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de Telecomunicações – LGT, em 1997. Ela também criou a Agência
Nacional de Telecomunicações – Anatel, órgão regulador vinculado ao
governo federal, que, além de ditar as diretrizes para o setor de telefonia,
ficou responsável pela regulação do setor.
Nessa toada, o número de telefones fixos praticamente triplicou,
passando de 13 milhões para 38 milhões, e os móveis, que contavam 800.000 linhas, passaram a ter 23,2 milhões. De sua parte, a Ericsson se reinventou, deu um grande salto tecnológico ao priorizar a questão da mobilidade e transformou-se de grande fornecedora de centrais telefônicas em grande provedora de mobilidade. Ainda nos anos 1990, a empresa conquistou um contrato com a Sercomtel, operadora da cidade de Londrina, no Paraná, que adquiriu os sistemas de telefonia digital celular D-AMPS, baseado na tecnologia TDMA da Ericsson. Na época, era o primeiro sistema de telefonia celular digital do Brasil e ainda estava em fase de testes, simultaneamente nos estados da Flórida e do Texas, nos Estados Unidos. Essa tecnologia digital permitiu à cidade de Londrina, por exemplo, quadruplicar sua capacidade, além de outros serviços, e possibilitou a evolução natural da rede.
Nos anos 2000, a grande novidade foi a chamada terceira
geração, o 3G, precedida pelas redes 2,5G, que surgiu como desdobramento da evolução do próprio GSM, utilizado no Brasil desde 2002. A nova tecnologia se valeu de padrões diversos, como W-CDMA, HSPA e HSPA+, para aumentar consideravelmente a velocidade de conexão. Isso permitiu tornar realidade o tão sonhado acesso à internet via celular e ainda disponibilizar diversos outros serviços a uma quantidade muito maior de usuários.
Mais recentemente, entrou em cena o 4G, com a tecnologia
Long Term Evolution (Evolução de Longo Prazo) ou LTE, que tem como diferencial a transmissão de dados em velocidade até dez vezes superior ao 3G, além de maior transferência de dados e capacidade de acessos. O debute comercial da rede 4G/LTE no mundo ocorreu em 2009, na capital sueca, Estocolmo, sob a batuta da Ericsson, que também lidera a implantação na região latino-americana e figura como a primeira fornecedora escolhida para implementar o sistema no Brasil.
De acordo com analistas, uma nova geração de redes móveis
surge a cada década e enquanto as redes de quarta geração (4G) estão sendo instaladas na maioria dos países, o mundo já se prepara para a introdução do 5G, com a expectativa de que esteja disponível a partir de 2020. Embora as pesquisas ainda estejam em estágio inicial, com grandes desafios em termos de inovação, padronização e regulação, em 2014 a Ericsson mundial já realizou em seu centro de pesquisas, localizado no distrito de Kista, na capital sueca, demonstração bem- sucedida do que pode vir a ser o potencial da rede 5G. Mais do que uma simples tecnologia, o sistema integra um conjunto de soluções complementares que atende plenamente à demanda de acesso e novos serviços de consumidores e empresas, além de sedimentar as bases para a contínua evolução ao longo do tempo.
MOBILE TELEPHONES: THE GREAT LEAP The advance in mobile telephone systems is part of a history that is as recent as it is rich in innovation. Everything goes back to the inventive 1980s with what is known as the “first generation”, the 1G network that still worked with the analog system, the Advanced Mobile Phone System known by the initials AMPS, which gave rise to the unprecedented feat of making telephone calls without a fixed base, with wireless, moving device, Though it was deemed revolutionary for the times, the only service available was voice transmission and one of the first public demonstrations occurred in Sweden in 1981, performed by Ericsson and supported by the public authorities. As in the United States, Brazil also adopted the Amps standard for the country’s first two cell phone systems, in Brasília and in Rio de Janeiro, and activated in 1990. Three years before, in 1987, Telebras had published a public bid notice for the purchase of equipment for a land mobile telephone system in the cities of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Brasília, the only one that had this system to service 150 subscribers. Owing to the huge acceptance throughout the world, the Ministry of Communications and Telebras planned to implement it in Brazil in accordance with the world trend, which had roughly 1.8 million terminals over the world. Once again the Ericsson group had an essential role in developing this technique with an active share in its deployment, preparing the project for inserting this service in the Brazilian market. Hence it placed dynamic microphones in the public telephone network’s phone areas and terminals in accordance with Telebras specifications, which change provided telephones with greater acoustic fidelity. This was the first step for the gradual replacement of carbon capsules. Continuing with this work, changes were made in the production of Electronic Modular Telephone, developed overseas. With an original and unprecedented industrial design, this item was largely accepted among users from an experimental pilot selection. Technological evolution proceeded in the world scenario, with the adoption of the 2G system. Much used in the 1990s, its key feature involved digitalized communications under the TDMA system, the initials for Time Division Multiple Access and that encoded a voice signal to place in an infinitely smaller space, enabling integration with digital circuits such as computers in general. An increase in traffic capacity was possible with the advent of Global System Mobile Communications, the well-known GSM technology that spread the use of SIM cards, chips created to store telephone information. During this period Brazil began privatizing the sector, resulting in modernized technology and infrastructure enhancement, with quality, international standards, service diversification and universal access to basic services. Hence, the growth of telephone communications was of 95% between 1994 and 1999. An important milestone was the enactment of the General Telecommunications Law – LGT in 1997. Anatel, the National Telecommunications Agency, was also created as the regulating body subordinated to the federal government, which in addition to establishing guidelines for the telecommunications segment, was also in charge of regulating it. With these measures, the number of land telephones practically tripled and rose from 13 million to 38 million, while mobile phones with 800 thousand lines grew to 23.2 million. With this, Ericsson reinvented itself, made a large technological leap by means of its priority with mobility and from a major supplier telephone exchanges became a key provider of mobility. Still in the 1990s, the company entered into an agreement with Sercomtel, the operator for the city of Londrina in the state of Paraná, which acquired D-AMPS digital cell phone systems based on Ericsson’s TDMA technology. This was Brazil’s first digital cell phone system, being tested at the same time as in the states of Florida and Texas, in the United States. This digital technology allowed the city of Londrina, for example, to increase fourfold its capacity as well as other services, and enabled the network’s natural expansion. During the 2000s, the great novelty was known as 3G, which followed the 2.5G networks, arising as a development of GSM technology and employed in Brazil since 2002. This new technology made use of several standards such as W-CDMA, HSPA and HSPA+, in order to considerably increase the speed of a connection. This led to the much sought after Internet access via cell phone, besides also making available several other services to a much larger number of users. More recently 4G entered the scenario with its Long Term Evolution or LTE technology, with its differential of data transmission at a speed ten times higher than 3G, in addition to greater data transfers and access capacity. The commercial debut of the 4G/LTE network took place in 2009 in Stockholm and captained by Ericsson, which is also a leader in its deployment in Latin America and features as the first supplier selected to implement the system in Brazil. According to analysts, a new generation of mobile networks arises with each decade and while fourth generation (4G) networks are being put in place in a large number of countries, the world gets ready for the advent of 5G, expecting this to be available in early 2020. Although research is at an initial stage, with great challenges in terms of innovation, standardizing and regulations, in 2014 Ericsson worldwide performed a successful demonstration in its research center located in the district of Kista in Stockholm, of what may be the potential 5G network. More than simply a technology, the system includes a set of supplementary solutions that fully meets demand for access to new consumer and corporate services, in addition to defining the bases for an ongoing long-term progress.
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