Environmental studies complete notesI.pdf

Environmental studies complete notesI.pdf

1. JIMS Engineering Management Technical Campus, 48/4,
Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida
UP -201306
(Affiliated toGuru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University,
New Delhi)
Subject Name : Environmental Studies
Department of Applied Science
Created By: ArchanaAgarwal
(Assistant Professor)

2. Subject: Environmental Studies
Topic: UNIT -I
L –1 to 7
A) Ecosystem and How They Work
B) Concept of Sustainability and
International Efforts for
Environmental Protection

3. List of Topics to be covered : -
A) Ecosystem and How They Work
B) Concept of Sustainability and
International Efforts for Environmental Protection
•Objectives of Environmental Education
•What is Environment
•Parts of Environment
•Ecology and Ecosystem
•Components of Ecosystem
•Concept of Food Chain Food Web

4. •Biodiversity
•Level of Biodiversity
•Threats to Biodiversity
•Conservation of Biodiversity
•Concept of sustainable development
•Environmental issues
•International Protocols
•WTO, KYOTO Protocol
•International Agreement on Environmental Management
List of Topics to be covered : -

6. Environment : -
Environmentisthenaturalcomponentinwhichbiotic(living)
andabiotic(nonliving)factorsinteractwitheachother.These
interactionsshapethehabitatandecosystemofanorganism.

7. Parts of Environment : -

8. Parts of Environment: -
•Atmosphere –It is composed of several distinct layers
such as troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere and
ionosphere.
•Hydrosphere –Water –Ocean
•Lithosphere –Solid part of the Earthcrust.
–The crust includes minerals, soil androck.
–Largest volume of Earth’s interior –Mantle.
•Biosphere–ItisthepartoftheearthwhichincludesAir,
Land,Water,Rockwithinwhichlifeoccurs.

9. Parts of Environment :-
BIOSPHERE:-
Thebiosphereisthebiologicalcomponent(supporting
life)ofearthwhichincludesthelithosphere,hydrosphere
andatmosphere.
Thebiosphereincludesalllivingorganismsonearth,
togetherwiththedeadorganicmatterproducedbythem.
BiosphereisabsentatextremesoftheNorthandSouth
poles,thehighestmountainsandthedeepestoceans,since
existinghostileconditionstheredonotsupportlife[Life
isthecharacteristicfeatureofbiosphere].

10. HYDROSPHERE : -
Earthiscalledthe“blueplanet”orthe“bluemarble”
becauseofitswatercomponent.WaterinEarthis
uniquebecauseitnaturallyexistsinthreephases.
Thehydrospheremakesup71%oftheEarth’s
surface,andmostofitissaltwaterfoundinoceans.
GROUNDWATER isthelargestreservoirof
freshwateravailabletohumans.

11. Availability of Water
Resources : -

12. Water Cycle
( Hydrological Cycle): -
How does the hydrosphere interact with the other spheres?

13. ATMOSPHERE: -
This is the thin, life-giving gaseous envelope of the
Earth. Its composition is divided into:
A.Major components (N,O)
N = 78.08%
O = 20.95%
Rest are Carbon di oxide and other inert gases.
B.Variable components (water vapour and aerosols)
WATER VAPOR is the gaseous phase of water able
to trap heat on.
An AEROSOL is a suspension of fine solid or liquid
particles in a gas (smoke, fog, mist).

14. Atmosphere Continued…
Themajorcomponentsareresponsiblefortheairthat
peoplebreathe,andtrapoutgoinginfraredradiationto
keepEarthwarm.
Thevariablecomponentsareresponsibleforweatherand
climate.WeatherandclimateareexperiencedonEarth
becauseoftheinteractionoftheatmospherewiththe
hydrosphereandgeosphere.
Watervapourisneededforcloudformationand
atmosphericheatretention.Aerosolsservesas
condensationnucleiforthewatervapourbecauseitcan
absorb,reflectandscatterincomingsolarradiation.

16. GEOSPHERE :-
The solid region of the Earth which comprises not only
the solid visible layer but extends to the centre of the
earth.
Crust: -
• outermost layer of the Earth
• relatively thin (1% of the Earth’s volume)
• crust is thickest at mountainous regions
Geosphere Mantle : -
• 82% of the Earth’s volume
• upper and lower mantle
• rocky lithosphere (upper mantle)

17. Geosphere Continued…
Geosphere Core
• upper and lower core
• upper and lower core
• solid inner core
Geosphere is the Solid part of the Earth crust.
The crust includes minerals, soil and rock.
Largest volume of Earth’s interior –Mantle.

18. Ecosystem -
Anecosystemcanbevisualizedasafunctionalunitof
nature,wherelivingorganisms[producers,consumersand
decomposers]interactamongthemselvesandalsowiththe
surroundingphysicalenvironment.
Ecosystemvariesgreatlyinsizefromasmallpondtoa
largeforestorasea.
Forest,grasslandanddesertaresomeexamplesof
terrestrialecosystems;pond,lake,wetland,riverand
estuaryaresomeexamplesofaquaticecosystems.Crop
fieldsandanaquariummayalsobeconsideredasman-
madeecosystems.

19. Ecosystem-(continued)….
Intheecosystem,bioticandabioticcomponentsarelinked
togetherthroughnutrientcyclesandenergyflows.
Anecosystemcanbeofanysizebutusuallyencompasses
specificandlimitedspecies.Eg:AquaticEcosystem.[Thisishow
ecosystemisdifferentfromEnvironment]
Everythingthatlivesinanecosystemisdependentontheother
speciesandelementsthatarealsopartofthatecological
community.Ifonepartofanecosystemisdamagedor
disappears,ithasanimpactoneverythingelse.

20. Ecology, Environment & Ecosystem :-
Ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and surroundings
occurring within an ecosystems or the environment.
Environment is a group of ecosystems.
Ecosystem → Producers, Consumers, Decomposers and their relationships
(tiny environment). It is the functional unit of the environment.
Ecosystem is a functional unit of environment (mostly biosphere).
Habitat → Area where an organism lives.
Environment → Can be Almost Everything or a Small region.

21. ECOLOGY : -
Studyofthedistributionandabundanceoforganisms,theflows
ofenergyandmaterialsbetweenabioticandbioticcomponents
ofecosystems.
EcosystemStructure:
Thelivingcomponentsofanecosystem/Therolesof
organismsinanecosystem:
Producer(autotrophy): Makefood;egplants,algae
Consumer(heterotrophy):Eatotherorganisms
▻Herbivore–primaryconsumer–eatsplants
▻Carnivores–secondary–meateaters;eatherbivores
▻Omnivores–eatplants/animals.
Decomposer:Eatdeadorganicmatter;egbacteriaandfungi.

22. Components of Environment:
BIOTICcomponents
•The biotic components of an ecosystem can be
classified according to their mode of energy
acquisition.
•In this type of classification, thereare:
Autotrophs : Organisms that produce their own food from
an energy source, such as the sun, and inorganic
compounds.
Heterotrophs: Organisms that consume other organisms
as a food source.

23. Components of Ecosystem: -
ABIOTICcomponents
•Solarenergyprovidespracticallyalltheenergyfor
ecosystems.
•Inorganicsubstances,e.g.,sulphur,boron,tendtocycle
throughecosystems.
•Organiccompounds,suchasproteins,carbohydrates,lipids,
andothercomplexmolecules,formalinkbetweenbioticand
abioticcomponentsofthesystem.

25. TROPHIC LEVEL : -
•Atrophiclevelisthepositionoccupiedbyanorganisminafoodchain.
•Trophiclevelscanbeanalysedonanenergypyramid.
•Producersarefoundatthebaseofthepyramidandcompromisethefirsttrophiclevel.
•Primaryconsumersmakeupthesecondtrophiclevel.
•Secondaryconsumersmakeupthethirdtrophiclevel.
•Finallytertiaryconsumersmakeupthetoptrophiclevel.
•Thegreatestamountofenergyisfoundatthebaseofthepyramid.
•Theleastamountofenergyisfoundattopofthepyramid.

26. Biodiversity -
Thetermbiodiversitywascoinedasacontractionof
biologicaldiversitybyE.O.Wilsonin1985.
Biodiversitymaybedefinedasthevarietyand
variabilityoflivingorganismsandtheecological
complexesinwhichtheyexist.Inotherwords,
biodiversityistheoccurrenceofdifferenttypesof
ecosystems,differentspeciesoforganismswiththe
wholerangeoftheirvariantsandgenesadaptedto
differentclimates,environmentsalongwiththeir
interactionsandprocesses.

27. Biodiversity-
(continued)….
Biodiversityincludesthegeneticvariability(for
whichdifferentvarietiesofspiceshaveappearedin
thecourseofevolution)anddiversityoflifeforms
suchasplants,animalmicrobes,etc.livinginawide
rangeofecosystems.
Thediversitymaybeinterspecific(withinspecies)
andinterspecific(inbetweenthespecies)butthese
arewellsupportedbyecosystem.Itisseenthatthe
diverselivingformsoftheecosystemaremodulated
withtheglobalenvironmentalchanges.

28. Levels of Biodiversity:
Therearethreeinterrelatedhierarchicallevelsof
biodiversitynamely,geneticdiversity,speciesdiversity
andcommunityorecosystemdiversity.
1.Geneticdiversity
2.Speciesdiversity
3.Ecosystemdiversity

29. 1. Genetic diversity:
Itdescribesthevariationinthenumberandtypesof
genesaswellaschromosomespresentindifferent
species.Themagnitudeofvariationingenesofa
speciesincreaseswithincreaseinsizeand
environmentalparametersofthehabitat.
Thegeneticvariationarisesbygeneand
chromosomemutationinindividualsandinsexually
reproducingorganismsanditisspreadinthe
populationbyrecombinationofgeneticmaterials
duringcelldivisionaftersexualreproduction.

30. 1. Genetic diversity:
(continued)….
Geneticdiversityhasthefollowingimportance:
(i)Ithelpsinspeciationorevolutionofnewspecies;
(ii)Itisusefulinadaptationtochangesin
environmentalconditions;
(iii)Itisimportantforagriculturalproductivityand
development.

31. 2. Species diversity:
Itdescribesthevarietyinthenumberandrichnessofthe
spiceswithinaregion.Thespeciesrichnessmaybedefined
asthenumberofspeciesperunitarea.Therichnessofa
speciestellsabouttheextentofbiodiversityofasiteand
providesameansforcomparingdifferentsites.
Thespeciesrichnessdependslargelyonclimaticconditions.
Thenumberofindividualsofdifferentspecieswithina
regionrepresentsspeciesevennessorspeciesequitability.
Theproductspeciesrichnessandspeciesevennessgive
speciesdiversityofaregion.Whenaspeciesisconfined
entirelytoaparticulararea,itistermedasendemic
species.

32. 3. Ecosystem diversity:
ItdescribestheassemblageandInteractionofspices
livingtogetherandthephysicalenvironmentagiven
area.Itrelatesvarietiesofhabitats,biotic
communitiesecologicalprocessesinbiosphere.It
alsotellsaboutthediversitywithintheecosystem.It
isreferredasLandescapediversitybecauseit
includesplacementandsizeofvariousecosystems.

33. 3. Ecosystem diversity:
(continued)….
Forexample,thelandscapeslikegrasslands,deserts,
mountainsetc.showecosystemdiversity.The
ecosystemdiversityisduetodiversityofniches,tropic
levelsandecologicalprocesseslikenutrientcycling,
foodwebs,energyflow,roleofdominantspeciesand
variousrelatedbioticinteractions.Suchtypeof
diversitycangeneratemoreproductiveandstable
ecosystemsorcommunitiescapableoftolerating
varioustypesofstressese.g.drought,floodetc.

34. Types of an Biodiversity: -
According to Whittaker (1965), the community
diversities are of three types:
(i) α-Diversity:
(ii) β-Diversity:
(iii) γ -Diversity:

35. Types of an Biodiversity: -
(i)α-Diversity:
Ittellsthespeciesdiversityinagivencommunity.
Itdependsuponspeciesrichnessandevenness.
(ii)β-Diversity:
Itdescribesarangeofcommunitiesduetoreplacement
ofspecieswhicharisesduetothepresenceofdifferent
microhabitats,nichesandenvironmentalconditions.
(iii)γ-Diversity:
Itdescribesdiversityofhabitatoveratotallandescape
orgeographicalarea.

36. Biodiversity of India:
Asperavailabledata,thevarietiesofspecies
livingontheearthare1753739.Outofthe
abovespecies,134781areresidinginIndia
althoughsurfaceareaofIndiais2%ofthe
earth’ssurface.WildlifeInstituteofIndiahas
divideditintotenbio-geographicalregionsand
twentyfivebioticprovinces.

37. Name of Bio-geographical
regions
(i) Trans Himalayas, (vi) Deccan peninsula
(ii) Gangeticplain (vii) North eastern zone
(iii) Desert, (viii) Coastal lands
(iv) Semiarid zone (ix) Himalayas,
(v) Western Ghats (x) Islands.

38. Importance/ Values of
Biodiversity:
The living organisms on earth are of great diversity,
living in diverse habitats and possessing diverse
qualities and are vital to human existence providing
food, shelter, clothing’s, medicines etc.
The biodiversity has the following importance’s:
1. Productive values 2. Consumptive value
3. Social value 4. Aesthetic value
5. Legal values 6. Ethical value
7. Ecological value 8. Economic value

39. Values of Biodiversity :-
1.Productivevalues:
Biodiversityproducesanumberofproductsharvested
fromnatureandsoldincommercialmarkets.Indirectlyit
provideseconomicbenefitstopeoplewhichinclude
waterqualitysoilprotection,equalizationofclimate,
environmentalmonitoring,scientificresearch,recreation
etc.
2.Consumptivevalue:
Theconsumptivevaluecanbeassignedtogoodssuchas
fuelwoods,leaves,forestproductsetc.whichmaybe
consumedlocallyanddonotfigureinnationaland
internationalmarket.

40. 3. Social value:
The loss of biodiversity directly influences the
social life of the country possibly through
influencing ecosystem functions (energy flow and
biogeochemical cycle). This be easily understood
by observing detrimental effects of global
warming and acid rain which cause an
unfavorable alteration in logical processes.

41. 4. Aesthetic value
Aestheticvaluessuchasrefreshingfragranceofthe
flowers,tasteofberries,softnessofmossed,melodious
songsofbirds,etc.compelthehumanbeingsto
preservethem.Theearth’snaturalbeautywithits
colourandhues,thickforest,andgracefulbeastshas
inspiredthehumanbeingsfromtheirdateofbirthto
takenecessarystepsforitsmaintenance.Similarly
botanicalandzoologicalgardensarethemeansof
biodiversityconservationandareofaestheticvalues.

42. 5. Legal values:
Sinceearthishomelandofalllivingorganisms,allhaveequal
righttocoexistonthesurfaceofearthwithallbenefits.Unless
somelegalvalueisattachedtobiodiversity,itwillnotbe
possibletoprotecttherapidextinctionofspecies.
6.Ecologicalvalue:
Biodiversityholdsgreatecologicalvaluebecauseitis
indispensabletomaintaintheecologicalbalance.Any
disturbanceinthedelicatelyfabricatedecologicalbalance
maintainedbydifferentorganisms,willleadtosevereproblems,
whichmaythreatenthesurvivalofhumanbeings.

43. 7. Ethical value
Biodiversity must be seen in the light of holding
ethical value. Since man is the most intelligent
amongst the living organisms, it should be prime
responsibility and moral obligation of man to
preserve and conserve other organisms which
will directly or indirectly favour the existence of
the man.

44. 8. Economic value:
Biodiversityhasgreateconomicvaluebecauseeconomic
developmentdependsuponefficientandeconomic
management
ofbioticresources.
Inthedaytodaylife,humanbeingsaremaintainingtheir
lifestyle
atthesacrificeofsurroundingspecieswhichcomefromdiversity
ofplantsandanimalsstrugglingfortheirexistence.
So,itishighlyessentialforthehumanbeingstotakecareof
their
surroundingspeciesandmakeoptimumuseoftheirservice,for
bettereconomicdevelopment.Thus,itisrightlytold,survivalof
themandependsuponthesurvivalofthebiosphere.

45. INDIA AS A MEGA-DIVERSITY NATION : -

46. INDIA AS A MEGA-DIVERSITY NATION : -

47. INDIA AS A MEGA-DIVERSITY NATION : -

50. 50

51. 51

52. 52

53. 53

54. 54

55. 55

56. 56

57. 57

59. 59

60. 60

62. Conservation of Biodiversity
Introduction :

63. In situ conservation
( onsite conservation )

64. Ramsar sites -----19
World heritage centers -----5
National parks -----94
Wild life sanctuaries------502
Biosphere reserve-------18
In India

65. National Parks

66. Wildlife sanctuaries
Wildlife sanctuaries are protected areas wherelegalized
protection is offered only foranimals.
Private ownership is permitted to a limited extent.
Currently 502 sanctuaries present inindia.
Eg : Thattekad Sanctuaries
Parambikulam Sanctuariesetc…..

67. Biosphere reserves

68. World heritage sites

70. Ex situ conservation
( off-site conservation )

71. The Zoos …
The main aim of a zoo is to house whole animals for
breedingand
re-introduction
A secondary aim is to educate thepublic
The world zoos conservation strategy estimates that
there are 1100 zoos in the world and they receive over
600 million visitors annually

72. The Botanic Gardens …
Thereareestimatedtobearound1600botanical
gardensthroughouttheworldandthesereceive
over150millionvisitorsayear.
TheBotanicGardensConservationInstitute(BGCI)
wassetupin1987anditsroleistocollectand
makeavailableinformationonplantconservation
.
Thesebotanicalgardensareimportantasitis
estimatedthat
60,000plantspeciescouldbelostinthenext50
years

73. The Botanic Gardens …
Botanical gardens tend to look after plants inone of the
five categoriesbelow
oRare and endangered
oEconomicallyimportant
oSpecies that are needed for the restorationof
an ecosystem
oKeystonespecies
oTaxonomically isolatedspecies

74. The Seed banks …
Seed banks allow the storage of genetic diversity of whole
plantpopulations
Preserving the seeds for use later is a long process,
itinvolves;
oCleaning
oX-rayanalysis
oDrying, packaging andstorage
oGerminationmonitoring

75. The Gene banks …
GenebanksarethecollectionsofDNA
samples,togetherwiththesamplesofthe
somaticmaterialoforganisms.
Genebankspreservethestocksofbothseeds
andvegetative
materials.

76. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
•Sustainable–meansthe“capacitytocontinueinto
thedistantfuture.”
•Thereshouldbea)anaction,b)atimedimension,
andc)thelevelofactionshouldnotdecrease.
•Sustainabledevelopment–presenttypeof
economicdevelopmentisnotsustainable,asit
depletesnaturalresourcesandincreasespollution.
•Ifcontinuedonthesamepath,theEarthwillrunout
ofnaturalresources,andpollutiondestroythe
ecologyoftheEarth.

77. Definition of Sustainable development
•Brundtland,definedSustainabledevelopmentas
development“thatmeetstheneedsofthepresent
generation,withoutcompromisingtheabilityoffuture
generationstomeettheirownneeds.”–OurCommon
Future1987.
•Containstwokeyconcepts:
PovertyFocus–theneedsoftheworld’spoorto
whichhighpriorityshouldbegiven.
Future’sFocus–limitsimposedbytechnology
andsocialorganisationonenvironment’sability
tomeetpresentandfutureneeds.”

78. Principles of Sustainable development
Four principles –Two developmental and
anthropocentric, and Two sustainability and bio-
centric.
1.Developmental:(Basicstandardsoflivingnow
andforthefuture):
i)Satisfythebasichumanneedsandreasonable
standardofwelfareforalllivingbeings,nowandin
thefuture.
ii)Achievemoreequitablestandardsoflivingboth
withinandamongglobalpopulations.

79. 2)Sustainability:(preservation of natural
resources now and for thefuture)
i)Careregardingpotentialdisruptionofbiodiversity
andregenerativecapacityoflocalandglobal
ecology.
ii)Nounderminingofpossibilityoffuture
generationstoattainsimilarorimprovedstandards
ofliving,throughrunningdownnaturalresources
stocksandpollutionloads.
5

80. Features of Sustainable Development
1.EthicalGuidingPrinciple:likedemocracyorsocial
justice–differentinterpretationsarepossible.
2.Anthropocentric:placeshumanbeingsandtheir
welfareaboveconceptsofenvironmental
sustainability.
3.Physicalsustainability:recogniseslimitstoNature,and
overallglobalecologicalbalance
4.GlobalEquity:environmentalbenefitstobeequitably
distributedoverpresentgeneration.
5.InterGenerationEquity:environmentalresourcesand
economicwelfareshouldbeavailableforfuture
generations,atleastequaltopresentones.

83. Interpretation of Sustainable development
•Reducedependenceuponfossilfuel,undergroundmetals,
andminerals.
•Reducedependenceuponsyntheticchemicalsandother
unnaturalsubstances.
•Reduceencroachmentuponnature.
•Meethumanneedsfairly&efficiently.
Sustainabledevelopmentrequirestheactiveinvolvementof
allstakeholders:government,NGOs,privatesectors,butalso
civilsociety.Itisnotjustpoliticians,orpolicymakerswho
decidewhatSDshouldbelike.

88. 88

89. 89

90. 90

91. 91

92. 92

93. 93
Effects of Deforestation: -

94. 94

95. 95
Effects of Ozone Layer Depletion: -

96. Effects of Ozone Layer Depletion: -

97. 97
ACID RAIN :-

98. 98

99. Causes of ACID RAIN :-

101. National Environmental Issues : -
India’sFoodCrises: FoodSecurityexists,whenall
people,atalltimes,havephysicalandeconomicaccessto
sufficient,safeandnutritiousfoodtomeettheirdietary
needsandfoodpreferenceforanactiveandhealthylife.
(World Food Summit,
Rome, 1996)

103. • Introduction of improved method of cultivation based on science and
technology.
• Improvement of financial and educational status of the Indian cultivators.
• Attracting educated people to the profession of cultivation.
• Provision of water-pipes, electricity, insecticides, fertilizer and research work
for agriculture.
• Mechanization of agriculture. • Equitable land-reform.
• To refrain from holding feast and picnics in order to check the possible
wastage of food.
• To know the proper method of dressing and cooking in order to
check the wastage of food.
• To know the method of food preservation in order to save the perishable foods
from wastage.
• Provision of cold storage in every village and refrigerator in every household.
• Family-Planning through birth control.
How to solve the food problem of India:

104. Water Scarcity in India
• Renewable resource-but finite resource
• Only 3 per cent of the world’s water is freshroughly
one-third of it is inaccessible
• Simply put, water scarcity is either the lack of
enough water (quantity) or lack of access to safe
water (quality).
• It currently affects around 2.8 billion people around
the world, on all continents, at least one month out
of every year and more than 1.2 billion people lack
the access to clean drinking water.

107. • Every day in rural communities and poor urban centres throughout
sub-Saharan Africa, hundreds of millions of people suffer from a lack
of access to clean, safe water.
• Women and girls especially bear the burden of walking miles at a
time to gather water from streams and ponds -full of water-borne
disease that is making them and their families sick.
•Freshwater fish are going extinct at five times the rate
of marine fish species
•In the last 100 years 50% of the world’s
wetlands have been lost to development
India is facing a water crisis that has implications. not only
for its 1.1 billion people, but for the entire globe.
Effects of water scarcity

109. WTO
World Trade
Organization

110. The WTO’s predecessor, the general agreement
on traiffs and trade(GATT),was estabilsh after
world warII in the wake of other multilateral
institutions dedicated to Internationaleconomic
corporation.
GATT was the only multilateral instruement
governing international trade from 1948 until the
WTO was estabilshed on january1,1995.

111. The World trade organisation is an organizationthat intends
to supervise and liberaliseinternationaltrade.
WTO was officially commenced on january 1,1995
WTO was created by uruguay round negotiation(1986-94).
There are total 153 member countrries was counted in the year
2011.
Currently there aretotal 629 staff members are present inWTO
Budget 196 million swiss france in the year2011.

112. WTOreiteratestheobjectivesofGATT,some of
themareasfollows:-
Promote trade flows by encouragingnations to
adopt non-discriminatory and predictable trade
policies.
Raising standard of living andincome.
Introduce sustainabledevelopment.

113. Acting as a forum for multilateraltrade negotiations.
Seeking to resolve tradedisputes.
Acting as a watchdog of internationaltrade.
Cooperating with other international institutions involved in
global economicpolicy making.
Acting as a management consultant forworld trade.
Technical assistance and trainingfor developing countries.
Maintaining trade relateddatabase.

114. WTO
PRINCIPLES
OFWTO
TRANSPAREN
CY
MFN
TREATMENT
NATIONAL
TREATMENT
FREETRADE
PRINCIPLE
DISMANTLIN
G TRADE
BARRIERS
RULE BASED
TRADING
SYSTEM

115. ORGNISATIONAL
STRUCTURE
GeneralCouncil
Council forTrade
inGoods
Council forIntellectual
Property Rights inTrade
Council forTrade
InServfices
GC: Dispute
SettlementBody
GC: TradePolicy
ReviewBody
MinisterialConference
Committee
on
Budget
Committee
On trade &
developme-
nt
Trade-related
intellectual
property
rightscouncil
Council
for
goods
Council
for
services
Committe
e onBOP

116. Agriculture:-Theagreementrelatingtoagriculture
ismadeupofseveralelements,whichseektoreform
tradeinagriculture.
Health and Safety Measures:-The agreement on
the application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary
Measures concerns the application of food safety and
animal and plant healthregulation.
Textiles and Clothing:-The objective of this
agreement is to secure the integration of thetextile
and clothing sector.

117. TRIPS:-TheWTOagreementsoftraderelatedaspectsof
intellectualpropertyrights(TRIPs)recognisesthatwidely
varyingstandardsintheprotectionandenforcementof
intellectualpropertyrightsandthelackofmultilateral
disciplinesdealingwithinternationaltradeincounterfeit
goods.
Disputes Settlement:-TheDisputeSettlement
Understanding(DSU)isthelegaltextthatspellsouttherules
andproceduresfordisputesbetweenmembercountries.
TRIMS:-TraderelatedInvestementMeasures(TRIMs)are
thoserestrictionsanationplacesonforeigninvestmentthat
adverselyaffecttradeingoodsandservices

118. What is UNFCCC?
•UNCFFF[UnitedNationsFrameworkConventionon
ClimateChange(UNFCCCorFCCC])
Aninternationalenvironmentaltreatynegotiatedatthe
UnitedNationsConferenceonEnvironmentand
Development(UNCED),informallyknownastheEarth
Summit,heldinRiodeJaneirofromJune3to14,1992.
Theobjectiveofthetreatyistostabilizegreenhousegas
concentrationsintheatmosphereatalevelthatwouldprevent
dangerousanthropogenicinterferencewiththeclimate
system.

119. Thetreatyitselfsetsnobindinglimitsongreenhouse
gasemissionsforindividualcountriesandcontainsno
enforcementmechanisms.Inthatsense,thetreatyis
consideredlegallynon-binding.
Instead,thetreatyprovidesaframeworkfornegotiating
specificinternationaltreaties(called"protocols")that
maysetbindinglimitsongreenhousegases.Themain
UNFCCCtreatyistheKyotoProtocol,whichhas
becomemuchbetterknownthantheUNFCCCitself.
The Treaty…

120. INTRODUCTION
-TheKyotoProtocolisaprotocoltotheNFCCC,
aimed at combating globalwarming
-GOAL: stabilization of greenhouse gas
concentrationsintheatmosphereatalevelthat
would prevent dangerous anthropogenic
interference with the climatesystem
INCLUDES: a set of countryspecific reductionsof
emissions of "greenhouse" gases that absorb andre
emit infraredradiation
7

121. HISTORY /OBJECTIVES
-Initially adopted on 11 December 1997 inKyoto;
-Opened March 1998 for signature by partiestoUNFCCC
-TheEUanditsMemberStatesratifiedtheProtocol in
May2002
-Entered into force on 16 February2005
-June 2007, G8 leaders agreed that G8 nations would
'aimtoatleasthalveglobalCO2emissions by2050As
of October 2009, 184 states have signedand ratified
theprotocol
-A country can withdraw by giving 12months notice
All member countries give generalcommitments
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122. HISTORY /OBJECTIVES
-ThetargetagreeduponwasanaverageGHG reduction
of 5.2% from 1990 levels by the year 2012.
-KYOTO plus set a national target to cut GHG emissions
at least25 % from 1990 levels by 2020
-The most notable nonmember of the Protocol is the US,
which is responsible for 36.1% of the1990 emissionlevels
-Japan, Canada, Italy, the Netherlands, Germany,
France,Spainaremostactivecountries working towards
GHGcertification
-The Protocol can be signed andratified only by parties to
UNFCCC
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123. TheKyotoprotocolwasdrawnuptosetspecific
targetsforreductionsingreenhousegas
concentrationsintheglobalatmosphere.
Emissionrestrictionsweremadefortherichcountries
ofannex1-thebiggestgreenhousegasproducers,
andalsothecountriesmostabletocutemissions.
Targetsrangefroman8percentcutfortheEUtoa
10percentincreaseforIceland,dependingonthe
individualcountry.
Aim of the Kyoto Protocol:

124. •Annexe1alsoincludesseveral'transition
countries',liketheRussianfederation,whose
economiesstillneedsomedevelopmentandare
allowed'acertaindegreeofflexibility'.The
emissionreductiontargetsforthesecountries
werelaidoutinAnnexeB.Tobecomelegally
bindingtheprotocolhadtoberatifiedbyatleast
55countrieswhichbetweenthemaccountforat
least55percentofthetotal1990GHG
emissionsofdevelopedcountries.
Aim of the Kyoto Protocol:

125. FIVE PRINCIPALCONCEPTS
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1.Commitments toreduceGHGlegallybindingforannexI
countries,generalcommitmentsforallmembercountries
2.ImplementationtomeettheProtocolobjectivesto
preparepoliciesandmeasures whichreduceGHG;
increasingabsorptionofthesegasesanduseall
mechanismsavailable (jointimplementation,clean
developmentandemissionstrading;rewardedwithcredits)
3.Minimizingimpactsondeveloping countriesby
establishinganadaptationfundforclimatechange
4.Accounting,reportingandreview toensurethe
integrityoftheProtocol
5.Compliance byestablishingacompliancecommitteeto
enforcecommitmenttotheProtocol

126. PRINCIPLE OF "COMMON BUT
DIFFERENTIATED RESPONSIBILITIES"
The largest share of historical and current global
emissions of GHG originated indeveloped countries
Per capita emissions in developing countriesare still
relativelylow
Share of global emissions originating in developing
countries will grow to meet socialand developmentneeds
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127. •Akeyfeatureoftheprotocolistheagreementonthe
useofsomeformofemissionstrading.Ifintroducedthe
tradingsystemshouldallowtheholderofa'credit'the
emissionofaspecifiedamountofGHG.
•AtradablecarboncreditunitcalledAAU's(Assigned
AmountUnits)hasbeenproposedwhichwouldrepresent
onetonneofCO2emissions.
•Theadvantagesofthistradingarethatitdrives
countriestobetterefficiencyintheirowngreenhousegas
emissions.However,thisisprobablythemostcontentious
ofallthe'flexibilitymechanisms'.

128. There is a worry that some rich countries will simply 'buy off'
the GHG they produce and not take any action themselves.
The idea of a 'cap on the amount of trading has been
suggested, but has produced even more argument'. • Taken a
step further, per capita emissions have been discussed as a
Utopian way to be fair to all.. Maybe one day. But these
credits will only have value for reductions made in the
commitment period 2008-2012. • Despite this some traders
are already speculating in 'carbon credits' and its worth all
businesses being aware of where they would stand in a world
of 'carbon credits'. Farmers for instance may be sitting on
'pots of carbon gold' in the form of the potential of their land
as a carbon sink.

129. Thank You !!