Enzyme Immobilization S-24 adadaddaa.ppt

enzymes immobilizatiuon slides

1. Enzyme Immobilization and
its Applications

2. Introduction
•Enzymesarethebiologicalcatalyststhatpromote
chemicalreactionsinlivingorganisms
•Theyhavetheabilitytocatalyzereactionsundervery
mildconditionswithhighdegreeofsubstrate
specificitythusdecreasingtheformationofbyproducts
•Enzymescancatalyzereactionsindifferentstates,
individualmoleculesinsolution,inaggregateswith
otherentitiesandasattachedtosurfaces

3. Immobilized enzymes
•“Immobilizedenzyme”refersto“enzymesphysically
confinedorlocalizedinacertaindefinedregionofspace
withretentionoftheircatalyticactivities,andwhichcanbe
usedrepeatedlyandcontinuously”OR
•Imprisonmentofenzymeinadistinctsupport/matrix.
•Thesupport/matrixallowsexchangeofmediumthat
containssubstrateofeffecterorinhibitormolecules.
•Thesubstratepassesovertheimmobilizedenzymeandis
convertedtoproducts.

4. •Advantages
•Increased functional efficiency
•Enhanced reproducibility
•Catalyst Reuse
•Easier Reactor Operation
•Easier Product Separation
•Wider choice of Reactor
•Minimum reaction time
•Less chance of contamination in
products
•High stability
•High enzyme substrate ratio
•Enzyme-free products
•The ability to stop the reaction
rapidly by removing the enzyme
form the reaction solution
Disadvantages
•Limited industrial applications
•Loss or reduction in activity in
some enzymes
•Some enzymes become unstable
•Diffusion limitations
•Additional Cost
•High cost for isolation, purification
and recovery of active enzyme.
•Does not give required results if
one of the substrate is insoluble
•There may be diffusion problems
for the substrate to access the
enzyme under certain conditions

5. Application of immobilized enzymes:
1. Antibiotics Production
Immobilized enzymes are used to produce 6-aminopenicillin acid, penicillin,
cephalosporin.
Penicillin amidase immobilized by covalently binding with amberlite and
crosslinked by glutaraldehyde, or physically adsorbed to bentonite is used for
production of 6-APA (w`w6-aminopenicillanic acid), penicillin V. also ampicillin and
amoxicillin are produced from 6-APA.
Cepholosporins are produced by cephalosporins amidase. Cephalexin and
cephalosporin C can also be produced.
2. Steroid Production
Synthesis of hydrocortisone and prednisolone
3. Amino Acid Production
Theproductionof L-aspartic acid,L-tryptophan and
L-alanine,
4.AcidProduction
Aceticacid,Citricacid,L-Malicacid,2-ketogluconicacid
5.OtherorganicCompounds
Coenzyme A, FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide), pyridoxal 5 phosphate, Vitamin
B
12, Proinsulin, prostaglandin, interleukin-2.

6. Supports/Matrix used in
immobilization
•The matrix that holds the enzyme should be:
•cheap and easily available.
•Should not react with medium and enzyme.
Three types of matrix are used:
1.Natural polymers: alginate, chitosanand chitin, collagen,
carrageenan, gelatin, cellulose, starch, pectin
2.Synthetic polymers: ion exchange resins/polymers [polyvinyl
chloride (PVC), UV activated Polyethylene glycol (PEG)]
3.Inorganic materials: ceramics, silica, glass, activated carbon,
charcoal

7. Types / methods of immobilization
1.Adsorption
2.Covalent bonding
3.Entrapment
4.Crosslinking
5.Affinity bonding