtheJointBoardisconstituted.
(4)Subjecttotheprovisionsofsub-section(3),theprovisionsofsub-section(3)ofsection4
andsections5to12(inclusive)shallapplyinrelationtotheJointBoardanditsmember-
secretaryastheyapplyinrelationtoaStateBoardanditsmember-secretary.
(5)AnyreferenceinthisActtotheStateBoardshall,unlessthecontextotherwiserequires,
beconstruedasincludingaJointBoard.

60. 3.Specialprovision relatingtogivingof
directions.—NotwithstandinganythingcontainedinthisActwhereanyJoint
Boardisconstitutedundersection13,—
(a)theGovernmentoftheStateforwhichtheJointBoardisconstitutedshallbecompetent
togiveanydirectionunderthisActonlyincaseswheresuchdirectionrelatestoamatter
withintheexclusiveterritorialjurisdictionoftheState;
(b)theCentralGovernmentaloneshallbecompetenttogiveanydirectionunderthisAct
wheresuchdirectionrelatestoamatterwithintheterritorialjurisdictionoftwoormore
StatesorpertainingtoaUnionterritory.
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61. CHAPTERIV:-POWERSANDFUNCTIONSOFBOARDS
FunctionsofCentralBoard.—
(1)SubjecttotheprovisionsofthisAct,themainfunctionoftheCentralBoardshallbe
topromotecleanlinessofstreamsandwellsindifferentareasoftheStates.
(2)Inparticularandwithoutprejudicetothegeneralityoftheforegoingfunction,the
CentralBoardmayperformalloranyofthefollowingfunctions,namely:—
(a)advisetheCentralGovernmentonanymatterconcerningthepreventionandcontrolof
waterpollution;
(b)co-ordinatetheactivitiesoftheStateBoardsandresolvedisputesamongthem;
(c)providetechnicalassistanceandguidancetotheStateBoards,carryoutandsponsor
investigationsandresearchrelatingtoproblemsofwaterpollutionandprevention,controlor
abatementofwaterpollution;
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62. (d)planandorganisethetrainingofpersonsengagedortobeengagedinprogrammesfor
theprevention,controlorabatementofwaterpollutiononsuchtermsandconditionsasthe
CentralBoardmayspecify;
(e)organisethroughmassmediaacomprehensiveprogrammeregardingthepreventionand
controlofwaterpollution;
(ee)performsuchofthefunctionsofanyStateBoardasmaybespecifiedinanordermade
undersub-section(2)ofsection18;
•collect,compileandpublishtechnicalandstatisticaldatarelatingtowaterpollutionandthe
measuresdevisedforitseffectivepreventionandcontrolandpreparemanuals,codesor
guidesrelatingtotreatmentanddisposalofsewageandtradeeffluentsanddisseminate
informationconnectedtherewith;
•laydown,modifyorannul,inconsultationwiththeState
Governmentconcerned,thestandardsforastreamorwell:
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63. Providedthatdifferentstandardsmaybelaiddownforthesamestreamorwellorfor
differentstreamsorwells,havingregardtothequalityofwater,flowcharacteristicsofthe
streamorwellandthenatureoftheuseofthewaterinsuchstreamorwellorstreamsor
wells;
(h)planandcausetobeexecutedanation-wideprogrammefortheprevention,controlor
abatementofwaterpollution;
(i)performsuchotherfunctionsasmaybeprescribed.
(3)TheBoardmayestablishorrecognisealaboratoryorlaboratoriestoenabletheBoard
toperformitsfunctionsunderthissectionefficientlyincludingtheanalysisofsamplesof
waterfromanystreamorwellorofsamplesofanysewageortradeeffluents.
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64. Functions of State Board.—
(1)SubjecttotheprovisionsofthisAct,thefunctionsofaStateBoardshall
be—
(a)toplanacomprehensiveprogrammefortheprevention,controlorabatementof
pollutionofstreamsandwellsintheStateandtosecuretheexecutionthereof;
(b)toadvisetheStateGovernmentonanymatterconcerningtheprevention,controlor
abatementofwaterpollution;
(c)tocollectanddisseminateinformationrelatingtowaterpollutionandtheprevention,
controlorabatementthereof;
(d)toencourage,conductandparticipateinvestigationsandresearchrelatingtoproblems
ofwaterpollutionandprevention,controlorabatementofwaterpollution;
(e)tocollaboratewiththeCentralBoardinorganisingthetrainingofpersonsengagedor
tobeengagedinprogrammesrelating,toprevention,controlorabatementofwater
pollutionandtoorganisemasseducationprogrammesrelatingthereto;
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65. (f)toinspectsewageortradeeffluents,worksandplantsforthetreatmentofsewageand
tradeeffluentsandtoreviewplans,specificationsorotherdatarelatingtoplantssetupfor
thetreatmentofwater,worksforthepurificationthereofandthesystemforthedisposalof
sewageortradeeffluentsorinconnectionwiththegrantofanyconsentasrequiredbythis
Act;
(g)tolaydown,modifyorannuleffluentstandardsforthesewageandtradeeffluentsand
forthequalityofreceivingwaters(notbeingwaterinaninter-Statestream)resultingfrom
thedischargeofeffluentsandtoclassifywatersoftheState;
(h)toevolveeconomicalandreliablemethodsoftreatmentof
sewageandtradeeffluents,havingregard to
conditionsofsoils,climateandwaterresources
thepeculiar
ofdifferent
regionsandmoreespeciallytheprevailingflowcharacteristicsofwaterinstreamsandwells
whichrenderitimpossibletoattaineventheminimumdegreeofdilution;
(i)toevolvemethodsofutilisationofsewageandsuitabletradeeffluentsinagriculture;

66. (j)toevolveefficientmethodsofdisposalofsewageandtradeeffluentsonland,asare
necessaryonaccountofthepredominantconditionsofscantstreamflowsthatdonot
provideformajorpartoftheyeartheminimumdegreeofdilution;
(k)tolaydownstandardsoftreatmentofsewageandtradeeffluentstobedischargedinto
anyparticularstreamtakingintoaccounttheminimumfairweatherdilutionavailablein
thatstreamandthetolerancelimitsofpollutionpermissibleinthewaterofthestream,after
thedischargeofsucheffluents;
(l)tomake,varyorrevokeanyorder—
(i)fortheprevention,controlorabatementofdischargesofwasteintostreamsorwells;
(ii)requiringanypersonconcernedtoconstructnewsystemsforthedisposalofsewageand
tradeeffluentsortomodify,alterorextendanysuchexistingsystemortoadoptsuch
remedialmeasuresasarenecessarytoprevent,controlorabatewaterpollution;
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67. (m)tolaydowneffluentstandardstobecompliedwithbypersonswhilecausingdischarge
ofsewageorsullageorbothandtolaydown,modifyorannuleffluentstandardsforthe
sewageandtradeeffluents;
(n)toadvisetheStateGovernmentwithrespecttothelocationofanyindustrythecarrying
onofwhichislikelytopolluteastreamorwell;
(o)toperformsuchotherfunctionsasmaybeprescribedorasmay,fromtimetotime,be
entrustedtoitbytheCentralBoardortheStateGovernment.
(2)TheBoardmayestablishorrecognisealaboratoryorlaboratoriestoenabletheBoardto
performitsfunctionsunderthissectionefficiently,includingtheanalysisofsamplesof
waterfromanystreamorwellorofsamplesofanysewageortradeeffluents
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68. CHAPTER V:-PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF AIRPOLLUTION
1.Power of State Government to restrict the application of the Act to certain areas.
2.Power to obtain information.
3.Powerto take samplesof effluentsand procedure to
be followedin connection therewith.
4.Reports of the result of analysis on samples taken under section 21. 5.Power of entry and
inspection.
6.Prohibition on use of stream or well for disposal of polluting matter, etc. 7.Restrictions on
new outlets and new discharges.
8.Provision regarding existing discharge of sewage or trade effluent. 9.Refusal or withdrawal
of consent by State Board.
•Appeals.
•Revision.
•Power of State Board to carry out certain works.
•Furnishing of information to State Board and other agencies in certain cases. 14.Emergency
measures in case of pollution of stream or well.
•Power of Board to make application to courts for restraining apprehended
pollution of water in streams or wells.
•Power to give directions.
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69. CHAPTER V I:-FUND, ACCOUNTS AND AUDIT
FundofBoard.—
(1)EveryStateBoardshallhaveitsownfundforthepurposesofthisActandallsumswhich
may,fromtimetotime,bepaidtoitbytheCentralGovernmentandallotherreceipts(byway
ofcontributions,ifany,fromtheStateGovernment,fees,gifts,grants,donationsbenefactions
orotherwise)ofthat
BoardshallbecarriedtothefundoftheBoardandallpaymentsbytheBoard
shallbemadetherefrom.
(2)(2)EveryStateBoardmayexpendsuchsumsasitthinksfitforperformingitsfunctions
underthisActandsuchsumsshallbetreatedasexpenditurepayableoutofthefundofthat
Board.
Budget.—
TheCentralBoardor,asthecasemaybe,theStateBoardshall,duringeachfinancialyear,
prepare,insuchformandatsuchtimeasmaybeprescribed,abudgetinrespectofthe
financialyearnextensuingshowingtheestimatedreceiptandexpenditureunderthisAct,and
copiesthereofshallbeforwardedtotheCentralGovernmentor,asthecasemaybe,theState
Government.
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70. CHAPTER VII:-PENALTIES ANDPROCEDURE
Failure to comply with directions under sub-section (2) or sub-section (3) of section
20, or orders issued under clause
(c)ofsub-section (1)ofsection32ordirections issued
under sub-section (2) of section 33 or section 33A.
(1)Whoeverfailstocomplywiththedirectiongivenundersub-section(2)orsub-section
(3)ofsection20withinsuchtimeasmaybespecifiedinthedirectionshall,onconviction,
bepunishablewithimprisonmentforatermwhichmayextendtothreemonthsorwith
finewhichmayextendtotenthousandrupeesorwithbothandincasethefailure
continues,withanadditionalfinewhichmayextendtofivethousandrupeesforeveryday
duringwhichsuchfailurecontinuesaftertheconvictionforthefirstsuchfailure.
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71. (2)Whoeverfailstocomplywithanyorderissuedunderclause(c)ofsub-section(1)of
section32oranydirectionissuedbyacourtundersub-section(2)ofsection33orany
directionissuedundersection33Ashall,inrespectofeachsuchfailureandonconviction,
bepunishablewithimprisonmentforatermwhichshallnotbelessthanoneyearandsix
monthsbutwhichmayextendtosixyearsandwithfine,andincasethefailurecontinues,
withanadditionalfinewhichmayextendtofivethousandrupeesforeverydayduringwhich
suchfailurecontinuesaftertheconvictionforthefirstsuchfailure.
(3)Ifthefailurereferredtoinsub-section(2)continuesbeyondaperiodofoneyearafterthe
dateofconviction,theoffendershall,onconviction,bepunishablewithimprisonmentfora
termwhichshallnotbelessthantwoyearsbutwhichmayextendtosevenyearsandwith
fine.]
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72. CHAPTER VIII:-MISCELLANEOUS
1.Central Water Laboratory.
2.State Water Laboratory.
3.Analysts.
4.Reports of analysts.
5.Local authorities to assist.
6.Compulsory acquisition of land for the State Board.
7.Returns and reports.
8.Bar of jurisdiction.
9.Protection of action taken in good faith.
10.Overriding effect.
11.Power of Central Government to supersede the Central Board and Joint Boards.
12.Power of State Government to supersede State Board.
13.Power of Central Government to make rules.
14.Power of State Government to make rules.
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73. THE AIR (PREVENTION & CONTROL OF
POLLUTION) ACT, 1981
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74. THE AIR (PREVENTION AND
CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT,1981

75. THE AIR (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT, 1981
ACTNo.14of1981[29thMarch,1981.]
AnActtoprovidefortheprevention,controlandabatementofairpollution,forthe
establishment,withaviewtocarryingouttheaforesaidpurposes,ofBoards,for
conferringonandassigningtosuchBoardspowersandfunctionsrelatingtheretoandfor
mattersconnectedtherewith.
WHEREASdecisionsweretakenattheUnitedNationsConferenceontheHuman
EnvironmentheldinStockholminJune,1972,inwhichIndiaparticipated,totake
appropriatestepsforthepreservationofthenaturalresourcesoftheearthwhich,
amongotherthings,includethepreservationofthequalityofairandcontrolofair
pollution;
ANDWHEREASitisconsiderednecessarytoimplementthedecisionsaforesaidinso
farastheyrelatetothepreservationofthequalityofairandcontrolofairpollution;
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76. CHAPTERS
These are the following chapters under this Act :-
CHAPTER I:-
CHAPTER II:-
CHAPTER III:-
CHAPTER IV:-
CHAPTER V:-
CHAPTER VI:-
CHAPTER VII:-
PRELIMINARY
CENTRAL AND STATE BOARDS FOR THE PREVENTION
AND CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION
POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF BOARDS
PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION
FUND, ACCOUNTS AND AUDIT PENALTIES AND
PROCEDURE MISCELLANEOUS
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77. CHAPTER I:-PRELIMINARY
Definitions.—UnderthisAct:-
(a)“airpollutant”meansanysolid,liquidorgaseoussubstance[(includingnoise)]
presentintheatmosphereinsuchconcentrationasmaybeortendtobeinjuriousto
humanbeingsorotherlivingcreaturesorplantsorpropertyorenvironment;
(b)“airpollution”meansthepresenceintheatmosphereofanyairpollutant;
(c)“approvedappliance”meansanyequipmentorgadgetusedforthebringingof
anycombustiblematerialorforgeneratingorconsuminganyfume,gasofparticulate
matterandapprovedbytheStateBoardforthepurposesofthisAct;
(d)“approvedfuel”meansanyfuelapprovedbytheStateBoardforthepurposesof
thisAct;
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78. (e)“automobile”meansanyvehiclepoweredeitherbyinternalcombustionengineor
byanymethodofgeneratingpowertodrivesuchvehiclebyburningfuel;
(f)“Board”meanstheCentralBoardoraStateBoard;
(g)“CentralBoard”meansthe[CentralPollutionControlBoard]constitutedunder
section3oftheWater(PreventionandControlofPollution)Act,1974(6of1974);
(h)“chimney”includesanystructurewithanopeningoroutletfromorthroughwhich
anyairpollutantmaybeemitted;
(i)“controlequipment”meansanyapparatus,device,equipmentorsystemtocontrol
thequalityandmannerofemissionofanyairpollutantandincludesanydeviceused
forsecuringtheefficientoperationofanyindustrialplant;
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79. (j)“emission”meansanysolidorliquidorgaseoussubstancecomingoutofany
chimney,ductorflueoranyotheroutlet;
(k)“industrialplant”meansanyplantusedforanyindustrialortradepurposesand
emittinganyairpollutantintotheatmosphere;
(l)“member”meansamemberoftheCentralBoardoraStateBoard,asthecasemay
be,andincludestheChairmanthereof;
(m)“occupier”,inrelationtoanyfactoryorpremises,meansthepersonwhohas
controlovertheaffairsofthefactoryorthepremises,andincludes,inrelationtoany
substance,thepersoninpossessionofthesubstance;
(n)“prescribed”meansprescribedbyrulesmadeunderthisActbytheCentral
Governmentor,asthecasemaybe,theStateGovernment;
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80. (o)“StateBoard”means,—
inrelationtoaStateinwhichtheWater(PreventionandControlofPollution)Act,
1974(6of1974),isinforceandtheStateGovernmenthasconstitutedforthatStatea
[StatePollutionControlBoard]undersection4ofthatAct,thesaidStateBoard;
and
inrelationtoanyotherState,theStateBoardforthePreventionandControlofAir
PollutionconstitutedbytheStateGovernmentundersection5ofthisAct.
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81. CHAPTER II :-CENTRAL AND STATE BOARDS FOR
THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF AIR
POLLUTION
1.CentralPollutionControlBoard.—TheCentralPollutionControlBoard
constitutedundersection3oftheWater(PreventionandControlofPollution)
Act,1974(6of1974),shall,withoutprejudicetotheexerciseandperformanceof
itspowersandfunctionsunderthatAct,exercisethepowersandperformthe
functionsoftheCentralPollutionControlBoardforthepreventionandcontrol
ofairpollutionunderthisAct.
2.StatePollutionControlBoardsconstitutedundersection4ofAct6of1974
tobeStateBoardsunderthisAct.—InanyStateinwhichtheWater
(PreventionandControlofPollution)Act,1974(6of1974),isinforceandthe
StateGovernmenthasconstitutedforthatStateaStatePollutionControlBoard
undersection4ofthatAct,suchStateBoardshallbedeemedtobetheState
BoardforthePreventionandControlofairPollutionconstitutedundersection
5ofthisAct,andaccordinglythatStatePollutionControlBoardshall,without
prejudicetotheexerciseandperformanceofitspowersandfunctionsunder
thatAct,exercisethepowersandperformthefunctionsoftheStateBoardfor
thepreventionandcontrolofairpollutionunderthisAct.
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82. 3.ConstitutionofStateBoards.—
(1)InanyStateinwhichtheWater(PreventionandControlofPollution)Act,1974
(6of1974),isnotinforce,orthatActisinforcebuttheStateGovernmenthasnot
constituteda[StatePollutionControlBoard]underthatAct,theStateGovernment
shall,witheffectfromsuchdateasitmay,bynotificationintheOfficialGazette,
appoint,constituteaStateBoardforthePreventionandControlofAirPollution
undersuchnameasmaybespecifiedinthenotification,toexercisethepowers
conferredon,andperformthefunctionsassignedto,thatBoardunderthisAct.
(2)AStateBoardconstitutedunderthisActshallconsistofthefollowingmembers,
namely:—
(a)aChairman,beingaperson,havingspecialknowledgeorpracticalexperiencein
respectofmattersrelatingtoenvironmentalprotection,tobenominatedbythe
StateGovernment:
ProvidedthattheChairmanmaybeeitherwhole-timeorpart-timeastheState
Governmentmaythinkfit;
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83. (b)suchnumberofofficials,notexceedingfive,astheStateGovernmentmaythink
fit,tobenominatedbytheStateGovernmenttorepresentthatGovernment;
(c)suchnumberofpersons,notexceedingfive,astheStateGovernmentmaythink
fit,tobenominatedbytheStateGovernmentfromamongstthemembersofthelocal
authoritiesfunctioningwithintheState;
(d)suchnumberofnon-officials,notexceedingthree,astheStateGovernmentmay
thinkfit,tobenominatedbytheStateGovernmenttorepresenttheinterestof
agriculture,fisheryorindustryortradeorlabouroranyotherinterest,which,inthe
opinionofthatGovernment,oughttoberepresented;
(e)twopersonstorepresentthecompaniesorcorporationsowned,controlledor
managedbytheStateGovernment,tobenominatedbythatGovernment;
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84. (f)afull-timemember-secretaryhavingsuchqualificationsknowledgeand
experienceofscientific,engineeringormanagementaspectsofpollutioncontrolas
maybeprescribed,tobeappointedbytheStateGovernment:
ProvidedthattheStateGovernmentshallensurethatnotlessthantwoofthe
membersarepersonshavingspecialknowledgeorpracticalexperienceinrespectof
mattersrelatingtotheimprovementofthequalityofairortheprevention,control
orabatementofairpollution.
(3)EveryStateBoardconstitutedunderthisActshallbeabodycorporatewiththe
namespecifiedbytheStateGovernmentinthenotificationissuedundersub-
section(1),havingperpetualsuccessionandacommonsealwithpower,subjectto
theprovisionsofthisAct,toacquireanddisposeofpropertyandtocontract,and
maybythesaidnamesueorbesued.
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85. CHAPTER III :-POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF
BOARDS
FunctionsofCentralBoard.—
(1)SubjecttotheprovisionsofthisAct,andwithoutprejudicetotheperformance,ofits
functionsundertheWater(PreventionandControlofPollution)Act,1974(6of1974),
themainfunctionsoftheCentralBoard
shallbetoimprovethequalityofairandtoprevent,controlorabateairpollutioninthe
country.
•Inparticularandwithoutprejudicetothegeneralityoftheforegoingfunctions,the
CentralBoardmay—
•advisetheCentralGovernmentonanymatterconcerningtheimprovementofthe
qualityofairandtheprevention,controlorabatementofairpollution;
•planandcausetobeexecutedanation-wideprogrammeforthe
prevention,controlorabatementofairpollution;
•co-ordinatetheactivitiesoftheStateandresolvedisputesamongthem;
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86. (d)providetechnicalassistanceandguidancetotheStateBoards,carryoutand
sponsorinvestigationsandresearchrelatingtoproblemsofairpollutionand
prevention,controlorabatementofairpollution;
(e)planandorganizethetrainingofpersonsengagedortobeengagedinprogrammes
fortheprevention,controlorabatementofairpollutiononsuchtermsandconditions
astheCentralBoardmayspecify;
(f)organizethroughmassmediaacomprehensiveprogramme regardingthe
prevention,controlorabatementofairpollution;
(g)collect,compileandpublishtechnicalandstatisticaldatarelatingtoairpollution
andthemeasuresdevisedforitseffectiveprevention,controlorabatementand
preparemanuals,codesorguidesrelatingtoprevention,controlorabatementofair
pollution;
(h)laydownstandardsforthequalityofair;
(i)collectanddisseminateinformationinrespectofmattersrelatingtoairpollution;
(j)performsuchotherfunctionsasmaybeprescribed.
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87. (3)TheCentralBoardmayestablishorrecognizealaboratoryorlaboratoriestoenable
theCentralBoardtoperformitsfunctionsunderthissectionefficiently.
(4)TheCentralBoardmay—
(a)delegateanyofitsfunctionsunderthisActgenerallyorspeciallytoanyofthe
committeesappointedbyit;
(b)dosuchotherthingsandperformsuchotheractsasitmaythinknecessaryforthe
properdischargeofitsfunctionsandgenerallyforthepurposeofcarryingintoeffect
thepurposesofthisAct.
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88. Functions of State
Boards.—
(1)SubjecttotheprovisionsofthisAct,andwithoutprejudicetotheperformanceofits
functions,ifany,undertheWater(PreventionandControlofPollution)Act,1974(Act
6of1974),thefunctionsofaStateBoardshallbe—
(a)toplanacomprehensiveprogrammefortheprevention,controlorabatementofair
pollutionandtosecuretheexecutionthereof;
(b)toadvisetheStateGovernmentonanymatterconcerningtheprevention,controlor
abatementofairpollution;
(c)tocollectanddisseminateinformationrelatingtoairpollution;
(d)tocollaboratewiththeCentralBoardinorganizingthetrainingofpersonsengaged
ortobeengagedinprogrammesrelatingtoprevention,controlorabatementofair
pollutionandtoorganizemass-educationprogrammerelatingthereto;
(e)toinspect,atallreasonabletimes,anycontrolequipment,industrialplantor
manufacturingprocessandtogive,byorder,suchdirectionstosuchpersonsasitmay
considernecessarytotakestepsfortheprevention,controlorabatementofair
pollution;
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89. (f)toinspectairpollutioncontrolareasatsuchintervalsasitmaythinknecessary,
assessthequalityofairthereinandtakestepsfortheprevention,controlorabatement
ofairpollutioninsuchareas;
(g)tolaydown,inconsultationwiththeCentralBoardandhavingregardtothe
standardsforthequalityofairlaiddownbytheCentralBoard,standardsforemission
ofairpollutantsintotheatmospherefromindustrialplantsandautomobilesorforthe
dischargeofanyairpollutantintotheatmospherefromanyothersourcewhatsoever
notbeingashiporanaircraft:
Providedthatdifferentstandardsforemissionmaybelaiddownunderthisclausefor
differentindustrialplantshavingregardtothequantityandcompositionofemission
ofairpollutantsintotheatmospherefromsuchindustrialplants;
•toadvisetheStateGovernmentwithrespecttothesuitabilityofanypremisesor
locationforcarryingonanyindustrywhichislikelytocauseairpollution;
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90. (i)toPerformsuchotherfunctionsasmaybeprescribedorasmay,fromtimeto
time,beentrustedtoitbytheCentralBoardortheStateGovernment;
(j)todosuchotherthingsandtoperformsuchotheractsasitmaythinknecessary
fortheproperdischargeofitsfunctionsandgenerallyforthepurposeofcarrying
intoeffectthepurposesofthisAct.
(2)AStateBoardmayestablishorrecognisealaboratoryorlaboratoriestoenable
theStateBoardtoperformitsfunctionsunderthissectionefficiently.
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91. CHAPTER IV:-PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF AIR
POLLUTION
1.Power to declare air pollution control areas.
2.Powerto giveinstructionsfor ensuring standards
foremission from automobiles.
3.3. Restrictions on use of certain industrial plants.
4.Persons carrying on industry, etc., not to allow emission of air pollutants in
excess of the standard laid down by State Board.
•Power of Board to make application to court for restraining person from
causing air pollution.
•Furnishing of information to State Board and other agencies in certain cases.
•Power of entry and inspection.
•Power to obtain information.
•Power to take samples of air or emission and procedure to be followed in
connection therewith.
•Reports of the result of analysis on samples taken under section 26.—State
Air Laboratory.
•Analysts. 12.Reports of analysts. 13.Appeals.
14.Power to give directions
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92. CHAPTER V :-FUND, ACCOUNTS AND
AUDIT
Fund of
Board.—
(1)EveryStateBoardshallhaveitsownfundforthepurposesofthisActandallsums
whichmay,fromtimetotime,bepaidtoitbytheCentralGovernmentandallother
receipts(bywayofcontributions,ifany,fromtheStateGovernment,fees,gifts,
grants,donationsbenefactionsorotherwise)ofthatBoardshallbecarriedtothe
fundoftheBoardandallpaymentsbytheBoardshallbemadetherefrom.
(2)(2)EveryStateBoardmayexpendsuchsumsasitthinksfitforperformingits
functionsunderthisActandsuchsumsshallbetreatedasexpenditurepayableout
ofthefundofthatBoard.
Budget.—
TheCentralBoardor,asthecasemaybe,theStateBoardshall,duringeachfinancial
year,prepare,insuchformandatsuchtimeasmaybeprescribed,abudgetin
respectofthefinancialyearnextensuingshowingtheestimatedreceiptand
expenditureunderthisAct,andcopiesthereofshallbeforwardedtotheCentral
Governmentor,asthecasemaybe,theStateGovernment.
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93. CHAPTER VI:-PENALTIES AND PROCEDURE
Failure to comply with the provisions of section 21 or section 22
or with the directions issued under section 31A.—
(1)whoeverfailstocomplywiththeprovisionsofsection21orsection22ordirections
issuedundersection31A,shall,inrespectofeachsuchfailure,bepunishablewith
imprisonmentforatermwhichshallnotbelessthanoneyearandsixmonthsbut
whichmayextendtosixyearsandwithfine,andincasethefailurecontinues,with
anadditionalfinewhichmayextendtofivethousandrupeesforeverydayduring
whichsuchfailurecontinuesaftertheconvictionforthefirstsuchfailure.
(2)Ifthefailurereferredtoinsub-section(1)continuesbeyondaperiodofoneyear
afterthedateofconviction,theoffendershallbepunishablewithimprisonmentfor
atermwhichshallnotbelessthantwoyearsbutwhichmayextendtosevenyears
andwithfine.
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94. CHAPTER VII:-MISCELLANEOUS
1.PowerofStateGovernmenttosupersedeStateBoard.
2.SpecialprovisioninthecaseofsupersessionoftheCentralBoardortheStateBoards
constitutedundertheWater(PreventionandControlofPollution)Act,1974.
3.DissolutionofStateBoardsconstitutedundertheAct.
4.Maintenanceofregister.
5.Effectofotherlaws.
6.PowerofCentralGovernmenttomakerules.
7.PowerofStateGovernmenttomakerules.
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95. Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
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Topic: Land Pollution

96. LAND
POLLUTION
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97. What is land pollution?
Landpollutionisthedestructionoftheearth’slandsurfaces,often
directlyorindirectlyasaresultofhumanactivitiesandtheir
misuseoflandresources.
Itoccurswhenwasteisnotdisposedoffproperly,orcanoccur
whenhumansthrowchemicalsuntothesoilintheformof
pesticides,insecticidesandfertilizersduringagriculturalpractices.
Exploitationofminerals(miningactivities)hasalsocontributedto
thedestructionoftheearth’ssurface.
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98. Since the Industrial Revolution, natural habitats have been destroyed, and environments
have been polluted, causing diseases in both humans and many other species of
animals.
Human actions have also caused many large areas of land to lose or reduce their
capacity to support life forms and ecosystems. This is know as land degradation.
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99. So we shall see the more about Land and Environmental Pollution, the sources of the
pollution, its consequences and a few things we can do to prevent further pollution
and protect our environment.
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100. Types of land pollution
There are different types of land pollution
•Solid Waste
•Pesticides and Fertilizer
•Chemicals
•Deforestation
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101. Solid Waste
• Theseincludeallthevariouskindsofrubbishwemakeat
home,school,hospitals,marketandworkplaces.
• Things like paper, plastic containers, bottles, cans, food and
even used cars and broken electronic goods, broken furniture and hospital waste are
all examples of solid waste.
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102. •Some of these are biodegradable (meaning they easily decay
into organic matter). Examples include food droppings, paper
products as well as vegetation
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103. •Others are not biodegradable, and they include plastics, metals and
aluminium cans, broken computer and car parts
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104. •Because Solid Waste do not easily decay, they pile up in
landfills (a place where all the city’s rubbish are sent),
where they stay for thousands of years. These bring great
harm to the land and people around it
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105. •Pesticides and Fertilizer
•Many farming activities engage in the application of fertilizers, pesticides and
insecticides for higher crop yield. This is good because we get more food
•But can you think of what happens to the chemicals that are used on the crops and
soils?
•Sometimes, insects and small animals are killed and bigger animals that eat tiny
animals (as in food chains) are also harmed. Finally, the chemicals may be washed down as
it rains and over time, they end up in the water Give rise to Water Pollution.
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106. •Chemicals
• Chemical and nuclear power plants produce waste materials that have to be stored
somewhere. Fertilizer, insecticides, pesticides, pharmaceuticals manufacturers also
produce lots of solid and liquid waste.
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107. •In many cases they are stored in an environmentally safe way, but there are some that
find their way into landfills and other less safe storage facilities. Sometimes they also
find their way into leaking pipes and gutters. They end up polluting soils and making
crops
harmful to our health.
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108. •Deforestation
• Humans depend on trees for many things including life. Trees absorb
carbon dioxide from the air and enrich the air with Oxygen, which is needed for
life. Trees provide wood for humans and a habitat to many land animals, insects
and birds.
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109. • Trees also, help replenish soils and help retain nutrients being
washed away. Unfortunately, we have cut down millions of acres of tree for wood,
construction, farming and mining purposes, and never planted new trees back. This is a type
of land pollution.
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110. Sources of land pollution.
Agricultural sources:
These include waste matter produced by crop, animal manure, and
farm residues. They also include the chemical left over of all pesticides, fertilisers and
insecticides used for agricultural activities
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111. This includes piles of coal refuse and heaps of slag and underground debris. Mining and
forestry activities that clear the land surfaces (clear cutting) and use 'skid trails' often leave
the land unrestored . The surface is exposed to erosion which destroys the quality of the
land.
Mining sources:
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112. Additionally, iron and other chemicals such as copper, mercury and lead from mining
practices leach into the soil, polluting it and leaving it exposed to water bodies as
well.
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Quarrying and Mining Waste

113. Sewage Treatment:
•Wastes that are left over after sewage has been treated, biomass
sludge, and settled solids. Some of these are sent directly to landfills
whiles other treatment plants burn them to generate electricity. Both
end up polluting the environment.
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114. Construction sources:
These include waste like debris, wood, metals and plastics that are produced from
construction activities
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115. :
Industrial sources:
These include paints, chemicals, metals and aluminum, plastics and so on that
are produces in the process of manufacturing goods.
Deforestation:
This is when trees are cut down for economic purposes, mining, farming and construction.
In forests areas, trees absorbed and reflect about 20% of the intense heat from the sun,
protecting and preserving its surface soils. Cutting down trees mean that the land is
exposed to direct sunlight and rain, resulting in soil erosions, desertification and land
degradation
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116. Man is to blamed for most of the land
degradation.
Productive areas is fast reducing because of
developmental activities such as human
settlement, industries, roads , railways,
airports etc.
•Urbanization:-
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117. Dumping of solid wastes is one of the most
important factors which are responsible for
the land pollution. In developing countries
like India, the garbage and refuse products
are simply dumped leading to land pollution.
•Dumping:-
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118. Effects of land pollution.
Therecanbecatastrophicconsequencesoflandpollutioninrelationtohumans,animals,
waterandsoils.Theeffectsareevenworseifthegarbageisnotseparatedintoorganic,re-
usableandrecyclablewaste.
Soilpollution:Soilpollutionisanotherformoflandpollution,wheretheupperlayerof
thesoilisdamaged.Thisiscausedbytheoveruseofchemicalfertilizers,soilerosion
causedbyrunningwaterandotherpestcontrolmeasures;thisleadstolossoffertileland
foragriculture,forestcover,fodderpatchesforgrazingetc.
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119. Change in climate patterns:
Cause Air pollution:
Landfills across the city keep on growing due to increase in waste and are later burned
which leads to air pollution. They become home for rodents, mice etc which in turn
transmit diseases.
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120. Whendeforestationiscommitted,thetreecoveriscompromisedon.Thisleadstoasteep
imbalanceintheraincycle.Adisturbedraincycleaffectsalotoffactors.
Tobeginwith,thegreencoverisreduced.Treesandplantshelpbalancetheatmosphere,without
themwearesubjectedtovariousconcernslikeGlobalwarming,thegreenhouseeffect,irregular
rainfallandflashfloodsamongotherimbalances.
Environmental Impact:
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121. Effect on human
health:
Thelandwhencontaminatedwithtoxicchemicalsandpesticidesleadtoproblemofskin
cancerandhumanrespiratorysystem.Thetoxicchemicalscanreachourbodythrough
foodsandvegetablesthatweeatastheyaregrowninpollutedsoil.
6.DistractionforTourist:
Thecityloosesitsattractionastouristdestinationaslandfillsdonotlookgoodwhen
youmovearoundthecity.Itleadstolossofrevenueforthestategovernment.
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122. Theanimalkingdomhassufferedmostlyinthepastdecades.Theyfaceaseriousthreatwith
regardstolossofhabitatandnaturalenvironment.Theconstanthumanactivityonland,is
leavingitpolluted;forcingthesespeciestomovefurtherawayandadapttonewregionsor
dietryingtoadjust.Severalspeciesarepushedtothevergeofextinction,duetono
homeland.
Otherissuesthatwefaceincludeincreasedtemperature,unseasonalweatheractivity,acid
rainsetc.Thedischargeofchemicalsonland,makesitdangerousfortheecosystemtoo.
Thesechemicalsareconsumedbytheanimalsandplantsandtherebymaketheirwayinthe
ecosystem.Thisprocessiscalledbiomagnificationandisaseriousthreattotheecology.
7. Effect on wildlife:
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123. How to prevent land pollution
•Likemanyotherchallenges,thebestbestwaytosolveproblemsistounderstandit.This
meanslearningaboutit(likewhatyouaredoingnow)isthegreateststepforward.People
shouldbeeducatedandmadeawareabouttheharmfuleffectsoflittering.Discusswith
friendsandfamilyandtalkaboutit…
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124. Thegreatestpreventiontolandpollutionisinthethree‘R's’…
ReduceWaste,Re-usethingsand
Recyclethings.Thisistrueevenforgovernments.Theycanalsousethethree‘R’rule
tominimizetheamountofwastethatendsupinlandfills.Afterthethree'R's,
remembertoturntherestofthegarbgeintocompost.
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125. Reuse any items that you can. Items like clothing, bottles, wrapping paper and shopping
bags can be used over and over again, rather than buying new things.
Adoption of organic farming instead of using synthetic chemicals
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126. Proper disposal of industrial wastes into secured landfill sites Proper collection,
transportation and disposal of municipal wastes.
Personal litter should be disposed properly. We can separate household waste at
home for recycling.
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127. Morethanhalfofourhouseholdwastecouldberecycledorre-usedbutonceitis
mixedup,itbecomesmoredifficulttoseparatedifferentcomponentsfor
recycling.Thisisalsotrueforwastewemakeatschoolorhospitals.
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128. Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
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Environment Protection Act, 1986

129. Introduction
•Manhastriedtotakenaturetoaconsiderableextentandhisendeavourtoconquer
naturehassucceeded.Theconcernovertheenvironmenthasgrownasthequalityis
degrading.Ithasbeenevidencedbyincreasingpollution,thelossofbiodiversity,
lossofvegetalcover,growingrisksofenvironmentalaccidentsandalsothe
harmfulchemicalsintheambientatmospherehaspossessedathreattothe
environment.
•Duetoitsgrowingrisks,variouslegislationsarebeingpropoundedbythe
government.VariousActsrelatedtoaspecifictypeofpollutionhavebeenpassedin
theIndialegislature.ThemostimportantstatuteistheEnvironmentalProtection
Act,1986,asitisthegenerallegislationfortheprotectionoftheenvironment.
•ItwasenactedunderArticle253oftheIndianconstitutionandtheexpressioninthe
sayofenvironmentalqualitywastakenattheUnitedNationConferenceonthe
HumanEnvironmentheldatStockholminJune1972.ThegovernmentofIndia
stronglyvoicedagainsttheenvironmentalconcernsandfurtherpassedmanyActs
relatedtotheenvironment.
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130. Objectives
•TheEnvironmentalProtectionAct,1986(EPA)waspassedwiththefollowing
objects:
•(i)ItwasenactedtoimplementthedecisionswhichweremadeattheUnitedNation
ConferenceontheHumanEnvironmentheldatStockholminJune1972.
•(ii)Creationofauthorityforgovernmentprotection.
•(iii)Coordinatingtheactivitiesofvariousregulatingagencieswhichisdoneunder
theexistinglaw.
•(iv)Themaintaskistoenactgenerallawsforenvironmentalprotection,which
couldbeunfoldedinareasofsevereenvironmentalhazards.
•(v)Providingdeterrentpunishmenttothosewhoinculcateinendangeringthe
humanenvironment,safetyandhealth.
•(vi)Themaingoalfortheenvironmentshouldbesustainabledevelopmentandit
canberegardedasoneofthegoalsforEnvironmentProtectionAct,1986.
•(vii)Sustainabledevelopmentincludesachievingtheobjectandthepurposeofthe
actaswellastheprotectionoflifeunderArticle21oftheIndianConstitution.
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131. Scope and commencement of the Act
•TheEnvironmentProtectionAct,1986extendstowholeIndiaanditcameinto
forceon19thNovember.
•Section2oftheEnvironmentalprotectionAct,1986(EPA)dealswithsomeof
theinformationaboutthedefinitionoftheActandthesedefinitionsareasfollows:
•“Environment”thewordenvironmentincludeswater,air,landandalsotheinter-
relationbetweentheirexistence.Italsoincludeshumanbeingsandotherliving
creaturessuchasplants,micro-organismsandproperty.
•“EnvironmentalPollutants”meansanysubstanceinsolid,liquidorgaseousform
whichinconsiderationisinjurioustothehealthoflivingbeings.
•“Handling”meansanysubstancewhichisintherelationofbeingmanufactured,
processed,collected,used,offeredforsaleorlikeofsuchsubstance.
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132. Scope and commencement of the Act
•“EnvironmentalPollution”includesthepresenceofenvironmentalpollutantsin
theenvironment.
•“Hazardoussubstance”includesthesubstanceorthepreparationbywhichthe
physical-chemicalpropertyisliabletoharmthehumanbeingsorotherliving
creaturessuchasplants,microorganismsandtheproperty.
•“Occupier”isintherelationoffactoryoranyotherpremiseswhichmeansa
personwhohascontrolovertheaffairsofit.
•FromtheabovedefinitionsgiventheEnvironmentalprotectionActtendstocovera
widerangeofmattersrelatedtotheenvironmentprotection.
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133. Power Of The Central Government For Measures To Protect
And Improve The Environment
•Itisthepowervestedinthecentralgovernmentthattheycantakeanyreasonable
andvalidstepsandmeasuresforthepurposeoftheprotectionandimprovementof
thequalityoftheenvironment.Thesemeasuresaretakenfortheprevention,control
andabatementofenvironmentalPollution.
•Suchmeasuresmayincludemeasureswithrespecttoallnamelyasfollows.
•Layingdownthestandardsforthequalityofthestandardsoftheenvironment.
•Coordinationofactionswhichareobligedtothestateofficersandotherauthorities
underanylaw.
•Executionandproperplanningoftheworldwidenationalprogrammeforthe
prevention,controllingandtheabatementofenvironmentalpollution.
•Restrictionstobeappliedinanyoftheindustries,processandanyoperationshall
becarriedout.
•Itisthepowerandthedutyofthegovernmenttolaydowntheproceduretocarry
forwardsafeguardsforthepreventionofmanyinevitableaccidentswhichmay
inculcateinmoreenvironmentalpollution.
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134. Power Of The Central Government For Measures To Protect
And Improve The Environment Cont.
•Proposalofremediesshouldbeputforwardfortheprotectionandpreventionof
furtherincidents.
•Dutyandpowertolaydowntheproceduresandsafeguardstohandlethehazardous
substance.
•Examinationofmanufacturingprocessesshouldbedone,materials,substances
whicharelikelytocauseenvironmentalpollution.
•Powertoinspectatvariouspremises,equipment,materialandthesubstancesand
powertodirecttheauthoritiesforthepreventionandcontrolofenvironmental
pollution.
•Tocollectthedisseminationintherespectofinformationrelatedtoenvironmental
pollution.
•Preparationofthemanuals,codes,guideswhichareconsideredsuitableenoughfor
controllingenvironmentalpollution.
•Oneofthemostimportanttasksistoestablishthelaboratories.
•Servingothermatterswhicharenecessaryforthecentralgovernmenttodealforthe
effectiveimplementationoftheEnvironmentalProtectionAct,1986.
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135. Power Of The Central Government For Measures To Protect
And Improve The Environment Cont.
•UnderSection 3of the following act, the central government has the power to
authorize or constitute other authorities for the accurate implementation of powers
and duties which are mentioned above.
•Section 3of the Environmental Protection Act holds importance due to the fact of a
better regulatory mechanism.
•In the case ofVellore Citizens’ Welfare Forum v Union of India,the Supreme Court
has directed the central government to constitute the ‘authority’ for the
implementation of powers under section 3(3). Thus, the Court directed while
keeping in the notice about the degrading quality of the environment that authorities
should implement the‘precautionary principle’ and ‘pollution pay principle’.
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136. Power To Give Direction
•The central government in the exercise of powers designated by the Act can issue
the directions in writing to any of the person or any officer. They shall be bound to
comply with these given directions.
•The powers to issue directions will include the power to direct which are as
follows:
(i)The direction of closure, prohibition or the regulation of any industry and its
operational process.
(ii) direction for the stoppage or regulation of the supply of electricity, including
any other services.
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137. Prevention, Abatement and Control of Environmental
Pollution
•Section 7of the Environment Protection Act 1986 suggest that no person in the
country shall be carrying any of the activity or operation in which there is a large
emission of gases or other substances which may lead to excess environmental
pollution. It provides certain standards that ought to be maintained in which it is a
must that no person is allowed to damage the environment and if a person is found
guilty for causing damage to the environment by polluting the pollution pay
principle.
•He can be asked for the ‘exemplary damages’ if he is found guilty of damaging the
environment.
•Section 8provides that any person who is handling the hazardous substance needs
to comply with the procedural safeguards.
•If the emission is to a very large extent or is apprehended through an accident, the
person responsible for it is obliged to mitigate from that place in order to reduce the
environmental pollution.
•He is also required to give an intimation to the higher authorities regarding the
same and for that one receipt of remedies shall be required to prevent or to mitigate
the environmental pollution.
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138. Procedure to be followed for the legal proceedings under the
Environmental Protection Act
Thefollowingprocedureneedstobefollowedforthelegalproceedings.
•Thenoticemustbedeliveredtotheoccupierorhisagentanditmustindicatethe
intentionortheanalysisoftheissueofaparticularcase.
•Samplesoftheextentofpollutiontobecheckedmustbetakeninthepresenceof
theoccupierortheagent.
•Thesampleshouldbesentdirectlytothelaboratorywithoutanydelayinthe
process.
•Thesampleshouldbekeptinacontainerwithalabelonitanditshouldhavethe
signatureofboththeoccupierpartyandthepersontakingthesample.
•Thecentralgovernmentmustrecogniseatleastoneortwolaboratoriesunderthis
actandthereportofanalysiscanbeusedasevidenceofthefactsstatedinany
proceduredoneunderthisact.
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139. Penalty for the Contravention of Rules and orders of this Act
•As it was stated earlier that the most important goal of the environmental protection
act is to provide for the punishment of the offence of endangering the human
environment, safety and health.
•Section 15states that any person who is not complying to the provisions stated in
this act and its failure or contravention will make him liable and punishable as the
following:
•In terms of imprisonment up to the extension of the time span of five years.
•With fine which may extend to the term of one lakh rupee.
•Or the liable person has to deal with both of the punishments.
•If the contravention of the offence that continues for one year, the punishment can
extend up to seven years.
•Section 24a provision that if any offence is punishable under the Environment
Protection Act and also under other Act, then the person shall not be liable under
the Environment Protection Act, 1986.
•This particular section reduces the punishment extent as other Act includes lesser
punishment.
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140. Offences by the Companies and the Governmental
Departments
•Section 16 of the Environmental Protection Act, 1986explains the principle of
vicarious liability of the In-charge person such as directors, Managers and secretary
etc for if the offence is committed by any company.
•He is not held liable for the following:
–If the offence is committed without his knowledge.
–If he has taken diligent care to prevent the commission of the offence.
•Illustration: If any company which is emitting some hazardous substance out of its
industry and is taking care of the standard level of the harm produced to the
environment and if the offence committed by the industry is not in knowledge of
person taking the liability, then the person will not stand as liable.
•There cannot be a liability on his part if heprovesthe following.
–That the offence was committed without his knowledge.
–If he has exercised the diligent care to prevent the commission of any offence.
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141. Who Can Make A Complaint?
A complaint can be filed by two parties:
•The central government or any authority associated with the government.
•Any person who has given the notice of complaint within the term of sixty days of
the alleged offence or the has the intention to make the complaint to governmental
authority or the central government.
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142. Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
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LAWS RELATED TO FORESTS

143. Introduction
•Forests are one of the essential natural resources available in the country and cover
around 1/3rdof the earth’s total area. The word forest is derived from a Latin word
“Foris” meaning outside. The forests act as the guardians and protectors of the
wildlife of the country. Its uses are many in terms of fertility, shelter to animals as
well as tribal population to mention a few which in turn helps to maintain the
ecological balance all over the country. Forests are a means of generating revenue
for the state by supplying various raw materials in its most natural form to the
industries globally. They are a reason behind climate change and in controlling the
quality of air and water.
•The forests are in use in the hands of the majority population due to which the
resources available are being consumed at an alarming rate resulting in depletion.
The users of the forests have recklessly utilized the forests for cultivation and
destroyed them in the name of agriculture and other personal consumption of wood,
timber, fuel and fodder.
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144. Introduction Cont.
•Theneedforalegislationprotectingandregulatingtheforestswasrequired,which
wasmetbytheIndianForestAct,1927imposingGovernmentalcontrolover
forestsbyclassifyingthemintoreserved,protectedandvillageforests.
•TheActof1927isacomprehensivelegislationincorporatingallthepre-existing
lawsenactedtoprotecttheforestsaswellastherightsofthepeopleresidinginthe
forests.Thefirstlegislationwasenactedin1865duringtheBritishrulewhichwas
anattempttoprotecttheforeststheActhaditsfalloutswithrelationtotherightsof
thepeople,thatwerenotprotected.Theamendmentof1878wasaimedat
improvingthedeficienciesoftheIndianForestActof1865.
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145. The Indian Forest Act, 1927
•In1927,arevisedlegislationoftheIndianForestActwasenactedbasedon
previousIndianForestActsimplementedundertheBritish.Justlikethepreamble
totheConstitutionthatlaysdowntheobjectives,everylegislationhasitspreamble
whereintheobjectivesandguidelinesoftheparticularActarelisted.Thepreamble
oftheIndianForestActseeks:
•toconsolidatethelawrelatingtoforests,
•regulationofandthetransitofforestproduce,and
•tolevydutyontimberandotherforestproduce.
•Italsoconsistsoftheprocedurefollowedincasesofdeclaringtheareatobea
reserved,protectedoravillageforest.TheActisdividedinto13chapterswitha
totalof86sectionsrangingfromthedefinitionofvariousforeststothepenalties
thataretobeleviedontheviolationoftheprovisionsoftheAct.Theterm‘forest’
hasawiderambitwhenitcomestoitsdefinitionasitincludesprivatelands,lands
forpasture,cultivablelandsetc.andsotheSupremeCourtisyettoassigna
particularinterpretationandthustheActissilentonthedefinitionofaforestora
forestland.
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146. The Indian Forest Act, 1927Cont.
•Italsoconsistsoftheprocedurefollowedincasesofdeclaringtheareatobea
reserved,protectedoravillageforest.TheActisdividedinto13chapterswitha
totalof86sectionsrangingfromthedefinitionofvariousforeststothepenalties
thataretobeleviedontheviolationoftheprovisionsoftheAct.Theterm‘forest’
hasawiderambitwhenitcomestoitsdefinitionasitincludesprivatelands,lands
forpasture,cultivablelandsetc.andsotheSupremeCourtisyettoassigna
particularinterpretationandthustheActissilentonthedefinitionofaforestora
forestland.
•Thesection2oftheActthatistheinterpretationclausedefinesvarioustermsthat
areessentialinthedomainofforests;startingfromcattleinclusiveofallthe
animals,theforestofficerwhoismadein-chargebytheStateGovernment,the
forestproducewhichincludestimber,charcoal,wood-oiletc.Italsohasaseparate
interpretationoftheriverincludinganystream,canalorotherchannels.Further,the
Actisclassifiedinto3typesofforeststhatare;reservedforests,protectedforests
andthevillageforests.
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147. Reserved Forests
•ThereservedforestsaredealtwithinChapterIIoftheActrangingfromsection3
to27.Insimplewords,anyforestlandorwastelandtowhichthegovernmenthas
theownershipisareservedforest.TheseforestsarerestrictedastheGovernment
hasproprietaryrightsovertheland.Theuseofthereservedforestsisprohibitedto
thelocalpeopleunlesstheyhaveapermissionbythegovernment.Theareaofland
isdeclaredtobeareservedforestwhentheGovernmentissuesapreliminary
notificationundersection4oftheActdeclaringthatsuchalandistobeconstituted
asareservedforestandtheForestSettlementOfficersettlesalltherightseitherby
admittingorrejectingthem.
•Section26oftheIFA,1927dealswiththeprohibitionofanumberofactivities
includinggrazing,treefelling,burning,quarrying,huntingetc.intheforest.The
penaltyfortheviolationoftheprovisionsofsection26isimprisonmentforaterm
whichmayextendtotwoyearsorwithfinewhichmayextendtoRs.20,000but
whichshallnotbelessthanRs.5000.
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148. Village Forests
•FollowingtheorderofthesectionsundertheAct,thevillageforestsaredealtwith
nextinChapterIIIoftheActundersection28.WhentheGovernmentassignsany
reservedforestoranyotherlandtothevillagecommunityfortheirusethatpieceof
landisclassifiedundervillageforestlands.AsaccordingtotheAct,theState
Governmentmakesrulesforregulatingthemanagementoftheseforests.
•Thetermvillageforestandforestvillageareinterchangeablyusedincertaincases,
butareeventuallydifferentintheirmeaning.Whilevillageforestisalegalcategory
undertheIndianForestAct,forestvillageismerelyanadministrativecategory.
AlthoughthelatterisrecognisedbytheForestDepartment,therevenuebenefits
cannotaccruetosuchvillagesastheyarenottechnicallyundertherevenue
departments.Generally,thelandsgiventovillageforestsareconstitutedinto
VillageGrazingReserve(VGR).
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149. Protected Forests
•Thestategovernmentisempoweredtoconstituteanylandotherthanreserved
forestsasprotectedforestsoverwhichtheGovernmenthasproprietaryrights.The
provisionsfortheprotectedforestsaredealtinChapterIVundersection29ofthe
Act.InthecaseoftheseforeststheGovernmentretainsthepowertoissuerules
regardingtheuseofforestsandifincaseswheretherearenorules,thepracticesare
allowed.Along-withtherights,theGovernmentalsohasthepowertoreservethe
specifictreespeciesintheprotectedforests.Thesolereasonbehindthisbeingthat
thoseparticulartreeshavetherevenueraisingpotentialandarethusrequiredtobe
protectedfortheirbenefitsintheeconomy.
•ChapterVoftheActdealswithanothertypeofforestsnamedNon-government
forestsorratherPrivateforests.Consideringtheotherforeststobeownedand
regulatedbythegovernment,theseforestlandsarenotincontrolofthe
government.Though,theStateGovernmentcanbynotificationprohibitand
regulatetheclearingoflandforvariouspurposeswhichcomesunderthe
Government’spoweronlyinspecialcircumstancesliketopreservepublichealth
andwellness.
•OneoftheobjectivesoftheActregardingthelevyingofdutyontimberandother
forestproduceisdealtwithinchapterVIwhichextendstotheproducethattakes
placeintheterritoriesandisunderGovernmentcontrol.
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150. Procedure for Settlement of Rights
•TheActwasmainlyincorporatedtodifferentiatethetypesofforestswhile
protectingtheiruseaswellasregulatingtheforestproduce.Theclassificationof
forestsinvolvestherightsoftheGovernmentanddetermineshowaforestora
wastelandbecomesareservedorprotectedforest.
•TheprocedurerequirestheForestSettlementOfficertoconsidertheclaimsmade
bythelocalinhabitantsregardingtheusageoftheland,latermakedecisionsbased
onhisdiscretioneithertoacceptorrelocateortodiscontinuethepractice.The
Governmentisfirstrequiredtonotifyaspersection4oftheActthattheparticular
pieceoflandisgoingtobelabelledasareservedorprotectedforest.
•Aspersection6oftheAct,theFSOmaycallforanexaminationofanyperson
who,hemaythink,hastheknowledgeofthefacts,includingtheevidenceofany
personlikelytobeacquaintedwiththesame.Nonewrightsinthenotifiedland
mayariseaftersuchanotificationhasbeenissued,andthoseclaiminganypre-
existingrighthaveaperiodofatleastthreemonthstoappearandassertsucha
right,andtomakeacaseforcompensation.
•However,therestillexistsanassertionperiodinextraordinarycasesuntilthefinal
reservationordergetspublished.
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151. Procedure for Settlement of Rights Cont.
•TheActisinclusiveoftheprovisionsthatarenecessaryconsideringtheprotection
oftheforestsandtheirregulation.Further,theActdealswiththeseizureofproperty
bytheForestorPoliceofficerwhereifhehasareasontobelievethatthereisany
commissionofoffencewithrespecttotheforestproduce.Thephrase‘reasonto
believe’issubjecttothesuspicionandmaterialevidenceincustodyoftheoffender.
Theofficersarerequiredtoputamarkonthepropertybeingseizedandhaveto
prepareareportwhichisthengiventotheMagistratehavingjurisdictionofthe
matter.
•TheActensuresthatpowersaregrantedtotheForestofficersbytheState
Governmentwithrelationtoenteringuponthelandstoconductasurvey,issuing
searchwarrants,conductinginquiryandrecordingevidenceforthesame.These
evidencearethenadmissibleintrialsbeforeaMagistratefortheoffences
committed.
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152. Drawbacks of the Act
•TheActlackswithrespecttodepictingtheforestsasameansofecological
catchmentandtheimportanceofforestsinanindividual’slife.Theloopholesinthe
legislationareinconsiderationwiththeeconomicvaluethatisbeinggivenutmost
importanceandtheessenceofconservationandbiodiversityisnotelaboratedinthe
Act.ThisenactmentthrowslightovertheviciousactsoftheGovernmenttogain
powerovertheforestproduceratherthanitsconservationandprotectionof
vegetation.
•TheActmainlyfocusesontheforestland,itsproduceandtheofficerswhereas
therearenodetailedprovisionsforthefaunaundertheAct.Thereasonbehindthis
isthattheActwasincorporatedduringtheBritishtimes,keepinginmindtheir
interestsofhuntingandsoitdidnotconstituteseparatelawsforthewildlifewhich
formsthepartoftheforest.However,in1972aseparatelegislationaltogetheri.e.
theWildlifeProtectionActwasenacted.Thisformedoneofthemajorlacunaeof
theIndianForestActof1927.Theneedsfortimberwerealsocateredduringthis
courseasthisActfosteredtheBritishdemandsoftimberfromtheIndianforest
lands.TheActthoughwantedtoprotecttherightsoftheforestdwellers,itfailedto
meettheexpectationsofthelocalinhabitantsastheyweredeniedtheoccupancy
andpropertyrightsevenafterresidingintheforestsforyears.
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153. Forest Conservation Act, 1980
•heForestConservationAct,1980isaCentralActofParliamentwithaviewto
providefortheconservationofforestandformattersconnectedtherewithor
ancillaryorincidentalthereto.TheactextendstothewholeofIndiaexceptthestate
ofJammuandKashmir.Section2oftheactmakesaprovisionofapriorapproval
oftheCentralGovernmentnecessarybeforeaStateGovernmentoranyother
authorityissuesdirectionfordereservationofreservedforests(whichhavebeen
reservedundertheIndianForestAct1927),useofforestlandfornon–forest
purpose,assigningforestlandbywayofleaseorotherwisetoanyprivatepersonor
toanyauthority,corporation,agencyoranyotherorganizationnotowned,managed
orcontrolledbythegovernmentandclearfellingofnaturallygrowntrees.Theterm
“forestland”mentionedinSection2oftheActreferstoreservedforest,protected
forestoranyarearecordedasforestinthegovernmentrecords.Landswhichare
notifiedundersection4oftheIndian
•ForestActwouldalsocomewithinthepurviewoftheForestConservationAct
1980.SChasalsoheldthat“forest”asunderstoodinthedictionarysensewould
alsobeincludedunder“forestland”.Theterm“forest”shallnotbeapplicabletothe
plantationraisedonprivatelandexceptnotifiedprivateforest.Treefallinginsuch
plantationwouldhoweverbegovernedbystateactsandrules.Theterm“tree”will
havethesamemeaningasdefinedinsection2oftheIndianForestAct1927.
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154. Forest Conservation Act, 1980 Cont.
•Appealsagainstordersmadeundersection2oftheforestconservationactonor
afterthecommencementoftheNationalGreenTribunalAct2010liewiththe
NationalGreenTribunal.Theproceduresalongwithformatsforobtaining
clearancesundertheacthavebeenprescribedundertheForestConservationRules
2003and2004whichalsohasconstitutedaforestadvisorycommitteeandregional
empoweredcommittee.Theregionalempoweredcommitteeshalldecidethe
proposalinvolvingdiversionofforestlandupto40ha.Proposalsinvolvingforest
landofmorethan40ha.andallproposalsrelatingtominingandencroachments
irrespectiveoftheareaofforestlandinvolved,shallbeforwardedbytheconcerned
StateGovernment/UnionTerritoryalongitsrecommendationstotheMoEF
GovernmentofIndia.Non–complianceofprovisionsofsection2oftheactshall
bepunishablewithsimpleimprisonmentforaperiodwhichmayextendupto15
days.
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155. Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
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The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972

156. Introduction
•TheIndianParliamentenactedtheWildlife(Protection)Actin1972,which
providesforthesafeguardandprotectionofthewildlife(floraandfauna)inthe
country.Thisisanimportantlegislationandformsanintegralpartofthe
environmentandecology
•ThisActprovidesfortheprotectionofthecountry’swildanimals,birdsandplant
species,inordertoensureenvironmentalandecologicalsecurity.Amongother
things,theActlaysdownrestrictionsonhuntingmanyanimalspecies.TheActwas
lastamendedintheyear2006.AnAmendmentbillwasintroducedintheRajya
Sabhain2013andreferredtoaStandingCommittee,butitwaswithdrawnin2015.
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157. History Of Wildlife Protection Legislation In India
•ThefirstsuchlawwaspassedbytheBritishIndianGovernmentin1887calledthe
WildBirdsProtectionAct,1887.Thelawmadethepossessionandsaleofwild
birdswhichwereeitherkilledorcapturedillegal.
•Asecondlawwasenactedin1912calledtheWildBirdsandAnimalsProtection
Act.Thiswasamendedin1935whentheWildBirdsandAnimalsProtection
AmendmentAct,1935waspassedbythelegislatureatthattimebyParliament.
•DuringtheBritishRaj,wildlifeprotectionwasnotaccordedapriority.Itwasonly
in1960thattheissueofprotectionofwildlifeandthepreventionofcertainspecies
frombecomingextinctcameintothefore.
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158. Constitutional Validity of Wildlife Act
•Article48AoftheConstitutionofIndiadirectstheStatetoprotectandimprovethe
environmentandthesafeguardwildlifeandforests.Thisarticlewasaddedtothe
Constitutionbythe42ndAmendmentin1976.
•Article51AimposescertainfundamentaldutiesforthepeopleofIndia.Oneof
themistoprotectandimprovethenaturalenvironmentincludingforests,lakes,
riversandwildlifeandtohavecompassionforlivingcreatures.
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159. Need For Wildlife Act
•Wildlifeisapartof‘forests’andthiswasastatesubjectuntiltheParliamentpassed
thislawin1972.Reasonsforanationwidelawinthedomainofenvironment
particularlywildlifeincludethefollowing:
•Indiaisatreasure-troveofvariedfloraandfauna.Manyspecieswereseeingarapid
declineinnumbers.Forinstance,attheturnofthe20thcentury,Indiawashometo
closeto40000tigers.Bytheseventies,thisnumberdrasticallyreducedtoabout
1820.
•Adrasticdecreaseinthefloraandfaunacancauseecologicalimbalance,which
affectsmanyaspectsofclimateandtheecosystem.
•ThemostrecentActpassedduringtheBritisherainthisregardwastheWildBirds
andAnimalsProtection,1935.Thisneededtobeupgradedasthepunishments
awardedtopoachersandtradersofwildlifeproductsweredisproportionatetothe
hugefinancialbenefitsthataccruetothem.
•TherewereonlyfivenationalparksinIndiapriortotheenactmentofthisAct.
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160. Salient Features
•This Act provides for the protection of a listed species of animals, birds and plants,
and also for the establishment of a network of ecologically-important protected
areas in the country.
•The Act provides for the formation of wildlife advisory boards, wildlife wardens,
specifies their powers and duties, etc.
•It helped India become a party to the Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).
–CITES is a multilateral treaty with the objective of protecting endangered
animals and plants.
–It is also known as theWashington Conventionand was adopted as a result of
a meeting ofIUCNmembers.
•For the first time, a comprehensive list of the endangered wildlife of the country
was prepared.
•The Actprohibited the hunting of endangered species.
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161. Salient Features Cont.
•Scheduled animals are prohibited from being traded as per the Act’s provisions.
•The Act provides for licenses for the sale, transfer and possession of some wildlife
species.
•It provides for the establishment of wildlife sanctuaries, national parks, etc.
•Its provisions paved the way for the formation of theCentral Zoo Authority. This
is the central body responsible for the oversight of zoos in India. It was established
in 1992.
•The Act createdsix scheduleswhich gave varying degrees of protection to classes
of flora and fauna.
–Schedule I and Schedule II (Part II) get absolute protection and offences under
these schedules attract the maximum penalties.
–The schedules also include species which may be hunted.
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162. Salient Features Cont.
•TheNationalBoardforWildlifewasconstitutedasastatutoryorganisationunder
theprovisionsofthisAct.
–Thisisanadvisoryboardthatoffersadvicetothecentralgovernmentonissues
ofwildlifeconservationinIndia.
–Itisalsotheapexbodytoreviewandapproveallmattersrelatedtowildlife,
projectsofnationalparks,sanctuaries,etc.
–ThechieffunctionoftheBoardistopromotetheconservationand
developmentofwildlifeandforests.
–ItischairedbythePrimeMinister.
•TheActalsoprovidedfortheestablishmentoftheNationalTigerConservation
Authority.
–ItisastatutorybodyoftheMinistryofEnvironment,ForestandClimate
Changewithanoverallsupervisoryandcoordinationpart,performing
capacitiesasgivenintheAct.
–ItsmandateistostrengthentigerconservationinIndia.
–ItgivesstatutoryauthoritytoProjectTigerwhichwaslaunchedin1973and
hasputtheendangeredtigeronaguaranteedpathofrevivalbyprotectingit
fromextinction.
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163. Protected Areas under the
Wildlife Protection Act
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164. Sancturies
1. Sanctuaries:“Sanctuary is a place of refuge where injured, abandoned and abused
wildlife is allowed to live in peace in their natural environment without any human
intervention.”
•They are naturally-occurring areas where endangered species are protected from
poaching, hunting and predation.
•Here, animals are not bred for commercial exploitation.
•The species are protected from any sort of disturbance.
•Animals are not allowed to be captured or killed inside the sanctuaries.
•A wildlife sanctuary is declared by the State government by a Notification.
Boundaries can be altered by a Resolution of the State Legislature.
•Human activities such as timber harvesting, collecting minor forest products and
private ownership rights are permitted as long as they do not interfere with the
animals’ well-being.Limited human activity is permitted.
•They are open to the general public. But people are not allowed unescorted. There
are restrictions as to who can enter and/or reside within the limits of the sanctuary.
Only public servants (and his/her family), persons who own immovable property
inside, etc. are allowed. People using the highways which pass through sanctuaries
are also allowed inside.
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165. Sancturies Cont.
•Boundaries of sanctuaries are not generally fixed and defined.
•Biologists and researchers are permitted inside so that they can study the area and
its inhabitants.
•TheChief Wildlife Warden (who is the authority to control, manage and
maintain all sanctuaries)may grant permission to persons for entry or residence in
the sanctuary for the study of wildlife, scientific research, photography, the
transaction of any lawful business with persons residing inside, and tourism.
•Sanctuaries can be upgraded to the status of a ‘National Park’.
•Examples:Indian Wild Ass Sanctuary (Rannof Kutch, Gujarat); Vedanthangal
Bird Sanctuary in Tamil Nadu (oldest bird sanctuary in India); DandeliWildlife
Sanctuary (Karnataka).
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166. National Parks
•2. National Parks:“National Parks are the areas that are set by the government to
conserve the natural environment.”
•A national park has more restrictions as compared to a wildlife sanctuary.
•National parks can be declared by the State government by Notification.
No alteration of the boundaries of a national park shall be made except on
a resolution passed by the State Legislature.
•The main objective of a national park is to protect the natural environment
of the area and biodiversity conservation.
•The landscape, fauna and flora are present in their natural state in national
parks.
•Their boundaries are fixed and defined.
•Here,no human activity is allowed.
•Grazing of livestock and private tenurial rights are not permitted here.
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167. National Parks Cont.
•Species mentioned in the Schedules of the Wildlife Act are not allowed to
be hunted or captured.
•No person shall destroy, remove or exploit any wildlife from a National
Park or destroy or damage the habitat of any wild animal or deprive any
wild animal of its habitat within a national park.
•They cannot be downgraded to the status of a ‘sanctuary’.
•Examples:Bandipur National Park in Karnataka; Hemis National Park in
Jammu & Kashmir; Kaziranga National Park in Assam. See more onList
of National Parks in India.
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168. Conservation Rights
•3.ConservationReserves:TheStategovernmentmaydeclareanarea(particularly
thoseadjacenttosanctuariesorparks)asconservationreservesafterconsulting
withlocalcommunities.
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169. Community Reserves
•4. Community Reserves:The State government may declare any private or
community land as a community reserve after consultation with the local
community or an individual who has volunteered to conserve the wildlife.
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170. Tiger Reserves
•5. Tiger Reserves:These areas are reserved for the protection and conservation of
tigers in India. They are declared on the recommendations of the National Tiger
Conservation Authority.
•The amended Wildlife Act doesn’t allow any commercial exploitation of forest
produce in both wildlife sanctuaries and national parks, and local communities are
allowed to collect forest produce only for their bona fide requirements.
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171. Schedules of Wildlife Protection Act
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172. Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
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Introduction to International Environment Laws

173. Environmental Law : Human Rights
Perspective
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174. Development Of The Modern International Protection:
International Perspective
Protectingindividuals
•1948:UniversalDeclarationof
HumanRights(UDHR)
•1966:CovenantonCivilandPolitical
Rights(CCRR)-classicrights
•1966:CovenantonEconomic,Social
andCulturalRights(CESCR)
•1966:ConventionontheElimination
ofAllFormsofRacialDiscrimination
•1979:ConventionontheElimination
ofAllFormsofDiscrimination
againstwomen
•1989:ConventionontheRightsofthe
Child
•Protectingtheenvironment
•1972:theDeclarationoftheUnited
NationsConferenceontheHuman
Environment
•1992:theRioDeclarationon
EnvironmentandDevelopment
•2000:MillenniumDevelopment
Goals
•2002:JohannesburgDeclarationon
SustainableDevelopment
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175. Development Of The Modern International Protection:
International Perspective
Protectingindividuals
•1950:ConventionfortheProtection
ofHumanRightsandFundamental
Freedoms
•1952:FirstProtocoltothe
Convention
–CaselawofECHR
Protecting theenvironment–
“EnvironmentforEurope”process
•1998:ConventiononAccessto
Information,PublicParticipationin
Decision-makingandAccessto
JusticeinEnvironmentalMatters(4th
MinisterialConferenceinAarhus)
•2003:ProtocolonPollutantRelease
andTransferRegisters
•2005:AmendmenttotheConvention
regardinggeneticallymodified
organisms(Art.6bisandAnnexIbis)
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176. Stockholm Declaration : Brief
Overview
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177. Introduction
•TheUnitedNationshostedtheveryfirstconferenceontheHumanEnvironment
whichwasheldin1972inStockholm(Sweden),andofficiallyitisknownasthe
StockholmDeclarationof1972.Theconferencewasheldforabasiccommon
outlookonhowtoaddressthechallengeofconservingandenhancingthehuman
environment.
•In1968-1969,byresolutions2398and2581,thegeneralassemblydecidedto
conducttheconferenceinStockholmin1972onagloballevelwhereallcountries
couldtakepartin.ThemainprincipleoftheStockholmdeclarationwas“toserveas
apracticalmeanstoencourageandtoprovideguidelinestoprotectandimprovethe
humanenvironmentandtoremedyandpreventitsimpairment”.Theconference’s
preparatorycommitteehadworkedonthedeclarationin1971withtheactual
draftingofthetextallocatedtoanintergovernmentalworkinggroup.Attherequest
ofChina,thespecialworkingcommitteereviewedthetextandreduceditto21
principlesandbroughtup4newprinciples.Brazilobjectedforthesame,thenthe
workingcommitteewasremovedforreviewingthetextandtheworkwasreferred
tothegeneralassemblyforfurtherconsideration,adraftprincipleon“Prior
Information”.
•
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178. Stockholm Declaration
•The Stockholm Conference was the first conference conducted by the United
Nations Conference on Human Environment that focused on Environmental Issues
at the International level. This conference was organised in Stockholm (Sweden)
from 5th to 16th June 1972 and it was the very first conference which
communicated the Environmental Issues at the International level and tried to find a
way to tackle the air, land and water pollution by working together as a unit to
safeguard the human environment for a better tomorrow. The Stockholm
Conference also led the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in
December 1972 to coordinate the global efforts to safeguard our natural human
environment.
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179. Stockholm Declaration
•TheproposaloftheStockholmConferencewasmadein1968inSwedenand
contendedthattheUnitedNationmustholdanInternationalconferencetoexamine
environmentalissuesthatrequiredInternationalcooperationtosolvetheproblems
relatedtoenvironmentalpollution.TheStockholmConferencewasattendedby114
governmentdelegations.AtthetimeoftheStockholmDeclaration,26
principleswerebroadlydeclaredtorecognizethehumanimpactonthe
environment,andthatwasforthefirsttimeinhistorythattheenvironmentalissues
hadbeenrecognisedpubliclyonaglobalscale.Theconferencecameupwith
severalframeworksforenvironmentalactions,anactionplancontaining109
recommendationsrelatedtohumansettlements,development,naturalresource
management,educationalandsocialaspectsoftheenvironment,pollutionand
Internationalorganizations.
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180. Important Provisions
TheStockholmDeclaration,1972comprisestheproclamationof26principlesand
severalothersubmissionsofrecommendations.Everyprinciplewhichislaiddownin
theStockholmdeclarationisanimportantprovisionofthedeclaration.These26
principlesareasfollows:
•Principle1:RighttoProtectEnvironment
Article21oftheIndianConstitutionwhichtalksaboutRighttolifeincludesRighttoa
healthyenvironmentaswell,Itisthehumanrightofamantoliveinahealthy
environmentandtoprotecttheenvironmentandthehumancantakeanylegalaction
againsttheonewhoisdestroyingtheenvironment,astherighttoahealthy
environmentisafundamentalrightofaperson.
•Principle2:ManagementofNaturalResources
Thehumanmustmanagethenaturalresourcesavailableonearthanditappliestoall
thenaturalresourceswhichincludeair,water,landandsamplesofthenatural
ecosystemsothattheupcominggenerationswouldalsobeabletoenjoythenatural
resources.Butthisrequiresaccurateplanningandmanagementandthiswouldhappen
onlyifwesafeguardournaturalresourcestoday,onlythenwecouldachieveourgoals
andsavethenaturalresourcesforfuturegeneration.
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181. Important Provisions
•Principle3:ManagementofRenewableResources
Inthewarofsavingourresources,thehumancommunityneedstocomeupasoneunit
tomaintainthecapacityoftheearthtoproducevitalrenewableresources.
•Principle4:ConservationofWildlife
Thehumansshalltakeitasaresponsibilitytosafeguardandmanagetheheritageof
wildlifeanditshabitat,whicharenowindangerbecauseoftheactsdonebythem.
Everyonehastocomeupasoneunitforworkingeffectivelytoprotectournature
includingwildlifeandmustunderstandtheimportanceofnatureinplanningfor
economicdevelopment.
•Principle5:ManagementofNon-RenewableResources
Asweallareawareofthefactthatwearetodayleftwithverylimitednon-renewable
resources,wemustcontributeinordertosaveournon-renewableresourceswhichare
availableonearthandmustemploytheminawaytoguardagainstthedangeroftheir
futureexhaustionandmustensuretheirbenefitsaresharedwiththewholemankind.
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182. Important Provisions
•Principle6:PollutionControl
Themaincausesofpollutionarethegases,liquidsubstances,toxicsubstancesorother
substanceswhichindustriesormillsdischargeandsuchquantitiesofharmful
substancespollutetheenvironmentinwhichwelive.Everypersonshouldputtheir
possibleeffortsandshouldprotecttheenvironmentfrompollution.Everyonehasto
struggleabittocontrolthepollutionontheearthsothateveryoneenjoysnature
withoutpollution.
•Principle7:PreventionofPollutionofSeas
TheStategovernmentshalltakesomemajoractionstoprotecttheseasfrompollution,
especiallyfromtheindustriesthatarepollutingtheriversbydischarginghazardous
chemicalsinitandfromthetouristswhothrowplasticinriversandothersubstances
thatarehazardoustohumanhealthandtolivingresourcesaswell.
•Principle8:EconomicandSocialDevelopment
EconomicandSocialdevelopmentisessentialforensuringacomfortablelivingbutthe
actdonebyhumansshallnotaffecttheenvironment.Theworkingenvironmentofmen
isnecessaryfortheimprovementofthequalityoflifebuttheactshallbeinsuchaway
thatourenvironmentdoesnotsufferduetothatandwewouldbeabletoliveina
pollution-freeenvironment.
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183. Important Provisions
•Principle9:UnderdevelopmentandNaturalDisaster
Environmentaldeficienciesgeneratedbytheconditionsofunderdevelopmentand
naturaldisasterscanbestberemediedbyinvestinginsubstantialamountsoffinancial
andtechnologicalassistance.
•Principle10:StabilityofPricesofPrimaryCommodities
Thestabilityofpricesandadequateearningsforprimarycommoditiesandraw
materialsareessentialforenvironmentalmanagementinthedevelopingcountries.
•Principle11:EnvironmentalPolicies
Thegovernmentshouldintroducesomeenvironmentalpoliciesforcontrollingpollution
andforthedevelopmentofcountriessothatpollutiondoesnotaffectthepresentand
futuregenerations.TheStateshouldadoptanintegratedandcoordinatedapproachto
developingsuchplans.
•Principle12:EnvironmentProtectionEducation
Humansneedtobeeducatedaboutenvironmentalprotectiontomakethemmuchaware
abouttheissue.Itisessentialanditshouldbecommunicatedtohumansbyconducting
skitsorthroughmediaoranyothermediumtomakepeopleawareoftheenvironmental
crisissothatpeoplewouldworkeffectivelytocontrolthepollutionbyputtingtheir
efforts.
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184. Important Provisions
•Principle13:RationalManagementofResources
ItisessentialforeveryStatetoadoptanintegratedandcoordinatedapproachforthe
developmentofthecountryandeveryplanmustworkinaneffectiveway.Thepurpose
behindistoachievetherationalmanagementofresources.
•Principle14:RationalPlanning
Rationalplanningisanessentialtoolforconfirminganyclashesbetweentheneedsof
developmentandtheneedtoprotectandimprovetheenvironment.
•Principle15:HumanSettlement
Thesettlementofthehumancommunitymustbeplannedandorganisedwellforthe
purposeofavoidingtheeffectsontheenvironment.
•Principle16:HumanPopulation
Thegovernmenthastointroducesomepoliciesforcontrollingthepopulationandmust
workaccordingtosuchpolicies,withtheviewforcontrollingthepopulationonthe
earthasitisoneofthemajorissuesoftheearthandweshouldworkeffectivelyto
controlit.Todaymostofthecountrieshavealargepopulationandincreasing
populationgrowthhasadverseeffectsontheenvironment.
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185. Important Provisions
•Principle17:SettingofEnvironmentalPollutionControlAgenciesatNational
Level
Forthepurposeofsavingtheenvironment,thegovernmentmustestablish
EnvironmentalPollutionAgenciesatnationallevelandshallgrantthemthepowerto
controlthepollutionatthenationallevel.Theagencymustbeestablishedwithproper
planningandmanagementtocontrolthepollutionandprotecttheresources.
•Principle18:UseofScienceandTechnology
InthisgenerationScienceandtechnologyhavedevelopedcompletelyanditis
suggestedthatthegovernmentshouldtakesomehelpofscienceandtechnologyto
controlthepollutionandsavetheenvironmentforabettertomorrow.Scienceand
technologymustworkinamannertocontrolenvironmentalproblemsandmustcome
upwithnewresearchandinnovations.
•Principle19:EducationinEnvironmentalMatters
Theearthissufferingfrompollutionanditisessentialtoeducatehumansabout
environmentalmatterstomakepeopleawareoftheissuesoftheenvironment,sothat
everyindividual,enterpriseandcommunitycouldputtheirjointeffortsforprotecting
andimprovingtheenvironmentinitsfullhumandimension.
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186. Important Provisions
•Principle20:FurtherScientificResearch
Thegovernmentmustpromotenewscientificresearchandinnovationsforthe
developmentinthecontextofenvironmentalproblemsinallthecountries,especiallyin
thedevelopingcountries.
•Principle21:RightsandResponsibilityofSovereignNation
ItistherightoftheSovereignNationstoexploittheirownresourcesinpursuitoftheir
ownenvironmentalpolicies.Thesovereignnationsmustlooktowardstheactivitiesof
theirnationandmusttakecarethatitwouldnotaffecttheenvironmentintheir
jurisdictionandshallnotcausedamagetotheenvironmentofotherstatesorareas
beyondthelimitsoftheirnationaljurisdiction.
•Principle22:DevelopmentofInternationalLaw
ItisimportantthateveryStateshouldcooperatetodevelopInternationallawregarding
liabilityandcompensationfortheoneswhoarepollutingourenvironment,asweall
havetofightasoneunittoprotectourenvironmentagainstthepollution.
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187. Important Provisions
•Principle23:ImplementationofAgendabyEveryCountry
Withoutprejudicetosuchcriteriaasmaybeagreeduponbytheinternational
community,ortostandardswhichwillhavetobedeterminednationally,itwillbe
essentialinallcasestoconsiderthesystemofvaluesprevailingineachcountry,and
thecontextoftheapplicabilityofstandardswhicharevalidforthemostadvanced
countriesbutwhichmaybeinappropriateandofunwarrantedsocialcostforthe
developingcountries.
•Principle24:InternationalCooperation
EverycountryontheearthshouldcontributeonanequalleveltowardstheInternational
lawforprotectingourenvironmentandournaturalresources.Fortheimprovementof
theenvironmentitmustbehandledinacooperativespiritbyallthecountriesasa
union.
•Principle25:CoordinatedandDynamicRole
TheInternationalorganisationsplayanefficientanddynamicroleforsafeguardingand
improvingtheenvironmentandeverystatemustensurethattoeveryhuman.
•Principle26:BanonNuclearWeapons
Nocountryshouldusethenuclearweaponagainstanycountry,nuclearweaponsmust
beeliminatedbyeverycountry.
•
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188. Rio Declaration: Brief Overview
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189. Introduction
•TheRioDeclarationonEnvironmentandDevelopmentisasetofprinciplesthat
recognizetheimportanceofpreservingtheenvironmentandsetforthinternational
guidelinesfordoingso.TheywerecompiledattheUnitedNationsConferencefor
EnvironmentandDevelopmentinRiodeJaneiroin1992andarefoundinthe
reportofthisconference.TheRioDeclarationservesassomeofthestandardsby
whichUNMembercountriescreatedomesticandinternationalenvironmental
policiesandbywhichtheyformagreementsororganizationswithoneanother,asit
pertainstotheenvironmentandconservation.
•ThegoaloftheRioDeclarationistoworktowardsthefollowingobjectives;
1.establishinganewandequitableglobalpartnershipthroughthecreationofnew
levelsofcooperationamongStates,keysocietiesandpeople,
2.Workingtowardsinternationalagreementswhichrespecttheinterestsofalland
protecttheintegrityoftheglobalenvironmentanddevelopmentalsystem
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190. Important Provisions
•Principle1
Humanbeingsareatthecentreofconcernsforsustainabledevelopment.Theyare
entitledtoahealthyandproductivelifeinharmonywithnature.
•Principle3
Therighttodevelopmentmustbefulfilledsoastoequitablymeetdevelopmentaland
environmentalneedsofpresentandfuturegenerations.
•Principle6
Thespecialsituationandneedsofdevelopingcountries,particularlytheleast
developedandthosemostenvironmentallyvulnerable,shallbegivenspecialpriority.
•Principle7
Statesshallcooperateinaspiritofglobalpartnershiptoconserve,protectandrestore
thehealthandintegrityoftheEarth’secosystem.Thedevelopedcountriesacknowledge
theresponsibilitythattheybearintheinternationalpursuitofsustainabledevelopment
inviewofthepressurestheirsocietiesplaceonglobalenvironmentandofthe
technologiesandfinancialresourcestheycommand.
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191. Important Provisions
•Principle8
Toachievesustainabledevelopmentandahigherqualityoflifeforallpeople,States
shouldreduceandeliminateunsustainablepatternsofproductionandconsumptionand
promoteappropriatedemographicpolicies.
•Principle10
Environmentalissuesarebesthandledwiththeparticipationofallconcernedcitizens,
attherelevantlevel.Atthenationallevel,eachindividualshallhaveappropriate
accesstoinformationconcerningtheenvironmentthatisheldbypublicauthoritiesand
theopportunitytoparticipateindecision-makingprocesses.
•Principle11
Statesshallenacteffectiveenvironmentallegislation.
•Principle13
Statesshalldevelopnationallawregardingliabilityandcompensationforthevictims
ofpollutionandotherenvironmentaldamage.
•Principle14
•Statesshouldeffectivelycooperatetodiscourageorpreventtherelocationand
transfertootherStatesofanyactivitiesandsubstancesthatcausesevere
environmentaldegradationorarefoundtobeharmfultohumanhealth.
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192. Important Provisions
•Principle16
Thepollutershould,inprinciple,bearthecostofpollution.
•Principle22
Indigenouspeopleandtheircommunitiesandotherlocalcommunitieshaveavitalrole
inenvironmentalmanagementanddevelopmentbecauseoftheirknowledgeand
traditionalpractices.Statesshouldrecognizeanddulysupporttheiridentity,culture
andinterestsandenabletheireffectiveparticipationintheachievementofsustainable
development.
•Principle23
Theenvironmentandnaturalresourcesofpeopleunderoppression,dominationand
occupationshallbeprotected.
•Principle25
Peace,developmentandenvironmentalprotectionareinterdependentandindivisible.
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193. United Nations Environment
Programme
UNEP
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194. Introduction
•TheUNEPisaninternationalenvironmentalauthorityengagedinestablishinga
globalenvironmentalagendaandpromotingtheefficientimplementationofthe
environmentaldimensionoftheUnitedNationsSustainableDevelopment
Programme.
•Therisingpollutionlevelsofthe1960sand1970spromptedtheinternational
leadershiptothinkabouthavinglawsandregulationsinplaceforenvironmental
concerns,alongthelikesoftheInternationalLabourOrganisation(ILO),theworld
HealthOrganisation(WHO),etc.
•Theseconcernswereaddressedatthe1972UnitedNationsConferenceonHuman
Environment(alsoknownastheStockholmConference).TheConferenceledtothe
adoptionoftheStockholmDeclaration(DeclarationontheHumanEnvironment).
•TheConferencealsoresultedintheformationofamanagementbodyforthese
concerns,whichwaslatercalledtheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme.
•HeadquarteredinNairobi,theUNEPisheadedbyanExecutiveDirector.
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195. UNEP Functions
•The major functions of the UNEP are discussed below:
•The UNEP engages in developing global conventions on the environment and
related issues. It hosts the secretariats of various conventions such as:
–Minamata Convention
–Convention on Biological Diversity
–Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and
Flora (CITES)
–Basel Convention
–Stockholm Convention
–Rotterdam Convention
–Montreal Protocol
–Vienna Convention
–Convention on Migratory Species
–Tehran Convention
–Bamako Convention
–Carpathian Convention
–Climate & Clean Air Coalition (CCAC)
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196. UNEP Functions
•It promotes environmental science and related information.
•It finances and implements developmental projects related to the environment.
•It engages with national governments, NGOs, etc. in relation to environmental
policy and implementation.
•The UNEP also formulates treaties and guidelines in the domain of international
trade in harmful chemicals, international waterways pollution and transboundary
pollution of air.
•It also awards and honours individuals as well as institutions that do stellar work in
this field.
Major Programmes of the UNEP
•Earth Hour
•Clean up the World
•Billion Tree Campaign
•Seal the Deal
•Pain for the Planet
•Awareness and Preparedness for Emergencies at Local Level (APELL)
•TUNZA
•Faith for Earth
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197. United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA)
•The UNEP’s governing body is called theUnited Nations Environment Assembly,
which is said to be the world’s highest decision making body on the environment.
•It meets once in two years to establish priorities for international environmental
policies and develop international environmental law.
•Formed in 2012, it is headed by a Bureau and its President.
•The Bureau comprises ten environment ministers of various countries who all hold
two-year terms, based on geographical rotation.
•Currently, it has 193 member states (all UN member countries).
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198. UNEP & India
•IndiahashadacloserelationshipwiththeUNEPsincetheprogramme’sinception.
Therearemanyprojectscompleted,aswellasongoingprojects,oftheUNEPin
India.
•TheUNEP’spresenceinIndiastartedin2016withanofficeatNewDelhi.
•ThenodalagencyforIndia’sinteractionswiththeUNEPistheGOI’sMinistryfor
Environment,ForestsandClimateChange.
•ThePermanentRepresentativeofIndiatoUNEPisIndia’sHighCommissionerfor
Kenya.
•India’sannualfinancialcontributiontotheUNEPistothetuneofUSD100,000.
•TheUNEPhasrecognisedIndia’sinitiativesintheenvironmentsector.
–TheUNEPawardedPMNarendraModiwiththe‘ChampionsoftheEarth’
awardalongwithFrenchPresidentEmmanuelMacroninthecategory‘policy
leadership’.
–Thiswasinrecognitionofthe,amongothers,theInternationalSolarAlliance,
initiatedbyIndia.
•In2019,IndiajoinedtheClimate&CleanAirCoalition(CCAC),whoseSecretariat
ishostedbytheUNEP.
•IndiaplanstoworkwithCCACnationsonbestpracticesandexperiencesforthe
effectiveimplementationoftheNationalCleanAirProgramme(NCAP).
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199. Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
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Important Doctrines under Environmental Law

200. Sustainable
Development
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201. Introduction
•Sustainabledevelopmentcanbedefinedasanapproachtotheeconomic
developmentofacountrywithoutcompromisingthequalityoftheenvironmentfor
futuregenerations.Inthenameofeconomicdevelopment,thepriceof
environmentaldamageispaidintheformoflanddegradation,soilerosion,air&
waterpollution,deforestation,etc.Thisdamagemaysurpasstheadvantagesof
havingmorequalityoutputofgoodsandservice.
•SustainableDevelopmentGoalsare:
1.Topromotethekindofdevelopmentthatminimizesenvironmentalproblems.
2.Tomeettheneedsoftheexistinggenerationwithoutcompromisingthequalityof
theenvironmentforfuturegenerations.
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202. Features of Sustainable Development
•Sustainabledevelopmentcanbeachievedifwefollowthefollowingpoints,
•Restrictinghumanbeing
•Technologicaldevelopmentshouldbeinputeffectiveandnotinpututilizing
•Therateofconsumptionshouldnotsurpasstherateofsalvation
•Forrenewableresources,therateofconsumptionshouldnotsurpasstherateof
productionofrenewablesubstitutes.
•Alltypesofpollutionshouldbeminimized
•SensibleuseofNaturalResources
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203. Examples of Sustainable Development
•WindEnergy
•SolarEnergy
•CropRotation
•SustainableConstruction
•EfficientWaterFixtures
•GreenSpace
•SustainableForestry
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204. Environmental Crisis
•Environmentalcrisisreferstoasituationwhenanenvironmentfailstoperformits
vitalfunctionoflifesustenance.
•Theenvironmentissuitableassoonas
1.Resourceextractionremainsbelowtherateofresourcegeneration.
2.Generationofwasteremainswithintheabsorptioncapacityoftheenvironment.
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205. Reasons For Environmental Crisis
(1)PopulationExplosion
•Thehighrateofgrowthofpopulationadverselyaffectstheenvironment.
•Itincreasesthedemandforenvironmentalresources,buttheirsupplyislimited.
•Thisresultsinoveruseandmisuseofresources.
(2)RiseinEconomicActivity
•Riseineconomicgrowthresultsinaffluentconsumptionandproductionofgoods
andservices.
•Itgenerateswastewhichisbeyondtheabsorptivecapacityoftheenvironment.
(3)RapidIndustrialization
•Rapidindustrializationhasledtodeforestation,depletionofnaturalresources.
•Itleadstowatercontaminationduetotheincreasingvolumeoftoxicsubstances
andindustrialwastesintothewaterbodies.
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206. Reasons For Environmental Crisis
(4)Urbanization
•Alargemigrationofpopulationfromruraltourbanareasresultsinthefastgrowth
ofslumareas.
•Itleadstotheexcessburdenontheexistinginfrastructuralactivities.
(5)Deforestation
•Deforestationreferstocuttingdownoftrees,clearingforest,etc.
•Itadverselyaffectstheenvironmentandcausesotherproblems.
(6)IncreasedUseofInsecticides,PesticidesandChemicalFertilisers
•Farmersandworkerssufferhealthproblemsduetoincreaseduseofpoisonous
insecticides,pesticides,andchemicalfertilizers.
•Thecropgeneratedalsocontainschemicalelementsinit.
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207. Polluter Pays Principle
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208. Meaning
•ThePolluterPaysPrinciplewasfirstintroducedin1972bytheOrganizationfor
EconomicCooperationandDevelopment(OECD)GuidingPrinciplesconcerning
InternationalEconomicAspectsofEnvironmentalpolicieswhereunderthepolluter
washeldresponsiblefortheenvironmentaldamageandpollution.
•Subsequently,theRioDeclarationlaiddowntheguidelinesforsustainable
developmentmeaningtherebyastrategytocatertheneedsofthepresentgeneration
withoutcompromisingtheneedsofthefuturegeneration.Infurtheranceoftheaim
ofsustainabledevelopmentRioDeclarationPrinciple16oftheRioDeclaration
enshrinedthePolluterPaysprinciplestatingthatthepollutershouldbearthecostof
pollution.
•ThePolluterPaysPrincipleimposesliabilityonapersonwhopollutesthe
environmenttocompensateforthedamagecausedandreturntheenvironmenttoits
originalstateregardlessoftheintent.
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209. Case Laws
•IndianCouncilforEnviro-LegalActionvs.UnionofIndia1996(3)SCC212
TheCourtheldthatoncetheactivitycarriedonishazardousorinherently
dangerous,thepersoncarryingonsuchactivityisliabletomakegoodtheloss
causedtoanyotherpersonbyhisactivityirrespectiveofthefactwhetherhetook
reasonablecarewhilecarryingonhisactivity.Theruleispremiseduponthevery
natureoftheactivitycarriedon.
•VelloreCitizens'WelfareForumvs.UnionofIndia1996(5)SCC647
TheCourtinterpretedthemeaningofthePolluterPaysPrincipleastheabsolute
liabilityforharmtotheenvironmentextendsnotonlytocompensatethevictimsof
thepollutionbutalsothecostofrestoringtheenvironmentaldegradation.
Remediationofthedamagedenvironmentispartoftheprocessof'Sustainable
Development'andassuchthepolluterisliabletopaythecosttotheindividual
sufferersaswellasthecostofreversingthedamagedecology."
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210. Case Laws
•TheOleumGasLeakcase(M.C.Mehtavs.UnionofIndia)AIR1987SC1086
TheCourtlaiddownthatanenterpriseengagedinahazardousorinherently
dangerousindustrywhichposesapotentialthreattothehealthandsafetyofpersons
workinginthefactoryandtothoseresidinginthesurroundingareas,owesan
absoluteandnon-delegabledutytothecommunitytoensurethatnoharmresultsto
anyoneonaccountofhazardousorinherentlydangerousnatureoftheactivity
whichithasundertaken.Theenterpriseisabsolutelyliabletocompensateforsuch
harmandirrespectiveofallreasonablecaretakenonhisaccount.Thelargerand
moreprosperoustheenterprise,greatermustbetheamountofthecompensation
payablefortheharmcausedonaccountofanaccidentinthecarryingonofthe
hazardousorinherentlydangerousactivitybytheenterprise.
•M.C.Mehta vsKamal Nath& Ors(1997)1SCC388
TheCourtheldthatpollutionisacivilwrongandisatortcommittedagainstthe
communityasawhole.Thus,anypersonguiltyofcausingpollutionhastopay
damages(compensation)forrestorationoftheenvironmentandecology.Underthe
PolluterPaysPrinciple,itisnottheroleofGovernmenttomeetthecostsinvolved
ineitherpreventionofsuchdamage,orincarryingoutremedialaction,becausethe
effectofthiswouldbetoshiftthefinancialburdenofthepollutionincidenttothe
taxpayer.
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211. Public Trust Doctrine
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212. Introduction
•ThePublictrustdoctrineinIndiaevolvedthroughlandmarkjudgements.Thecourt
statedthataswefollowtheCommonlawsystemourconstitutionincludesPublic
trustdoctrineinitsjurisprudence.Thecourttookproceduralandsubstantiverights
seriouslyandappliedthisdoctrinefortheprotectionofEnvironment.Thecourtalso
referredtovariousarticlesoftheIndianconstitutionsuchasarticle48Awhich
madeawaythroughArticle21byincludingtherighttocleanenvironmentunder
therighttolifeandArticle39[DPSP]whichstatesproperdistributionofthe
resources.
•AsIndiadoesnothavespecificenvironmentalrightsthesupremecourtwentfurther
andemphasisedonPublicTrustDoctrine.Therearemanysuchinstanceslikewhen
thesupremecourtofIndiadeclaredunauthorisedminingcausingdamagetothe
environmentofthatareaasillegalasitviolatedArticle21ofIndianconstitution
andthecourtstatedthathealthyenvironmentisnecessaryforprotectingand
safeguardingtherightsofthepeople.
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213. Introduction
•Inanothercase,HighcourtofKeralaheldthatgovernmentcannotviolateArticle
21whenagovernmentactioncausedharmtoafreshwatersource.
•IntheBhopaldisastercase,thecourtlinkedtherighttolifeandcleanenvironment.
ThepublictrustdoctrineinIndiarestrictsthegovernmentandtheprivateproperty
rightsinIndia.Afterreadingjudgmentsandvariousinterpretationsitisnotclear
howthecourtinvokedpublictrustdoctrine.ItisnotclearwhetherPublictrust
doctrinewasapartofIndianJurisprudenceoritisincludednow.Thecourtonly
statedthatitisincludedintheUnitedStatesthroughvariousjudgementsandthe
Britishlawalsoincludesthisdoctrineandwealsofollowcommonlawasareason
Indiashouldalsoincludeit.However,whatcourtfeltwasnecessarytoprotectthe
rightsofthecitizensandmakethestateresponsiblefortheprotectionunderthe
publictrustdoctrine.
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214. M.C. Mehta v. Kamalnath (1997 SCC 388)
•ThepublictrustdoctrinefirstalludedinIndiathroughthislandmarkcase.Thiscase
isalsoknownasSPANMotelcase.Inthiscase,aPILchallengedtheministerof
environmentMrKamalnath[respondent]whoallowedSPANMotelcompanyto
constructahotelnearthemouthofriverBeasinHimachalPradeshandalso
allowedthecompanytochangethecourseoftheriverfortheconstructionby
blastingtheriverbed.Theconstructionofthehotelwasplannedonlandwhichwas
takenona99yearsleasefromthegovernment.Itwasallowedbytheministryas
wellasthegrampanchayatofthatarea.Thesupremecourtheldthat“thepublic
trustismorelikeanorderforthestatetousethepublicpropertyforpublic
purposes”.Itisthedutyofthestatetoprotecttheenvironment,lakesandpublic
heritageanditcanbeonlyabdicatedinararecasewhenitisinconsistentwiththe
publictrust.Thecourtobservedthatearth’snaturalresourcesarethegiftofnature;
itshouldbeprotectedanditalsostatedthatthevaluesandlawmustadheretothe
environment.ThecourtobservedthatthePublicatlargeisbeneficiaryoftheearth
resourceslikewater,airandwetlandsandasthestateisthetrusteeitisthe
obligationofthestatetoprotecttheseresourcesandshallnotgiveittoprivate
ownershipforthefulfilmentofitsowngoal.
•The court cited United States law review, experts on environmental law to protect
the environmental rights. The court asked the company to pay compensation for the
restoration of the environment of that area under the polluter pay principle.
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215. M.I. Builders Pvt. Ltd. v. Radhey Shyam Sahu
(1999 SCC 464)
•InthecaseofM.I.BuildersPvt.Ltd.v.RadheyShyamSahuthecourtcovered
Publictrustdoctrineundertherighttolifeandstoppedtheconstructionofthe
shoppingcomplexintheplaceofapublicgardenstatingthegardenasapublic
resource.Thecourtobservedthattheparkisapublicplacewithhistorical
importance.ThecourtcitedPublictrustdoctrineandM.C.Mehtacaseasa
precedent.Thecourtstatedthatallowingtheconstructionwilldeprivethepublicof
thequalityoflifeasstatedunderArticle21oftheconstitution.Thecourtputthe
governmentundertheobligationtomaintainthepublicparkforthecitizen’sasthe
governmenthasobligatorydutiesunderPublictrustdoctrinewhichisapplicablein
India.
•ThecourtstatedthatpublictrustdoctrineisderivedandevolvedunderArticle21
oftheIndianconstitutionanditisevokedinIndiatoprotectthefundamentalright
ofthepeople.
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216. Shailesh R. Shah v. State of Gujarat
(2002 SCC OnLine Guj 164)
•Intheearlierjudgment,thecourtportrayedthestateinanegativefigure.Butin
ShaileshR.Shahv.StateofGujarat
•TheGujarathighcourtportrayedtheobligationofthestateinapositive
nature.Thecourtstatedthatthestateholdsalltheresourceslikethelake,pond,
naturalgases,wetlandandasthestateisheldasthetrusteeitisthedutyofthestate
tomaintainandprotectthemforpublicuse.Accordingtothecourt,thisisa
positivedutyofthestatetopreventtheresourcesandtheenvironmentfrom
degradationandsafeguardthemfromextinction.Itisapositivedutyofthestateto
preservetheresources.
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217. Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
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National Green Tribunal

218. Introduction
•ItisaspecialisedbodysetupundertheNationalGreenTribunalAct(2010)for
effectiveandexpeditiousdisposalofcasesrelatingtoenvironmentalprotectionand
conservationofforestsandothernaturalresources.
•WiththeestablishmentoftheNGT,Indiabecamethethirdcountryintheworldto
setupaspecialisedenvironmentaltribunal,onlyafterAustraliaandNewZealand,
andthefirstdevelopingcountrytodoso.
•NGTismandatedtomakedisposalofapplicationsorappealsfinallywithin6
monthsoffilingofthesame.
•TheNGThasfiveplacesofsittings,NewDelhiisthePrincipalplaceofsittingand
Bhopal,Pune,KolkataandChennaiaretheotherfour.
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219. Introduction
•ItisaspecialisedbodysetupundertheNationalGreenTribunalAct(2010)for
effectiveandexpeditiousdisposalofcasesrelatingtoenvironmentalprotectionand
conservationofforestsandothernaturalresources.
•WiththeestablishmentoftheNGT,Indiabecamethethirdcountryintheworldto
setupaspecialisedenvironmentaltribunal,onlyafterAustraliaandNewZealand,
andthefirstdevelopingcountrytodoso.
•NGTismandatedtomakedisposalofapplicationsorappealsfinallywithin6
monthsoffilingofthesame.
•TheNGThasfiveplacesofsittings,NewDelhiisthePrincipalplaceofsittingand
Bhopal,Pune,KolkataandChennaiaretheotherfour.
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220. Structure
•TheTribunalcomprisesoftheChairperson,theJudicialMembersandExpert
Members.Theyshallholdofficefortermoffiveyearsandarenoteligiblefor
reappointment.
•TheChairpersonisappointedbytheCentralGovernmentinconsultationwithChief
JusticeofIndia(CJI).
•ASelectionCommitteeshallbeformedbycentralgovernmenttoappointthe
JudicialMembersandExpertMembers.
•Therearetobeleast10andmaximum20fulltimeJudicialmembersandExpert
Membersinthetribunal.
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221. Powers & Jurisdiction
•TheTribunalhasjurisdictionoverallcivilcasesinvolvingsubstantialquestion
relatingtoenvironment(includingenforcementofanylegalrightrelatingto
environment).
•BeingastatutoryadjudicatorybodylikeCourts,apartfromoriginaljurisdiction
sideonfilingofanapplication,NGTalsohasappellatejurisdictiontohearappeal
asaCourt(Tribunal).
•TheTribunalisnotboundbytheprocedurelaiddownundertheCodeofCivil
Procedure1908,butshallbeguidedbyprinciplesof'naturaljustice'.
•Whilepassinganyorder/decision/award,itshallapplytheprinciplesofsustainable
development,theprecautionaryprincipleandthepolluterpaysprinciple.
•NGTbyanorder,canprovide
–reliefandcompensationtothevictimsofpollutionandotherenvironmental
damage(includingaccidentoccurringwhilehandlinganyhazardous
substance),
–forrestitutionofpropertydamaged,and
–forrestitutionoftheenvironmentforsuchareaorareas,astheTribunalmay
thinkfit.
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222. Powers & Jurisdiction
•Anorder/decision/awardofTribunalisexecutableasadecreeofacivilcourt.
•TheNGTActalsoprovidesaprocedureforapenaltyfornoncompliance:
–Imprisonmentforatermwhichmayextendtothreeyears,
–Finewhichmayextendtotencrorerupees,and
–Bothfineandimprisonment.
•Anappealagainstorder/decision/awardoftheNGTliestotheSupremeCourt,
generallywithinninetydaysfromthedateofcommunication.
•TheNGTdealswithcivilcasesunderthesevenlawsrelatedtotheenvironment,
theseinclude:
–TheWater(PreventionandControlofPollution)Act,1974,
–TheWater(PreventionandControlofPollution)CessAct,1977,
–TheForest(Conservation)Act,1980,
–TheAir(PreventionandControlofPollution)Act,1981,
–TheEnvironment(Protection)Act,1986,
–ThePublicLiabilityInsuranceAct,1991and
–TheBiologicalDiversityAct,2002.
•AnyviolationpertainingtotheselawsoranydecisiontakenbytheGovernment
undertheselawscanbechallengedbeforetheNGT.
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223. Strengths of NGT
•OvertheyearsNGThasemergedasacriticalplayerinenvironmentalregulation,
passingstrictordersonissuesrangingfrompollutiontodeforestationtowaste
management.
•NGToffersapathfortheevolutionofenvironmentaljurisprudencebysettingupan
alternativedisputeresolutionmechanism.
•Ithelpsreducetheburdenoflitigationinthehighercourtsonenvironmental
matters.
•NGTislessformal,lessexpensive,andafasterwayofresolvingenvironment
relateddisputes.
•Itplaysacrucialroleincurbingenvironment-damagingactivities.
•TheChairpersonandmembersarenoteligibleforreappointment,hencetheyare
likelytodeliverjudgementsindependently,withoutsuccumbingtopressurefrom
anyquarter.
•TheNGThasbeeninstrumentalinensuringthattheEnvironmentImpact
Assessmentprocessisstrictlyobserved.
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224. Challenges
•Two important acts -Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 and Scheduled Tribes and
Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 have
been kept out of NGT’s jurisdiction. This restricts the jurisdiction area of NGT and
at times hampers its functioning as crucial forest rights issue is linked directly to
environment.
•The NGT decisions are being challenged in various High Courts under Article 226
(power of High Courts to issue certain writs) with many asserting the superiority of
a High Court over the NGT, claiming ‘High Court is a constitutional body while
NGT is a statutory body’.” This is one of the weaknesses of the Act as there is lack
of clarity about what kind of decisions can be challenged; even though according to
the NGT Act, its decision can be challenged before the Supreme Court.
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225. Challenges
•DecisionsofNGThavealsobeencriticisedandchallengedduetotheir
repercussionsoneconomicgrowthanddevelopment.
•Theabsenceofaformulabasedmechanismindeterminingthecompensationhas
alsobroughtcriticismtothetribunal.
•ThedecisionsgivenbyNGTarenotfullycompliedbythestakeholdersorthe
government.Sometimesitsdecisionsarepointedoutnottobefeasibleto
implementwithinagiventimeframe.
•Thelackofhumanandfinancialresourceshasledtohighpendencyofcases-
whichunderminesNGT’sveryobjectiveofdisposalofappealswithin6months.
•Thejusticedeliverymechanismisalsohinderedbylimitednumberofregional
benches.
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226. Important Landmark Judgments
•In2012,POSCOasteelmakercompanysignedaMoUwiththeOdishagovernment
tosetupsteelproject.NGTsuspendedorderandthiswasconsideredaradicalstep
infavourofthelocalcommunitiesandforests.
•In2012AlmitraH.Patelvs.UnionofIndiacase,NGTgavejudgmentofcomplete
prohibitiononopenburningofwasteonlands,includinglandfills–regardedasthe
singlebiggestlandmarkcasedealingwiththeissueofsolidwastemanagementin
India.
•In2013inUttarakhandfloodscase,theAlaknandaHydroPowerCo.Ltd.was
orderedtocompensatetothepetitioner–here,theNGTdirectlyreliedonthe
principleof‘polluterpays’.
•In2015,theNGTorderedthatalldieselvehiclesover10yearsoldwillnotbe
permittedtoplyinDelhi-NCR.
•In2017,theArtofLivingFestivalonYamunaFoodPlainwasdeclaredviolating
theenvironmentalnorms,theNGTpanelimposedapenaltyofRs.5Crore.
•TheNGT,in2017,imposedaninterimbanonplasticbagsoflessthan50-micron
thicknessinDelhibecause“theywerecausinganimaldeaths,cloggingsewersand
harmingtheenvironment”.
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227. Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
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