epidemiology of periodontaldiseases.pptx

breif dicussion about eoidemeoligy of pd deseases

1. EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PERIODONTAL DISEASE 2 nd year BDS HAMID ABBASI

2. INTRODUCTION The periodontium, defined as those tissues supporting and investing the tooth,comprises of Cementum Pdl Alveolar bone Dentogingival junction

3. PERIODONTAL DISEASE Periodontal disease is a term which includes all pathological conditions of the periodontium (gingiva, alveolar bone, cementum and periodontal ligament). Traditionally periodontal disease were classified into gingival diseases and periodontal diseases.

4. GINGIVITIS Inflammation of gums. Gingivitis is the earliest stage of gum disease. It happens when plaque and bacteria build up on your teeth and cause infection. Common symptoms include red, swollen, bleeding gums.

5. PERIODONTITIS Periodontitis is a severe gum infection that can lead to tooth loss, bone loss and other serious health complications. Periodontitis damages the soft tissue around teeth .

6. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRIAD [1] HOST FACTORS [2] AGENT FACTORS [3] ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

7. HOST FACTORS AGE - More with older age groups (40 YEARS) SEX – More in males RACE – Blacks are more affected than whites

8. HOST FACTORS 4. INTRAORAL VARIATIONS- Gingivitis is more seen on the interproximal areas than buccal and lingual. 5. SEVERITY OF BONE LOSS – incisor and molar areas are more severely involved than canine and premolars. Maxillary teeth experience more bone loss compared to mandible.

9. HOST FACTORS 6. ENDOCRINE CHANGES – chances are more in puberty, menstruation and pregnancy, hyper – thyroidism , hyper – parathyroidism . 7. TRAUMATIC OCCLUSION – sharp cusp acts as plungers and lead to periodontitis. 9. TOOTH POSITION – irregular alignment unclean areas pocket formation

10. HOST FACTORS 10. OCCUPATIONAL HABITS – thread biting, holding nails between teeth etc. 11.NEUROSIS – bruxism, lip, cheek and nail biting 12. USE OF TOBACCO – components present in tobacco lower the tissue resistance

11. HOST FACTORS 13. MISUSE OF TOOTHBRUSH 14 . CONCOMITANT DISEASE – there is tendency towards alveolar bone destruction in patients with uncontrolled diabetes. 15. INCOME – pdl diseases increases with decrease in income 16. EDUCATION – pdl diseases and education is also inversely related

12. AGENT FACTORS [A] PLAQUE [B] CALCULUS

13. DENTAL PLAQUE Primary etiologic factor for PDL disease. It is defined as soft deposits that form the bio – film adhering to the tooth surface or other hard surfaces in the oral cavity including removable and fixed dentures. Disruption of balance between plaque bacteria and host results in PDL diseases. Dental plaque is divided into : - [1] supragingival [2] subgingival

14. DENTAL PLAQUE Marginal plaque responsible for – gingivitis Supragingival and tooth associated subgingival plaque – calculus and root caries Tissue associated subgingival plaque – periodontitis 1 gram of plaque contains 2 ×10¹¹ bacteria It also contains epithelial cells and macrophages embedded in an organic and inorganic matrix.

15. DENTAL PLAQUE Organic and inorganic materials are derived from bacterial products. Accumulation of plaque is found to be more on gingival 1/3rd of the tooth surface, cracks, pits and fissures, overhanging restorations and around mal-aligned teeth. The rate of formation and location vary according to the oral hygiene practices, diet, salivary composition and rate of flow.

16. DENTAL CALCULUS Calculus is an adherent calcified mass that forms on the surface of natural teeth and dental prosthesis. It consists of mineralized plaque. Calculus would be divided into :- [1] supragingival [2] subgingival

17. SUPRAGINGIVAL CALCULUS It is white or whitish yellow in color. It is found to be maximum in the upper 1 st molars, followed by the lower central and laterals and least in upper anteriors . It can be easily detached.

18. SUBGINGIVAL CALCULUS It is dark brown or greenish black in color. It is found to be maximum in lower centrals and laterals and followed by upper 1 st molar, upper anteriors and upper 2 nd molars. It is found to be least in lower 1 st and 2 nd premolars and lower 3 rd molars.

19. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS [1] GEOGRAPHIC VARIATIONS – high in Chile, Jordan, India, Malasiya , Ceylon; intermediate in US(blacks), Columbia, Ethiopia and Ecuador and low in US (whites), dentist deprived areas.

20. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS [2] NUTRITION – high in Niacin deficiency and Avitaminosis C. ICNND (International Committee On Nutrition for National Defence ) said that there is no consistent association between periodontal diseases and nutrition items.

21. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS Severity of periodontal diseases were found in areas with protein energy malnutrition and vitamin A deficiency. [3] DEGREE OF URBANIZATION – rural population seems to suffer more from periodontal diseases compared to urban population. .

22. CONCLUSION Periodontal disease accounts for a majority of missing teeth in adults and result in tremendous economic and social burdens both to the individual and society. Periodontal disease is so prevalent that the only possible solution is the “prevention”

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