Environmental Toxicology (environmental biology)

It slide about environmental toxicology..

1. WEL COME

2. GOVT. DUNGAR COLLEGE BIKANER “ ACCREDITED ‘A’ GRADE BY NAAC” P.G. DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY ( Laboratory OF ENVIROMENTAL BIOLOGY )

3. ENVIROMENMENTAL TOXICOLOGY Submitted BY RAVI SHANKAR PRAJAPAT M.Sc. FINAL ( ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY) SESSION 2018 - 2019

4. Content Introduction History Toxins in Environment → Natural Made ● Animal Toxicant ● Plant Toxicant → Man Made ● Radioactive Toxicant ● Chemical Toxicant 4. Impact on animal life 5. Management 6. Reference

5. INTRODUCTION E nvironmental toxicology:- • Environmental toxicology, is a multidisciplinary field of science concerned with the study of the harmful effects of various chemical biological and physical agent on living organisms. OR • The study of poisons/ pollutants and their action on the environment.

6. History RACHEL CORSON  is considered the mother of environmental toxicology, as she made it a distinct field within toxicology in 1962 with the publication of her book  Silent Spring, which covered the effects of uncontrolled pesticide use.

7. Toxins in environment Toxins- A  toxin is a poisonous substance produced within living cells or organisms; synthetic toxicants created by artificial processes are thus included.  Source:- There are many source of environment toxicity that can lead to the presence of toxins in our food water and air. » Organic pollutant » Inorganic pollutant » Pesticide » Biological agent

8. Natural made toxicant:- Animal source:- The least but most serious source; (Zootoxins) Venomous animal such as scorpion, Spiders, Snakes, Wasp, Jelly fish, Puffer fish etc. » Venomous animals deliver or inject venoms into other organism, using a specialized apparatus of some kind. » Poisonous animal do not deliver their toxin directly. The entire body or large part of it, may contain the poisonous substance.

9. Wasp sting

10. Toxicological effect of animal toxin.

11. Plants source:- ( Phytotoxins) Natural toxins are present in a wide variety of plants. Some of these plants are commonly consumed as food. These toxic substances when ingested in significant amount or when they are not processed appropriately can be potentially harmful to human health causing food poisoning. Different types of natural toxins may be found in different crop plants and in different parts of a plant. The parts of a crop plant which may be used as food sources include the foliage, buds, stems, roots, fruits and tubers.

12. Common examples of natural toxins in food:- Glycoalkaoids Lectins Cyanogenic glycosides Trapane alkaloids Nicotine

13. Lathyrus sativus Family :- Leguminosae Common Name :- Grass pea, Indian pea, “Kesari” Effect on animal life:- Its consumption causes a disabling neurological disease referred to as lathyrism Toxicant :- The particular neurotoxins responsible for the damage were later identified as beta-N-oxalylamino-L-alanine (BOAA) and β- oxalyly-L-a- β- diaminopropionic acid ( β- ODAP).

14.   Datura Family :- Solanaceae Common Name:- Dhatura Effect on Animal life:- Cardiac arrest, Violent behavior, Blurred vision, giddiness, Confusion, Hyperthermia, High B.P. Toxicant:- These seeds and flowers are more poisonous in nature. All the part of Datura contain dangerous level of toxins like Trapan alkoloids atrapine, hyoscyamine, scopolamine .

15. Man Made Toxicant These are related to the production and use of energy, the production and use of industrial chemicals, and increased agricultural activity. • Dumped wastes- municipal/domestic, industrial wastes, etc. • Agricultural chemicals and pesticides (overuse, drift and persistence) • Radioactive wastes from nuclear stations and accidental.

16. Industrial Wastes:- Industries release into the environment a wide variety of inorganic and organic toxins. Their harmful effected in ecosystem. Chemical toxicant

17. Lead:- Automobiles chief sources of lead. Inhalation of lead particles generated by burning materials containing lead, for example, during smelting, recycling, stripping leaded paint, and using leaded gasoline or leaded aviation fuel; and Ingestion of lead-contaminated dust, water (from leaded pipes), and food (from lead-glazed or lead-soldered containers ).

18. Effect of lead:- Lead can be harmful to people of all ages, but the risk is highest for unborn babies, infants and young children (under five years of age ). Delayed learning, and lower IQ, Developmental problems with their offspring, Hypertension , Renal effects, and Reproductive problems, Abnormal social behavior 

19. Mercury:- Most common and toxin in water ecosystem. It occur in water as monomethyl mercury. Mercury is considered by WHO as one of the top ten chemicals or groups of chemicals of major public health concern .

20. Minamata disease:- Minamata disease is a  Neurological  syndrome caused by severe mercury poisoning . Minamata disease was first discovered in Minamata city in Kumamoto prefecture,  Japan , in 1956.

21. Pesticide:- Pesticides are chemical compounds that are used to kill pests, including insects, rodents, fungi and unwanted plants (weeds ).  Pesticides are used in public health to kill vectors of disease, such as mosquitoes, and in agriculture, to kill pests that damage crops.  By their nature, pesticides are potentially toxic to other organisms, including humans.

22.   Most  commonly  used pesticides:- DDT BHC Chlordane Aldrin Dieldrin Methoxychlor Toxaphene PCB

23. Impacts of pesticides on health:- Acute toxicity- Pesticides can be acutely toxic. This means that they can cause harmful or lethal effects after one single episode of ingestion, inhalation or skin contact. The symptoms are evident shortly after exposure or can arise within 48 hours. They can present as : respiratory tract irritation, sore throat and/or cough allergic sensitization eye and skin irritation nausea , vomiting, diarrhea headache , loss of consciousness extreme weakness, seizures and/or death.

24. Long term (or chronic) toxicity- Long term pesticide exposure has been linked to the development – Parkinson’s disease asthma depression and anxiety cancer , including leukemia non-Hodgkin lymphoma attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)