Environmental Treaties and Legislation.pptx

"Explore vital environmental treaties like the Paris Agreement and Kyoto Protocol alongside significant national legislation such as the Clean Air Act. Highlight recent advancements and emphasize global cooperation for sustainable environmental stewardship in a dynamic and interconnected world."

1. B. Tech. First Year Course Course Title- Environmental Sciences Course Code- CYFC0101 Scheme& Credit – L-3, T-0, P-0, C-3 -Dr. Sanjeeb Sutradhar 1

2. Environmental Treaties and Legislation General and brief introduction to: The water (Prevention and control of pollution) Act, 1974. The forest (Conservation) Act, 1980. The air (Prevention and control of pollution) Act, 1981. The environment (Protection) Act, 1986. Noise pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000. Industry specific environmental standards. Waste management rules. References 2

3. Environmental Treaties and Legislation 3 India: First country in the world made provision for conservation and protection of environment. U.N. Conference on Human Environment in Stockholm: 5 th June, 1972 World environment day : 5 th June Indian Constitution: Article 48-A: The state shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard forests and wildlife of the country Article 51A(g): It shall be the duty of every citizen of India to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife and to have compassion for having creatures.

4. Environmental Treaties and Legislation 4 The water (Prevention and control of pollution) Act, 1974: Salient features are It provides for maintenance and restoration of quality of all types of surface and ground water. It provides for the establishment of central and state boards for pollution control. It confers them with powers and functions to control pollution. Acts has provisions for funds, budgets, accounts, and audit of the central and state pollution control boards. Act makes provisions for various penalties for the defaulters and procedure for the same.

5. Environmental Treaties and Legislation 5 Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB): It advises the central govt. in matters related to prevention and control of water pollution Coordinates the activities of SPCB and provides them technical assistance guidance. Organizes training programs for prevention and control of pollution. Organizes comprehensive programs on pollution related issues through mass media.

6. Environmental Treaties and Legislation 6 Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB): 5. Collects, complies, and publishes technical and statistical data related to pollution. 6. Prepare manuals for treatment and disposal of sewage and trade effulents . 7. Lays down standards for water quality parameters. 8. Establishes and recognizes lab for analysis of water, sewage or trade effluent sample.

7. Environmental Treaties and Legislation 7 State Pollution Control Board (SPCB): Board advises the state govt. w.r.t. the location of any industry that might pollute a stream or a well. It lays down standards for effluents and its empowered to take samples from any stream, well or trade effluent or sewage passing through an industry. State board is empowered to take legal samples of trade effluent in accordance with the procedure laid down in the AC. The sample taken in the presence of the occupier or his agent is divided into two parts, sealed, signed by both parties and sent for analysis to some recognized lab. If the samples do not conform to the prescribed water quality standards (crossing maximum permissible limits), then consent is refused to the unit.

8. Environmental Treaties and Legislation 8 The forest (Conservation) Act, 1980: Salient features are- State govt. has been empowered under this Act to use the forests only for forestry purposes. If at all wants to use it in any other way, it has to take prior approval of central govt. after which it can pass orders for declaring some part of reserve forest for non-reserve forest purposes (mining) or for clearing some naturally growing trees and replacing them by economically important trees (reforestation). It makes provision for conservation of all types of forests and for this purpose there is an advisory committee which recommends funding for it to the central govt. Any illegal non-forest activity within a forest area can be immediately stopped under this Act.

9. Environmental Treaties and Legislation 9 The air (Prevention and control of pollution) Act, 1981 : Salient features are- Act provides for prevention, control, and abatement of air pollution. In the Act, air pollution has been defined as the presence of any solid, liquid, or gaseous substance (including noise) in the atmosphere in such concentration as may be or tend to harmful to human beings or any other living creatures or plants or property or environment. Noise pollution has been inserted as pollution in the Act in 1987. Pollution Control Board (PCB) at the central or state level has been the regulatory authority to implement the Air Act. Based upon analysis report consent is granted or refused to the industry.

10. Environmental Treaties and Legislation 10 The air (Prevention and control of pollution) Act, 1981 : Just like the Water Act, the Air Act has provisions for defining the constitution, powers, and function of PCB, funds, accounts, audit, penalties, and procedures. Section 20 of the Act has provision for ensuring emission standards from automobiles. Based upon it, the state govt. is empowered to issue instruction to the authority incharge of registration of motor vehicles (Under Motor Vehicles Act, 1939) that is bound to comply with such instructions. As per section 19, in consultation with the SPCB, the state govt. may declare an area within the state as “ air pollution control area ” and can prohibit the use of any fuel other than approved fuel in the area causing air pollution. No person shall, without prior consent of state board operate or establish any industrial unit in the “ air pollution control area ”.

11. Environmental Treaties and Legislation 11 The environment (Protection) Act, 1986 : Salient features are- SPCB has to advise the industries for treating the waste water and gases with the best available technology to achieve the prescribed standards. The industries have to be encouraged for recycling and reusing the wastes. They have to encourage the industries for recovery of biogas, energy, and reusable materials.

12. Environmental Treaties and Legislation 12 The environment (Protection) Act, 1986: 4. While permitting the discharge of effluents (liquid waste or sewage) and emissions into the environment, the state boards have to take into account the assimilative capacity of the receiving water body. 5. Central and state boards have to emphasize on the implementation of clean technologies by the industries in order to increase the fuel efficiency and reduce the generation of environment pollutants.

13. Environmental Treaties and Legislation 13 Noise pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000: Salient features are-

14. Environmental Treaties and Legislation 14 Industry specific environmental standards: Abc

15. Environmental Treaties and Legislation 15 Solid Waste: Non-liquid, non-soluble materials ranging from municipal garbage to industrial wastes that contain complex and sometimes hazardous substances. Types of Solid Waste Broadly there are 3 types of waste Household waste is generally classified as Municipal waste Industrial waste as Hazardous waste Biomedical waste or Hospital waste as Infectious waste Increase in the quantity of solid waste is due to Overpopulation, Affluence (material comfort) Technological advancement

16. Environmental Treaties and Legislation 16 Causes of Solid Waste The main sources for solid wastes are domestic, commercial, industrial, municipal, and agricultural wastes. The composition of a city waste is as follows: Paper, wood, cardboard 53 % Garbage 22 % Ceramics, glass, crockery 10 % Metals 8 % Rubber, plastics, discarded textiles 7 %

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18. Environmental Treaties and Legislation 18 Waste management: Four R’s (Refuse, Reuse, Recycle and Reduce)

19. Environmental Treaties and Legislation 19 Refuse (Rebuy): Instead of buying new containers from the market, use the ones that are in the house. Refuse to buy new items though you may think they are prettier than the ones you already have. Reuse: Don’t use disposable, single use materials. Instead make the habits for reusable materials, eg. Avoid use of Disposable crockery, cutlery etc. Use shopping bags made of cloth or jute, which can be used over and over again.

20. Environmental Treaties and Legislation 20 Recycle: Segregation of waste i.e. Dry waste , wet waste, electronic waste for convenient recycling. Reduce: Reduce the generation of unnecessary waste, e.g. Carry your own shopping bag when you go to the market and put all your purchases directly into it.

21. Environmental Treaties and Legislation 21 Control Measures: The main purpose of solid waste management is to minimize the adverse effects on the environment. The steps involved are: Collection of solid wastes Disposal of solid wastes Utilization of wastes

22. Environmental Treaties and Legislation 22 Collection of solid wastes: Collection of waste includes collecting the waste, transporting it to a centralized location, and then moving it to the site of disposal. The collected waste is then separated into Hazardous and Non-hazardous materials

23. Environmental Treaties and Legislation 23 Disposal of Solid Wastes: Before the final disposal of the solid wastes, it is processed to recover the usable resources and to improve the efficiency of the solid waste disposal system. The main processing technologies are compaction, Incineration, Manual separation.

24. Environmental Treaties and Legislation 24 Methods of Disposal: Disposing of waste in a landfill involves burying the waste, and this remains a common practice in most countries. Landfills were often established in Abandoned or unused quarries Mining voids Borrow pits

25. Environmental Treaties and Legislation 25 Vermicomposting: Vermicompost is the product of the decomposition process using various species of worms, like earthworms, to create a mixture of decomposing vegetable or food waste, bedding materials, and vermicast . Vermicast is the end-product of the breakdown of organic matter by earthworms.

26. Environmental Treaties and Legislation 26 Advantages: Manure added to soil increases water retention and ion-exchange capacity of soil. Can be used to treat several industrial solid wastes. Manure can be sold thereby reducing cost of disposing wastes Disadvantages: Non-consumables have to be disposed separately. The technology has not caught-up with the farmers and hence does not have an assured market.

27. Environmental Treaties and Legislation 27 Incineration : Incineration is a disposal method in which solid organic wastes are subjected to combustion so as to convert them into residue and gaseous products. This process reduces the volumes of solid waste to 20 to 30 percent of the original volume. Incineration and other high temperature waste treatment systems are sometimes described as "thermal treatment".

28. Environmental Treaties and Legislation 28 Advantages: Residue is only 20-25% of the original and can be used as clinker after treatment Requires very little space Cost of transportation is not high if the incinerator is located within city limits Safest from hygienic point of view Disadvantages: Its capital and operating cost is high. Operation needs skilled personnel. Formation of smoke, dust and ashes needs further disposal and that may cause air pollution.

29. Environmental Treaties and Legislation 29 Utilization of wastes: Utilization of wastes as an alternative source of energy. Waste residues can be used as an alternate source for the production of different products like biogas, biofuel, mushroom, and tempeh as the raw material in various researches and industries.

30. Environmental Treaties and Legislation 30 Solid Waste Management by Biotechnology: According to biologist, fungi and bacteria are capable of decomposing organic waste and it may be possible to recover sources by this process. e.g. polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). New biodegradable plastics are important steps toward solving our solid waste problems in respect of plastics wastes. Photodegradable plastics have been developed that break down on exposure to sunlight.

31. Environmental Treaties and Legislation 31 Waste Water Treatment: Domestic waste water treatment- Conventional sewage treatment plants are based on biological decomposition of non-toxic organic wastes using bacteria under aerobic condition (plenty of O 2 ). + For oxidation of 1 mg of Carbon, 2.67 dissolved oxygen required. Solubility of O 2 in water = 9 ppm (1 ppm = mg/L)  

32. Environmental Treaties and Legislation 32 Industrial waste water treatment- Filtration by activated charcoal/synthetic resins Membrane technique (Electrodialysis and Reverse Osmosis) Filtration by activated charcoal Top Layer: Activated Charcoal, Middle Layer: Fine Aggregate, Bottom Layer: Coarse Aggregate.

33. Environmental Treaties and Legislation 33 Sludge Treatment: Composition of sewage sludge: Waste water/sewage sludge consists of human wastes, domestic and industrial wates. Organic component Inorganic component Pathogenic micro-organisms

34. Environmental Treaties and Legislation 34 Components Concentration (ppm) dry weight Organics PCB 1-10.5 DDT 0.-1.0 DDD 0-0.5 Dieldrin 0-2.0 Aldrin 0-16 Inorganics Cd 0-100 Pb Up to 400 Hg Up to 700 Zn 300-2000 Pathogenic micro-organisms Human viruses, Fecal coliform (raw sludge) 1 x 10 7 viable cells / 100 mL

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