ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Advanced-Concepts-Team
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43 slides
Jun 12, 2024
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About This Presentation
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravita...
Slide Content
Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of
Moon and artificial satellites
Diego Blas Temiño
arXiv
2107.04063
2107.04601
2406.02306
Moon and artificial satellites
Diego Blas Temiño
arXiv
2107.04063
2107.04601
2406.02306
1 SECOND
The Large Hadron
Collider at CERN is
recreating the
conditions that
prevailed a fraction
of a second after the
Big Bang.
300,000 YEARS
We can detect radiation
from the early formation
of the Universe back as
far as this point. Before
this, the Universe is
opaque: it’s as if a veil
has been pulled over it.
A FEW HUNDRED MILLION YEARS
Matter clumps together under its own gravity forming the ?rst protogalaxies and
within them, the ?rst stars.
Stars are nuclear furnaces in which heavier elements such as carbon, oxygen, silicon
and iron are formed. Massive stars exploding as supernovae create even heavier
elements. Such explosions send material into space ready to be incorporated into
future generations of stars and planets.
10 BILLION YEARS
The ?rst life appears on
Earth in the form of simple
cells. Impacting comets and
asteroids might have
contributed organic
molecules to Earth. Life
spreads across the globe.
THE BEGINNING
The Universe begins 13.7
billion years ago with an event
known as the Big Bang.
Both time and space are
created in this event.
100 – 1000
SECONDS
Nuclei of hydrogen,
helium, lithium and
other light elements
form.
9 BILLION YEARS
The Sun, along with its eight
planets, and all the
asteroids, comets and
Kuiper Belt objects, such as
Pluto, form from the debris
left behind by earlier
generations of stars.
A FEW BILLION YEARS
Initially, the expansion of the Universe decelerated – but a
few billion years after the Big Bang, the expansion began to
accelerate. The acceleration is caused by a mysterious
force known as ‘dark energy’, the nature of which is
completely unknown.
20 BILLION YEARS
In a few billion years the Sun’s outer layers
will expand as it turns into a Red Giant star.
Life on Earth will become impossible.
Expansion of the Universe will continue to
accelerate.
FUTURETODAYUNOBSERVABLE UNIVERSE (PAST) POTENTIALLY OBSERVABLE UNIVERSE (PAST)
10
100
YEARS
Stars no longer form; matter is trapped in
black holes or dead stars. Protons decay
and black holes evaporate, leaving the
Universe to its ultimate fate as cold, dead,
empty space, containing only radiation, which
itself too will eventually disperse.
FRACTION OF
A SECOND
Rapid expansion occurs
during a billionth of a
billionth of a billionth of a
billionth of a second – the
visible Universe is the size
of a grapefruit.
13.7 BILLION YEARS
This is where we are today. Using our own
ingenuity, humanity is probing the depths of the
Universe and trying to unravel its mysteries,
from our tiny, home planet, Earth. The visible
Universe contains billions of galaxies, each
comprising billions of stars. Within our own
Galaxy, hundreds of exoplanets have been
discovered orbiting other stars.
STARGAZING LIVE THE UNIVERSE THROUGH TIME
SIZE
TIME
You can download the
Stargazing LIVE Star Guide
and ?nd out more about
free Stargazing LIVE events
at bbc.co.uk/stargazing
FIRST GALAXIES
AND STARS FORM
EXPANSION OF THE
UNIVERSE BEGINS
TO ACCELERATE
A FEW HUNDRED MILLION
YEARS
A FEW BILLION
YEARS
A FEW
MINUTES
IN
F
L
A
T
I
O
N
L
IF
E
O
N
E
A
R
T
H
B
E
G
I
N
S
P
R
E
S
E
N
T
D
A
Y
YEARS
BILLION9
YEARS
BILLION10
YEARS
BILLION20
YEARS
BILLION13.7
YEARS
300,000
FIRST
NUCLEI
FORM
FIRST
ATOMS
FORM
FORMATION OF THE
SOLAR SYSTEM,
INCLUDING EARTH
SUN EXPANDS
TO RED GIANT
END OF LIFE
ON EARTH
UNIVERSE
EVENTUALLY
COLD
AND DARK
HIGH
ENERGY
PARTICLE
REACTIONS
BIG
BANG
The Universe has
expanded and
cooled ever since
Stargazing LIVE is a BBC and Open University co-production. Credit: Photography sourced from NASA. Observing the Universe through electromagnetic signals
has brought us to a pinnacle of knowledge
The Large Hadron
Collider at CERN is
recreating the
conditions that
prevailed a fraction
of a second after the
Big Bang.
300,000 YEARS
We can detect radiation
from the early formation
of the Universe back as
far as this point. Before
this, the Universe is
opaque: it’s as if a veil
has been pulled over it.
A FEW HUNDRED MILLION YEARS
Matter clumps together under its own gravity forming the ?rst protogalaxies and
within them, the ?rst stars.
Stars are nuclear furnaces in which heavier elements such as carbon, oxygen, silicon
and iron are formed. Massive stars exploding as supernovae create even heavier
elements. Such explosions send material into space ready to be incorporated into
future generations of stars and planets.
10 BILLION YEARS
The ?rst life appears on
Earth in the form of simple
cells. Impacting comets and
asteroids might have
contributed organic
molecules to Earth. Life
spreads across the globe.
THE BEGINNING
The Universe begins 13.7
billion years ago with an event
known as the Big Bang.
Both time and space are
created in this event.
100 – 1000
SECONDS
Nuclei of hydrogen,
helium, lithium and
other light elements
form.
9 BILLION YEARS
The Sun, along with its eight
planets, and all the
asteroids, comets and
Kuiper Belt objects, such as
Pluto, form from the debris
left behind by earlier
generations of stars.
A FEW BILLION YEARS
Initially, the expansion of the Universe decelerated – but a
few billion years after the Big Bang, the expansion began to
accelerate. The acceleration is caused by a mysterious
force known as ‘dark energy’, the nature of which is
completely unknown.
20 BILLION YEARS
In a few billion years the Sun’s outer layers
will expand as it turns into a Red Giant star.
Life on Earth will become impossible.
Expansion of the Universe will continue to
accelerate.
FUTURETODAYUNOBSERVABLE UNIVERSE (PAST) POTENTIALLY OBSERVABLE UNIVERSE (PAST)
10
100
YEARS
Stars no longer form; matter is trapped in
black holes or dead stars. Protons decay
and black holes evaporate, leaving the
Universe to its ultimate fate as cold, dead,
empty space, containing only radiation, which
itself too will eventually disperse.
FRACTION OF
A SECOND
Rapid expansion occurs
during a billionth of a
billionth of a billionth of a
billionth of a second – the
visible Universe is the size
of a grapefruit.
13.7 BILLION YEARS
This is where we are today. Using our own
ingenuity, humanity is probing the depths of the
Universe and trying to unravel its mysteries,
from our tiny, home planet, Earth. The visible
Universe contains billions of galaxies, each
comprising billions of stars. Within our own
Galaxy, hundreds of exoplanets have been
discovered orbiting other stars.
STARGAZING LIVE THE UNIVERSE THROUGH TIME
SIZE
TIME
You can download the
Stargazing LIVE Star Guide
and ?nd out more about
free Stargazing LIVE events
at bbc.co.uk/stargazing
FIRST GALAXIES
AND STARS FORM
EXPANSION OF THE
UNIVERSE BEGINS
TO ACCELERATE
A FEW HUNDRED MILLION
YEARS
A FEW BILLION
YEARS
A FEW
MINUTES
IN
F
L
A
T
I
O
N
L
IF
E
O
N
E
A
R
T
H
B
E
G
I
N
S
P
R
E
S
E
N
T
D
A
Y
YEARS
BILLION9
YEARS
BILLION10
YEARS
BILLION20
YEARS
BILLION13.7
YEARS
300,000
FIRST
NUCLEI
FORM
FIRST
ATOMS
FORM
FORMATION OF THE
SOLAR SYSTEM,
INCLUDING EARTH
SUN EXPANDS
TO RED GIANT
END OF LIFE
ON EARTH
UNIVERSE
EVENTUALLY
COLD
AND DARK
HIGH
ENERGY
PARTICLE
REACTIONS
BIG
BANG
The Universe has
expanded and
cooled ever since
Stargazing LIVE is a BBC and Open University co-production. Credit: Photography sourced from NASA. Observing the Universe through electromagnetic signals
has brought us to a pinnacle of knowledge
1 SECOND
The Large Hadron
Collider at CERN is
recreating the
conditions that
prevailed a fraction
of a second after the
Big Bang.
300,000 YEARS
We can detect radiation
from the early formation
of the Universe back as
far as this point. Before
this, the Universe is
opaque: it’s as if a veil
has been pulled over it.
A FEW HUNDRED MILLION YEARS
Matter clumps together under its own gravity forming the ?rst protogalaxies and
within them, the ?rst stars.
Stars are nuclear furnaces in which heavier elements such as carbon, oxygen, silicon
and iron are formed. Massive stars exploding as supernovae create even heavier
elements. Such explosions send material into space ready to be incorporated into
future generations of stars and planets.
10 BILLION YEARS
The ?rst life appears on
Earth in the form of simple
cells. Impacting comets and
asteroids might have
contributed organic
molecules to Earth. Life
spreads across the globe.
THE BEGINNING
The Universe begins 13.7
billion years ago with an event
known as the Big Bang.
Both time and space are
created in this event.
100 – 1000
SECONDS
Nuclei of hydrogen,
helium, lithium and
other light elements
form.
9 BILLION YEARS
The Sun, along with its eight
planets, and all the
asteroids, comets and
Kuiper Belt objects, such as
Pluto, form from the debris
left behind by earlier
generations of stars.
A FEW BILLION YEARS
Initially, the expansion of the Universe decelerated – but a
few billion years after the Big Bang, the expansion began to
accelerate. The acceleration is caused by a mysterious
force known as ‘dark energy’, the nature of which is
completely unknown.
20 BILLION YEARS
In a few billion years the Sun’s outer layers
will expand as it turns into a Red Giant star.
Life on Earth will become impossible.
Expansion of the Universe will continue to
accelerate.
FUTURETODAYUNOBSERVABLE UNIVERSE (PAST) POTENTIALLY OBSERVABLE UNIVERSE (PAST)
10
100
YEARS
Stars no longer form; matter is trapped in
black holes or dead stars. Protons decay
and black holes evaporate, leaving the
Universe to its ultimate fate as cold, dead,
empty space, containing only radiation, which
itself too will eventually disperse.
FRACTION OF
A SECOND
Rapid expansion occurs
during a billionth of a
billionth of a billionth of a
billionth of a second – the
visible Universe is the size
of a grapefruit.
13.7 BILLION YEARS
This is where we are today. Using our own
ingenuity, humanity is probing the depths of the
Universe and trying to unravel its mysteries,
from our tiny, home planet, Earth. The visible
Universe contains billions of galaxies, each
comprising billions of stars. Within our own
Galaxy, hundreds of exoplanets have been
discovered orbiting other stars.
STARGAZING LIVE THE UNIVERSE THROUGH TIME
SIZE
TIME
You can download the
Stargazing LIVE Star Guide
and ?nd out more about
free Stargazing LIVE events
at bbc.co.uk/stargazing
FIRST GALAXIES
AND STARS FORM
EXPANSION OF THE
UNIVERSE BEGINS
TO ACCELERATE
A FEW HUNDRED MILLION
YEARS
A FEW BILLION
YEARS
A FEW
MINUTES
IN
F
L
A
T
I
O
N
L
IF
E
O
N
E
A
R
T
H
B
E
G
I
N
S
P
R
E
S
E
N
T
D
A
Y
YEARS
BILLION9
YEARS
BILLION10
YEARS
BILLION20
YEARS
BILLION13.7
YEARS
300,000
FIRST
NUCLEI
FORM
FIRST
ATOMS
FORM
FORMATION OF THE
SOLAR SYSTEM,
INCLUDING EARTH
SUN EXPANDS
TO RED GIANT
END OF LIFE
ON EARTH
UNIVERSE
EVENTUALLY
COLD
AND DARK
HIGH
ENERGY
PARTICLE
REACTIONS
BIG
BANG
The Universe has
expanded and
cooled ever since
Stargazing LIVE is a BBC and Open University co-production. Credit: Photography sourced from NASA. Observing the Universe through electromagnetic signals
has brought us to a pinnacle of knowledge
The Large Hadron
Collider at CERN is
recreating the
conditions that
prevailed a fraction
of a second after the
Big Bang.
300,000 YEARS
We can detect radiation
from the early formation
of the Universe back as
far as this point. Before
this, the Universe is
opaque: it’s as if a veil
has been pulled over it.
A FEW HUNDRED MILLION YEARS
Matter clumps together under its own gravity forming the ?rst protogalaxies and
within them, the ?rst stars.
Stars are nuclear furnaces in which heavier elements such as carbon, oxygen, silicon
and iron are formed. Massive stars exploding as supernovae create even heavier
elements. Such explosions send material into space ready to be incorporated into
future generations of stars and planets.
10 BILLION YEARS
The ?rst life appears on
Earth in the form of simple
cells. Impacting comets and
asteroids might have
contributed organic
molecules to Earth. Life
spreads across the globe.
THE BEGINNING
The Universe begins 13.7
billion years ago with an event
known as the Big Bang.
Both time and space are
created in this event.
100 – 1000
SECONDS
Nuclei of hydrogen,
helium, lithium and
other light elements
form.
9 BILLION YEARS
The Sun, along with its eight
planets, and all the
asteroids, comets and
Kuiper Belt objects, such as
Pluto, form from the debris
left behind by earlier
generations of stars.
A FEW BILLION YEARS
Initially, the expansion of the Universe decelerated – but a
few billion years after the Big Bang, the expansion began to
accelerate. The acceleration is caused by a mysterious
force known as ‘dark energy’, the nature of which is
completely unknown.
20 BILLION YEARS
In a few billion years the Sun’s outer layers
will expand as it turns into a Red Giant star.
Life on Earth will become impossible.
Expansion of the Universe will continue to
accelerate.
FUTURETODAYUNOBSERVABLE UNIVERSE (PAST) POTENTIALLY OBSERVABLE UNIVERSE (PAST)
10
100
YEARS
Stars no longer form; matter is trapped in
black holes or dead stars. Protons decay
and black holes evaporate, leaving the
Universe to its ultimate fate as cold, dead,
empty space, containing only radiation, which
itself too will eventually disperse.
FRACTION OF
A SECOND
Rapid expansion occurs
during a billionth of a
billionth of a billionth of a
billionth of a second – the
visible Universe is the size
of a grapefruit.
13.7 BILLION YEARS
This is where we are today. Using our own
ingenuity, humanity is probing the depths of the
Universe and trying to unravel its mysteries,
from our tiny, home planet, Earth. The visible
Universe contains billions of galaxies, each
comprising billions of stars. Within our own
Galaxy, hundreds of exoplanets have been
discovered orbiting other stars.
STARGAZING LIVE THE UNIVERSE THROUGH TIME
SIZE
TIME
You can download the
Stargazing LIVE Star Guide
and ?nd out more about
free Stargazing LIVE events
at bbc.co.uk/stargazing
FIRST GALAXIES
AND STARS FORM
EXPANSION OF THE
UNIVERSE BEGINS
TO ACCELERATE
A FEW HUNDRED MILLION
YEARS
A FEW BILLION
YEARS
A FEW
MINUTES
IN
F
L
A
T
I
O
N
L
IF
E
O
N
E
A
R
T
H
B
E
G
I
N
S
P
R
E
S
E
N
T
D
A
Y
YEARS
BILLION9
YEARS
BILLION10
YEARS
BILLION20
YEARS
BILLION13.7
YEARS
300,000
FIRST
NUCLEI
FORM
FIRST
ATOMS
FORM
FORMATION OF THE
SOLAR SYSTEM,
INCLUDING EARTH
SUN EXPANDS
TO RED GIANT
END OF LIFE
ON EARTH
UNIVERSE
EVENTUALLY
COLD
AND DARK
HIGH
ENERGY
PARTICLE
REACTIONS
BIG
BANG
The Universe has
expanded and
cooled ever since
Stargazing LIVE is a BBC and Open University co-production. Credit: Photography sourced from NASA. Observing the Universe through electromagnetic signals
has brought us to a pinnacle of knowledge
Still, 1.3 billions years ago, in a in a galaxy far, far away
two celestial bodies collided,
emitting enough energy to vaporise all planets in our galaxy
two celestial bodies collided,
emitting enough energy to vaporise all planets in our galaxy
The light emitted looked like this
Still, 1.3 billions years ago, in a in a galaxy far, far away
two celestial bodies collided,
emitting enough energy to vaporise all planets in our galaxy
Still, 1.3 billions years ago, in a in a galaxy far, far away
two celestial bodies collided,
emitting enough energy to vaporise all planets in our galaxy
1 SECOND
The Large Hadron
Collider at CERN is
recreating the
conditions that
prevailed a fraction
of a second after the
Big Bang.
300,000 YEARS
We can detect radiation
from the early formation
of the Universe back as
far as this point. Before
this, the Universe is
opaque: it’s as if a veil
has been pulled over it.
A FEW HUNDRED MILLION YEARS
Matter clumps together under its own gravity forming the ?rst protogalaxies and
within them, the ?rst stars.
Stars are nuclear furnaces in which heavier elements such as carbon, oxygen, silicon
and iron are formed. Massive stars exploding as supernovae create even heavier
elements. Such explosions send material into space ready to be incorporated into
future generations of stars and planets.
10 BILLION YEARS
The ?rst life appears on
Earth in the form of simple
cells. Impacting comets and
asteroids might have
contributed organic
molecules to Earth. Life
spreads across the globe.
THE BEGINNING
The Universe begins 13.7
billion years ago with an event
known as the Big Bang.
Both time and space are
created in this event.
100 – 1000
SECONDS
Nuclei of hydrogen,
helium, lithium and
other light elements
form.
9 BILLION YEARS
The Sun, along with its eight
planets, and all the
asteroids, comets and
Kuiper Belt objects, such as
Pluto, form from the debris
left behind by earlier
generations of stars.
A FEW BILLION YEARS
Initially, the expansion of the Universe decelerated – but a
few billion years after the Big Bang, the expansion began to
accelerate. The acceleration is caused by a mysterious
force known as ‘dark energy’, the nature of which is
completely unknown.
20 BILLION YEARS
In a few billion years the Sun’s outer layers
will expand as it turns into a Red Giant star.
Life on Earth will become impossible.
Expansion of the Universe will continue to
accelerate.
FUTURETODAYUNOBSERVABLE UNIVERSE (PAST) POTENTIALLY OBSERVABLE UNIVERSE (PAST)
10
100
YEARS
Stars no longer form; matter is trapped in
black holes or dead stars. Protons decay
and black holes evaporate, leaving the
Universe to its ultimate fate as cold, dead,
empty space, containing only radiation, which
itself too will eventually disperse.
FRACTION OF
A SECOND
Rapid expansion occurs
during a billionth of a
billionth of a billionth of a
billionth of a second – the
visible Universe is the size
of a grapefruit.
13.7 BILLION YEARS
This is where we are today. Using our own
ingenuity, humanity is probing the depths of the
Universe and trying to unravel its mysteries,
from our tiny, home planet, Earth. The visible
Universe contains billions of galaxies, each
comprising billions of stars. Within our own
Galaxy, hundreds of exoplanets have been
discovered orbiting other stars.
STARGAZING LIVE THE UNIVERSE THROUGH TIME
SIZE
TIME
You can download the
Stargazing LIVE Star Guide
and ?nd out more about
free Stargazing LIVE events
at bbc.co.uk/stargazing
FIRST GALAXIES
AND STARS FORM
EXPANSION OF THE
UNIVERSE BEGINS
TO ACCELERATE
A FEW HUNDRED MILLION
YEARS
A FEW BILLION
YEARS
A FEW
MINUTES
IN
F
L
A
T
I
O
N
L
IF
E
O
N
E
A
R
T
H
B
E
G
I
N
S
P
R
E
S
E
N
T
D
A
Y
YEARS
BILLION9
YEARS
BILLION10
YEARS
BILLION20
YEARS
BILLION13.7
YEARS
300,000
FIRST
NUCLEI
FORM
FIRST
ATOMS
FORM
FORMATION OF THE
SOLAR SYSTEM,
INCLUDING EARTH
SUN EXPANDS
TO RED GIANT
END OF LIFE
ON EARTH
UNIVERSE
EVENTUALLY
COLD
AND DARK
HIGH
ENERGY
PARTICLE
REACTIONS
BIG
BANG
The Universe has
expanded and
cooled ever since
Stargazing LIVE is a BBC and Open University co-production. Credit: Photography sourced from NASA. The Universe is full of new signals! How do we find them?
What will we learn?
The Large Hadron
Collider at CERN is
recreating the
conditions that
prevailed a fraction
of a second after the
Big Bang.
300,000 YEARS
We can detect radiation
from the early formation
of the Universe back as
far as this point. Before
this, the Universe is
opaque: it’s as if a veil
has been pulled over it.
A FEW HUNDRED MILLION YEARS
Matter clumps together under its own gravity forming the ?rst protogalaxies and
within them, the ?rst stars.
Stars are nuclear furnaces in which heavier elements such as carbon, oxygen, silicon
and iron are formed. Massive stars exploding as supernovae create even heavier
elements. Such explosions send material into space ready to be incorporated into
future generations of stars and planets.
10 BILLION YEARS
The ?rst life appears on
Earth in the form of simple
cells. Impacting comets and
asteroids might have
contributed organic
molecules to Earth. Life
spreads across the globe.
THE BEGINNING
The Universe begins 13.7
billion years ago with an event
known as the Big Bang.
Both time and space are
created in this event.
100 – 1000
SECONDS
Nuclei of hydrogen,
helium, lithium and
other light elements
form.
9 BILLION YEARS
The Sun, along with its eight
planets, and all the
asteroids, comets and
Kuiper Belt objects, such as
Pluto, form from the debris
left behind by earlier
generations of stars.
A FEW BILLION YEARS
Initially, the expansion of the Universe decelerated – but a
few billion years after the Big Bang, the expansion began to
accelerate. The acceleration is caused by a mysterious
force known as ‘dark energy’, the nature of which is
completely unknown.
20 BILLION YEARS
In a few billion years the Sun’s outer layers
will expand as it turns into a Red Giant star.
Life on Earth will become impossible.
Expansion of the Universe will continue to
accelerate.
FUTURETODAYUNOBSERVABLE UNIVERSE (PAST) POTENTIALLY OBSERVABLE UNIVERSE (PAST)
10
100
YEARS
Stars no longer form; matter is trapped in
black holes or dead stars. Protons decay
and black holes evaporate, leaving the
Universe to its ultimate fate as cold, dead,
empty space, containing only radiation, which
itself too will eventually disperse.
FRACTION OF
A SECOND
Rapid expansion occurs
during a billionth of a
billionth of a billionth of a
billionth of a second – the
visible Universe is the size
of a grapefruit.
13.7 BILLION YEARS
This is where we are today. Using our own
ingenuity, humanity is probing the depths of the
Universe and trying to unravel its mysteries,
from our tiny, home planet, Earth. The visible
Universe contains billions of galaxies, each
comprising billions of stars. Within our own
Galaxy, hundreds of exoplanets have been
discovered orbiting other stars.
STARGAZING LIVE THE UNIVERSE THROUGH TIME
SIZE
TIME
You can download the
Stargazing LIVE Star Guide
and ?nd out more about
free Stargazing LIVE events
at bbc.co.uk/stargazing
FIRST GALAXIES
AND STARS FORM
EXPANSION OF THE
UNIVERSE BEGINS
TO ACCELERATE
A FEW HUNDRED MILLION
YEARS
A FEW BILLION
YEARS
A FEW
MINUTES
IN
F
L
A
T
I
O
N
L
IF
E
O
N
E
A
R
T
H
B
E
G
I
N
S
P
R
E
S
E
N
T
D
A
Y
YEARS
BILLION9
YEARS
BILLION10
YEARS
BILLION20
YEARS
BILLION13.7
YEARS
300,000
FIRST
NUCLEI
FORM
FIRST
ATOMS
FORM
FORMATION OF THE
SOLAR SYSTEM,
INCLUDING EARTH
SUN EXPANDS
TO RED GIANT
END OF LIFE
ON EARTH
UNIVERSE
EVENTUALLY
COLD
AND DARK
HIGH
ENERGY
PARTICLE
REACTIONS
BIG
BANG
The Universe has
expanded and
cooled ever since
Stargazing LIVE is a BBC and Open University co-production. Credit: Photography sourced from NASA. The Universe is full of new signals! How do we find them?
What will we learn?
What are gravitational waves?
In General Relativity, gravitation is represented
by the deformations of space-time generated by a source
In General Relativity, gravitation is represented
by the deformations of space-time generated by a source
What are gravitational waves?
In General Relativity, gravitation is represented
by the deformations of space-time generated by a source
If the source moves,
this deformation propagates
at the speed of light:
gravitational wave!
In General Relativity, gravitation is represented
by the deformations of space-time generated by a source
If the source moves,
this deformation propagates
at the speed of light:
gravitational wave!
What are gravitational waves?
In General Relativity, gravitation is represented
by the deformations of space-time generated by a source
If the source moves,
this deformation propagates
at the speed of light:
gravitational wave!
In General Relativity, gravitation is represented
by the deformations of space-time generated by a source
If the source moves,
this deformation propagates
at the speed of light:
gravitational wave!
What are gravitational waves?
Any mass deforms the medium around (space-time)
Any mass deforms the medium around (space-time)
What are gravitational waves?
Any mass deforms the medium around (space-time)
Any mass deforms the medium around (space-time)
What are gravitational waves?
Any mass deforms the medium around (space-time)
Any mass deforms the medium around (space-time)
What are gravitational waves?
Any mass deforms the medium around (space-time)
Any mass deforms the medium around (space-time)
What are gravitational waves?
Any mass deforms the medium around (space-time)
Any mass deforms the medium around (space-time)
What are gravitational waves?
In 2D
Any mass deforms the medium around (space-time)
If the source moves, this deformation
propagates at the speed of light:
gravitational wave!
In 2D
Any mass deforms the medium around (space-time)
If the source moves, this deformation
propagates at the speed of light:
gravitational wave!
LIGO©
Simulated collision of 2 black holes
Only gravitational waves are emitted
Simulated collision of 2 black holes
Only gravitational waves are emitted
LIGO©
Simulated collision of 2 black holes
Only gravitational waves are emitted
Simulated collision of 2 black holes
Only gravitational waves are emitted
GWs (essentials)
Perturbations of space-time
travelling as waves of frequency f
Characterised by 2 polarizations (dimensionless) h
+,×
GWs carry energy. They have energy density
<latexit sha1_base64="3Zqav0YrZUt/PLYnX/oMd+fi+2E=">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</latexit>
⌦gw(f)⌘
1
⇢c
d⇢gw
d(lnf)
<latexit sha1_base64="hx3K/FiC5cSFd7zdEvTCDYZwieM=">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</latexit>
⇢c=1.2⇥10
11
M!Mpc
"3
<latexit sha1_base64="vf+v5yThKYlOpFS2PpBdyjZggY4=">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</latexit>
h+,⇥⇡h0cos (2⇡f(t"z)+")
<latexit sha1_base64="nq+yCgZl1HaVhp0OWJXcTW3H6Tc=">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</latexit>
⇢gw=
1
16⇡G
D
˙
h
2
++
˙
h
2
⇥
E
<latexit sha1_base64="0iiMGd5HmW8SnYPyQSWEngH/I58=">AAAB6nicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU0lE1ItQ9OKxov2ANpTNdtMu3WzC7kQooT/BiwdFvPqLvPlv3LY5aOuDgcd7M8zMCxIpDLrut1NYWV1b3yhulra2d3b3yvsHTROnmvEGi2Ws2wE1XArFGyhQ8naiOY0CyVvB6Hbqt564NiJWjzhOuB/RgRKhYBSt9MCuvV654lbdGcgy8XJSgRz1Xvmr249ZGnGFTFJjOp6boJ9RjYJJPil1U8MTykZ0wDuWKhpx42ezUyfkxCp9EsbalkIyU39PZDQyZhwFtjOiODSL3lT8z+ukGF75mVBJilyx+aIwlQRjMv2b9IXmDOXYEsq0sLcSNqSaMrTplGwI3uLLy6R5VvUuquf355XaTR5HEY7gGE7Bg0uowR3UoQEMBvAMr/DmSOfFeXc+5q0FJ585hD9wPn8AuueNcg==</latexit>
c=1
h⇡0.67
⇢c⇠keV/cm
3
Perturbations of space-time
travelling as waves of frequency f
Characterised by 2 polarizations (dimensionless) h
+,×
GWs carry energy. They have energy density
<latexit sha1_base64="3Zqav0YrZUt/PLYnX/oMd+fi+2E=">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</latexit>
⌦gw(f)⌘
1
⇢c
d⇢gw
d(lnf)
<latexit sha1_base64="hx3K/FiC5cSFd7zdEvTCDYZwieM=">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</latexit>
⇢c=1.2⇥10
11
M!Mpc
"3
<latexit sha1_base64="vf+v5yThKYlOpFS2PpBdyjZggY4=">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</latexit>
h+,⇥⇡h0cos (2⇡f(t"z)+")
<latexit sha1_base64="nq+yCgZl1HaVhp0OWJXcTW3H6Tc=">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</latexit>
⇢gw=
1
16⇡G
D
˙
h
2
++
˙
h
2
⇥
E
<latexit sha1_base64="0iiMGd5HmW8SnYPyQSWEngH/I58=">AAAB6nicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU0lE1ItQ9OKxov2ANpTNdtMu3WzC7kQooT/BiwdFvPqLvPlv3LY5aOuDgcd7M8zMCxIpDLrut1NYWV1b3yhulra2d3b3yvsHTROnmvEGi2Ws2wE1XArFGyhQ8naiOY0CyVvB6Hbqt564NiJWjzhOuB/RgRKhYBSt9MCuvV654lbdGcgy8XJSgRz1Xvmr249ZGnGFTFJjOp6boJ9RjYJJPil1U8MTykZ0wDuWKhpx42ezUyfkxCp9EsbalkIyU39PZDQyZhwFtjOiODSL3lT8z+ukGF75mVBJilyx+aIwlQRjMv2b9IXmDOXYEsq0sLcSNqSaMrTplGwI3uLLy6R5VvUuquf355XaTR5HEY7gGE7Bg0uowR3UoQEMBvAMr/DmSOfFeXc+5q0FJ585hD9wPn8AuueNcg==</latexit>
c=1
h⇡0.67
⇢c⇠keV/cm
3
Taxonomy of GWs
A taxonomy of GW signals
[email protected] Detecting GWs with binary resonance EPS-HEP, 26 July 2021 1/13
binarias compactas
BH binaries
supernovae
pulsars
<latexit sha1_base64="HZvq72X65yvjA6pv2Mkg1Zyiwu8=">AAAB63icbVBNS8NAEN34WetX1aOXxSLUS0mkqMeiF48V7Ae0oWy2m2bp7ibsToQS+he8eFDEq3/Im//GTZuDtj4YeLw3w8y8IBHcgOt+O2vrG5tb26Wd8u7e/sFh5ei4Y+JUU9amsYh1LyCGCa5YGzgI1ks0IzIQrBtM7nK/+8S04bF6hGnCfEnGioecEsilqAYXw0rVrbtz4FXiFaSKCrSGla/BKKapZAqoIMb0PTcBPyMaOBVsVh6khiWETsiY9S1VRDLjZ/NbZ/jcKiMcxtqWAjxXf09kRBozlYHtlAQis+zl4n9eP4Xwxs+4SlJgii4WhanAEOP8cTzimlEQU0sI1dzeimlENKFg4ynbELzll1dJ57LuXdUbD41q87aIo4RO0RmqIQ9doya6Ry3URhRF6Bm9ojdHOi/Ou/OxaF1zipkT9AfO5w9sR43Y</latexit>
h(t)
phase transitions
An example signal: cosmological phase transitions
key prediction of many particle physics
models
four parameters:
ItemperatureTú
Istrength–
Irate—/Hú
Ibubble-wall velocityvw
peak frequency
fú¥19µHz◊
Tú
100 GeV
—/Hú
vw
[email protected] Detecting GWs with binary resonance EPS-HEP, 26 July 2021 11 / 13
<latexit sha1_base64="3Zqav0YrZUt/PLYnX/oMd+fi+2E=">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</latexit>
⌦gw(f)⌘
1
⇢c
d⇢gw
d(lnf)
A taxonomy of GW signals
[email protected] Detecting GWs with binary resonance EPS-HEP, 26 July 2021 1/13
binarias compactas
BH binaries
supernovae
pulsars
<latexit sha1_base64="HZvq72X65yvjA6pv2Mkg1Zyiwu8=">AAAB63icbVBNS8NAEN34WetX1aOXxSLUS0mkqMeiF48V7Ae0oWy2m2bp7ibsToQS+he8eFDEq3/Im//GTZuDtj4YeLw3w8y8IBHcgOt+O2vrG5tb26Wd8u7e/sFh5ei4Y+JUU9amsYh1LyCGCa5YGzgI1ks0IzIQrBtM7nK/+8S04bF6hGnCfEnGioecEsilqAYXw0rVrbtz4FXiFaSKCrSGla/BKKapZAqoIMb0PTcBPyMaOBVsVh6khiWETsiY9S1VRDLjZ/NbZ/jcKiMcxtqWAjxXf09kRBozlYHtlAQis+zl4n9eP4Xwxs+4SlJgii4WhanAEOP8cTzimlEQU0sI1dzeimlENKFg4ynbELzll1dJ57LuXdUbD41q87aIo4RO0RmqIQ9doya6Ry3URhRF6Bm9ojdHOi/Ou/OxaF1zipkT9AfO5w9sR43Y</latexit>
h(t)
phase transitions
An example signal: cosmological phase transitions
key prediction of many particle physics
models
four parameters:
ItemperatureTú
Istrength–
Irate—/Hú
Ibubble-wall velocityvw
peak frequency
fú¥19µHz◊
Tú
100 GeV
—/Hú
vw
[email protected] Detecting GWs with binary resonance EPS-HEP, 26 July 2021 11 / 13
<latexit sha1_base64="3Zqav0YrZUt/PLYnX/oMd+fi+2E=">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</latexit>
⌦gw(f)⌘
1
⇢c
d⇢gw
d(lnf)
Stochastic gravitational-wave background (SGWB)
incoherent, persistent GW signal
faint/numerous sources
astrophysical and cosmological
GW density parameter:
œGW(f)=
1
flcrit
dflGW
d(lnf)
[email protected] Detecting GWs with binary resonance EPS-HEP, 26 July 2021 2/13
[email protected] [email protected] GWverse, LISBON [email protected] CERN 08/[email protected]
⇢GW⇠M
2
P!
2
h
2
GW
<latexit sha1_base64="hx3K/FiC5cSFd7zdEvTCDYZwieM=">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</latexit>
⇢c=1.2⇥10
11
M!Mpc
"3
⇢c⇠keV/cm
3
incoherent, persistent GW signal
faint/numerous sources
astrophysical and cosmological
GW density parameter:
œGW(f)=
1
flcrit
dflGW
d(lnf)
[email protected] Detecting GWs with binary resonance EPS-HEP, 26 July 2021 2/13
[email protected] [email protected] GWverse, LISBON [email protected] CERN 08/[email protected]
⇢GW⇠M
2
P!
2
h
2
GW
<latexit sha1_base64="hx3K/FiC5cSFd7zdEvTCDYZwieM=">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</latexit>
⇢c=1.2⇥10
11
M!Mpc
"3
⇢c⇠keV/cm
3
PTA
LVK
N
eff
GWs soundscape today
10
-20
10
-15
10
-10
10
-5
1 10
5
10
-17
10
-15
10
-13
10
-11
10
-9
10
-7
10
-5
f[Hz]
Ω
GW
(
f
)
Planck
PPTA
LVKO3
CMB(Ad.)
CMB(Hom.)
FIRAS
10
-20
10
-15
10
-10
10
-5
1 10
5
10
-17
10
-15
10
-13
10
-11
10
-9
10
-7
10
-5
10
8
10
4
1 10
-4
10
-8
10
-12
f[Hz]
Ω
GW
(
f
)
[kpc]λ
FIRAS
10
-20
10
-15
10
-10
10
-5
1 10
5
10
-17
10
-15
10
-13
10
-11
10
-9
10
-7
10
-5
f[Hz]
Ω
GW
(
f
)
Planck
PPTA
LVKO3
CMB(Ad.)
CMB(Hom.)
FIRAS
<latexit sha1_base64="4Tix51eijunkDzcDUK2ZLNRUYV4=">AAACFHicbVDLSgMxFM34rPU16tJNsAgVocxIUZdFN+6sYB/QKSWTyUxDk8yQZJQyzEe48VfcuFDErQt3/o3pQ9DWA4HDOfeSc4+fMKq043xZC4tLyyurhbXi+sbm1ra9s9tUcSoxaeCYxbLtI0UYFaShqWaknUiCuM9Iyx9cjvzWHZGKxuJWDxPS5SgSNKQYaSP17GOPCg09jnRf8izIyx4TMDyC3jUnEeplP050n+c9u+RUnDHgPHGnpASmqPfsTy+IccqJ0JghpTquk+huhqSmmJG86KWKJAgPUEQ6hgrEiepm46NyeGiUAIaxNM9EHKu/NzLElRpy30yOMqpZbyT+53VSHZ53MyqSVBOBJx+FKYM6hqOGYEAlwZoNDUFYUpMV4j6SCGvTY9GU4M6ePE+aJxX3tFK9qZZqF9M6CmAfHIAycMEZqIErUAcNgMEDeAIv4NV6tJ6tN+t9MrpgTXf2wB9YH98o8J7u</latexit>
Z
d(lnf)⌦gw
[Hz]f
CMB
Clarke et al. JCAP 10 (2020) 002
Kite et al., MNRAS. 505 (2021) 3, 4396
Lasky et al PRX 6, 011035 (2016)
⌦gw(f)
LVK
N
eff
GWs soundscape today
10
-20
10
-15
10
-10
10
-5
1 10
5
10
-17
10
-15
10
-13
10
-11
10
-9
10
-7
10
-5
f[Hz]
Ω
GW
(
f
)
Planck
PPTA
LVKO3
CMB(Ad.)
CMB(Hom.)
FIRAS
10
-20
10
-15
10
-10
10
-5
1 10
5
10
-17
10
-15
10
-13
10
-11
10
-9
10
-7
10
-5
10
8
10
4
1 10
-4
10
-8
10
-12
f[Hz]
Ω
GW
(
f
)
[kpc]λ
FIRAS
10
-20
10
-15
10
-10
10
-5
1 10
5
10
-17
10
-15
10
-13
10
-11
10
-9
10
-7
10
-5
f[Hz]
Ω
GW
(
f
)
Planck
PPTA
LVKO3
CMB(Ad.)
CMB(Hom.)
FIRAS
<latexit sha1_base64="4Tix51eijunkDzcDUK2ZLNRUYV4=">AAACFHicbVDLSgMxFM34rPU16tJNsAgVocxIUZdFN+6sYB/QKSWTyUxDk8yQZJQyzEe48VfcuFDErQt3/o3pQ9DWA4HDOfeSc4+fMKq043xZC4tLyyurhbXi+sbm1ra9s9tUcSoxaeCYxbLtI0UYFaShqWaknUiCuM9Iyx9cjvzWHZGKxuJWDxPS5SgSNKQYaSP17GOPCg09jnRf8izIyx4TMDyC3jUnEeplP050n+c9u+RUnDHgPHGnpASmqPfsTy+IccqJ0JghpTquk+huhqSmmJG86KWKJAgPUEQ6hgrEiepm46NyeGiUAIaxNM9EHKu/NzLElRpy30yOMqpZbyT+53VSHZ53MyqSVBOBJx+FKYM6hqOGYEAlwZoNDUFYUpMV4j6SCGvTY9GU4M6ePE+aJxX3tFK9qZZqF9M6CmAfHIAycMEZqIErUAcNgMEDeAIv4NV6tJ6tN+t9MrpgTXf2wB9YH98o8J7u</latexit>
Z
d(lnf)⌦gw
[Hz]f
CMB
Clarke et al. JCAP 10 (2020) 002
Kite et al., MNRAS. 505 (2021) 3, 4396
Lasky et al PRX 6, 011035 (2016)
⌦gw(f)
10
-20
10
-15
10
-10
10
-5
1 10
5
10
-17
10
-15
10
-13
10
-11
10
-9
10
-7
10
-5
10
8
10
4
1 10
-4
10
-8
10
-12
f[Hz]
Ω
GW
(
f
)
SKA
ET/CEAION
[kpc]λ
10
-20
10
-15
10
-10
10
-5
1 10
5
10
-17
10
-15
10
-13
10
-11
10
-9
10
-7
10
-5
10
8
10
4
1 10
-4
10
-8
10
-12
f[Hz]
Ω
GW
(
f
)
10
-20
10
-15
10
-10
10
-5
1 10
5
10
-17
10
-15
10
-13
10
-11
10
-9
10
-7
10
-5
10
8
10
4
1 10
-4
10
-8
10
-12
f[Hz]
Ω
GW
(
f
)
10
-20
10
-15
10
-10
10
-5
1 10
5
10
-17
10
-15
10
-13
10
-11
10
-9
10
-7
10
-5
10
8
10
4
1 10
-4
10
-8
10
-12
f[Hz]
Ω
GW
(
f
)
10
-20
10
-15
10
-10
10
-5
1 10
5
10
-17
10
-15
10
-13
10
-11
10
-9
10
-7
10
-5
10
8
10
4
1 10
-4
10
-8
10
-12
f[Hz]
Ω
GW
(
f
)
[Hz]f
CMB-S4
LiteBIRD
⌦gw(f)
GWs soundscape ca. 2040
LISA
GAIA
-20
10
-15
10
-10
10
-5
1 10
5
10
-17
10
-15
10
-13
10
-11
10
-9
10
-7
10
-5
10
8
10
4
1 10
-4
10
-8
10
-12
f[Hz]
Ω
GW
(
f
)
SKA
ET/CEAION
[kpc]λ
10
-20
10
-15
10
-10
10
-5
1 10
5
10
-17
10
-15
10
-13
10
-11
10
-9
10
-7
10
-5
10
8
10
4
1 10
-4
10
-8
10
-12
f[Hz]
Ω
GW
(
f
)
10
-20
10
-15
10
-10
10
-5
1 10
5
10
-17
10
-15
10
-13
10
-11
10
-9
10
-7
10
-5
10
8
10
4
1 10
-4
10
-8
10
-12
f[Hz]
Ω
GW
(
f
)
10
-20
10
-15
10
-10
10
-5
1 10
5
10
-17
10
-15
10
-13
10
-11
10
-9
10
-7
10
-5
10
8
10
4
1 10
-4
10
-8
10
-12
f[Hz]
Ω
GW
(
f
)
10
-20
10
-15
10
-10
10
-5
1 10
5
10
-17
10
-15
10
-13
10
-11
10
-9
10
-7
10
-5
10
8
10
4
1 10
-4
10
-8
10
-12
f[Hz]
Ω
GW
(
f
)
[Hz]f
CMB-S4
LiteBIRD
⌦gw(f)
GWs soundscape ca. 2040
LISA
GAIA
Binary resonance: a brief history
discussed by Misner, Thorne, and Wheeler. . .
. . . but that was50 years ago!
investigated more recently by Lam Huiet al, PRD (2013),
similar ideas used to search for dark matter by Blaset al, PRL (2017)
time for a closer look?
[email protected] Detecting GWs with binary resonance EPS-HEP, 26 July 2021 6/13
discussed by Misner, Thorne, and Wheeler. . .
. . . but that was50 years ago!
investigated more recently by Lam Huiet al, PRD (2013),
similar ideas used to search for dark matter by Blaset al, PRL (2017)
time for a closer look?
[email protected] Detecting GWs with binary resonance EPS-HEP, 26 July 2021 6/13
Absorption of GWs by binaries
Influence of a GW on a binary system (e.g. non-relativistic)
A way forward: binary resonance
GWs cause oscillations between
orbiting bodies
resonant for frequenciesf=n/P,
wherePis the period
imprints on the orbit accumulate
over time
[email protected] Detecting GWs with binary resonance EPS-HEP, 26 July 2021 4/13
Intuitive idea (from ‘60s)
GW
Newtonian potential
¨r
i
+
GM
r
3
r
i
=!
ik
1
2
¨
hkjr
j
r
i
f⇠µHz
few days
Influence of a GW on a binary system (e.g. non-relativistic)
A way forward: binary resonance
GWs cause oscillations between
orbiting bodies
resonant for frequenciesf=n/P,
wherePis the period
imprints on the orbit accumulate
over time
[email protected] Detecting GWs with binary resonance EPS-HEP, 26 July 2021 4/13
Intuitive idea (from ‘60s)
GW
Newtonian potential
¨r
i
+
GM
r
3
r
i
=!
ik
1
2
¨
hkjr
j
r
i
f⇠µHz
few days
Orbital elements
periodP,eccentricitye:
sizeandshapeof orbit
inlinationI, ascending node◆:
orientationin space
pericentreÊ,
mean anomaly at epochÁ:
radial and angularphasesˆx ˆy
ˆz
◆
!
I
[email protected] Detecting GWs with binary resonance EPS-HEP, 26 July 2021 5/13
Osculating orbits
Absorption of GWs by binaries
Better characterised for its 6 Newtonian constants of motion
¨r
i
+
GM
r
3
r
i
=!
ik
1
2
¨
hkjr
j
periodP,eccentricitye:
sizeandshapeof orbit
inlinationI, ascending node◆:
orientationin space
pericentreÊ,
mean anomaly at epochÁ:
radial and angularphasesˆx ˆy
ˆz
◆
!
I
[email protected] Detecting GWs with binary resonance EPS-HEP, 26 July 2021 5/13
Osculating orbits
Absorption of GWs by binaries
Better characterised for its 6 Newtonian constants of motion
¨r
i
+
GM
r
3
r
i
=!
ik
1
2
¨
hkjr
j
for generic perturbation:
Absorption of GWs by binaries
Absorption of GWs by binaries
for generic perturbation:
Absorption of GWs by binaries
Absorption of GWs by binaries
stochastic
deterministic
we move from dynamics of the variable to dynamics of the distribution W(X)
˙
Xi(X,t)=Vi(X)+!i(X,t)
@W
@t
=!@i
⇣
D
(1)
i
W
⌘
+@i@j
⇣
D
(2)
ij
W
⌘
with@i⌘@/@Xi
D
(1)
i
=Vi+lim
⌧!0
1
⌧
Z
t+⌧
t
dt
0
Z
t
0
t
dt
00
h!j(x,t
00
)@j!i(x,t
0
)i.
D
(2)
ij
=lim
⌧!0
1
2⌧
Z
t+⌧
t
dt
0
Z
t+⌧
t
dt
00
h!i(x,t
0
)!j(x,t
00
)i.
¨r
i
+
GM
r
3
r
i
=!
ik
1
2
¨
hkjr
j
For the SGWB… Fokker-Planck approach
deterministic
we move from dynamics of the variable to dynamics of the distribution W(X)
˙
Xi(X,t)=Vi(X)+!i(X,t)
@W
@t
=!@i
⇣
D
(1)
i
W
⌘
+@i@j
⇣
D
(2)
ij
W
⌘
with@i⌘@/@Xi
D
(1)
i
=Vi+lim
⌧!0
1
⌧
Z
t+⌧
t
dt
0
Z
t
0
t
dt
00
h!j(x,t
00
)@j!i(x,t
0
)i.
D
(2)
ij
=lim
⌧!0
1
2⌧
Z
t+⌧
t
dt
0
Z
t+⌧
t
dt
00
h!i(x,t
0
)!j(x,t
00
)i.
¨r
i
+
GM
r
3
r
i
=!
ik
1
2
¨
hkjr
j
For the SGWB… Fokker-Planck approach
Our new approachD
(1)
i
D
(2)
ij
track distribution functionW(X,t)of
orbital elementsX=(P,e,I,◆,Ê,Á)
evolves throughFokker-Planck eqn.
ˆW
ˆt
=≠
ˆ
ˆXi
1
D
(1)
iW
2
+
ˆ
ˆXi
ˆ
ˆXj
1
D
(2)
ijW
2
driftanddi!usioncoe!cients
D
(1)
i(X)=Vi(X)+
Œ
ÿ
n=1
An,i(X)œgw(n/P)
D
(2)
ij(X)=
Œ
ÿ
n=1
Bn,ij(X)œgw(n/P)
[email protected] Detecting GWs with binary resonance EPS-HEP, 26 July 2021 7/13
(averaged over orbits)
Secular effects (accumulate with time)
Blas&Jenkins Phys.Rev.Lett. 128 (2022) 10, 101103
(1)
i
D
(2)
ij
track distribution functionW(X,t)of
orbital elementsX=(P,e,I,◆,Ê,Á)
evolves throughFokker-Planck eqn.
ˆW
ˆt
=≠
ˆ
ˆXi
1
D
(1)
iW
2
+
ˆ
ˆXi
ˆ
ˆXj
1
D
(2)
ijW
2
driftanddi!usioncoe!cients
D
(1)
i(X)=Vi(X)+
Œ
ÿ
n=1
An,i(X)œgw(n/P)
D
(2)
ij(X)=
Œ
ÿ
n=1
Bn,ij(X)œgw(n/P)
[email protected] Detecting GWs with binary resonance EPS-HEP, 26 July 2021 7/13
(averaged over orbits)
Secular effects (accumulate with time)
Blas&Jenkins Phys.Rev.Lett. 128 (2022) 10, 101103
Our new approachD
(1)
i
D
(2)
ij
track distribution functionW(X,t)of
orbital elementsX=(P,e,I,◆,Ê,Á)
evolves throughFokker-Planck eqn.
ˆW
ˆt
=≠
ˆ
ˆXi
1
D
(1)
iW
2
+
ˆ
ˆXi
ˆ
ˆXj
1
D
(2)
ijW
2
driftanddi!usioncoe!cients
D
(1)
i(X)=Vi(X)+
Œ
ÿ
n=1
An,i(X)œgw(n/P)
D
(2)
ij(X)=
Œ
ÿ
n=1
Bn,ij(X)œgw(n/P)
[email protected] Detecting GWs with binary resonance EPS-HEP, 26 July 2021 7/13
(averaged over orbits)
Secular effects (accumulate with time)
Blas&Jenkins Phys.Rev.Lett. 128 (2022) 10, 101103
(1)
i
D
(2)
ij
track distribution functionW(X,t)of
orbital elementsX=(P,e,I,◆,Ê,Á)
evolves throughFokker-Planck eqn.
ˆW
ˆt
=≠
ˆ
ˆXi
1
D
(1)
iW
2
+
ˆ
ˆXi
ˆ
ˆXj
1
D
(2)
ijW
2
driftanddi!usioncoe!cients
D
(1)
i(X)=Vi(X)+
Œ
ÿ
n=1
An,i(X)œgw(n/P)
D
(2)
ij(X)=
Œ
ÿ
n=1
Bn,ij(X)œgw(n/P)
[email protected] Detecting GWs with binary resonance EPS-HEP, 26 July 2021 7/13
(averaged over orbits)
Secular effects (accumulate with time)
Blas&Jenkins Phys.Rev.Lett. 128 (2022) 10, 101103
Two binary probes
timing of binary pulsars
(pulsar animation credit: Michael Kramer)
lunar and satellite laser ranging
(image credit: NASA)
[email protected] Detecting GWs with binary resonance EPS-HEP, 26 July 2021 8/13
Two binary probes
timing of binary pulsars
(pulsar animation credit: Michael Kramer)
lunar and satellite laser ranging
(image credit: NASA)
[email protected] Detecting GWs with binary resonance EPS-HEP, 26 July 2021 8/13
Two probes
f⇠µHz
few days
timing of binary pulsars
(pulsar animation credit: Michael Kramer)
lunar and satellite laser ranging
(image credit: NASA)
[email protected] Detecting GWs with binary resonance EPS-HEP, 26 July 2021 8/13
Two binary probes
timing of binary pulsars
(pulsar animation credit: Michael Kramer)
lunar and satellite laser ranging
(image credit: NASA)
[email protected] Detecting GWs with binary resonance EPS-HEP, 26 July 2021 8/13
Two probes
f⇠µHz
few days
Confirming with simulations
°1
0
1
Fundamental Frequency
°5
0
5
First Harmonic
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time [yr]
°0.25
0.00
0.25
Second Harmonic
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Semi-latus Rectum Perturbation [cm]
Credit: J. Foster
(work in progress: Blas, Bourguin, Foster, Hees, Herrero, Jenkins)
°1
0
1
Fundamental Frequency
°5
0
5
First Harmonic
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time [yr]
°0.25
0.00
0.25
Second Harmonic
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Semi-latus Rectum Perturbation [cm]
°1
0
1
Fundamental Frequency
°5
0
5
First Harmonic
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time [yr]
°0.25
0.00
0.25
Second Harmonic
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Semi-latus Rectum Perturbation [cm]
°1
0
1
Fundamental Frequency
°5
0
5
First Harmonic
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time [yr]
°0.25
0.00
0.25
Second Harmonic
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Semi-latus Rectum Perturbation [cm]
Credit: J. Foster
(work in progress: Blas, Bourguin, Foster, Hees, Herrero, Jenkins)
°1
0
1
Fundamental Frequency
°5
0
5
First Harmonic
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time [yr]
°0.25
0.00
0.25
Second Harmonic
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Semi-latus Rectum Perturbation [cm]
°1
0
1
Fundamental Frequency
°5
0
5
First Harmonic
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time [yr]
°0.25
0.00
0.25
Second Harmonic
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Semi-latus Rectum Perturbation [cm]
10
°10
10
°7
10
°4
10
°1
10
2
f/Hz
10
°14
10
°11
10
°8
10
°5
10
°2
≠
gw
(
f
)
NeÆ
NeÆ(forecast)
PPTA
SKA
MSPs (2021)
MSPs (2038)
LLR (2021)
LLR (2038)
SLR (2021)
SLR (2038)
Cassini
Earth normal modes
LISA
AION
LVK
ET
NANOGrav
SMBBHs
FOPTs
SMBH mimickers
Ultralight bosons
μHz
Envelope of pulsars (P~hours - 100 days)
Satellites (P~hours)
Lunar laser ranging (P~month)
Possible backgrounds
Our estimates (solid: today; dashed 2038)
Blas&Jenkins Phys.Rev.Lett. 128 (2022) 10, 101103
(2038 line requires replacing the mirrors
…may/will happen before 2030!)
(better ranging?)
Murphy 1309.6294
°10
10
°7
10
°4
10
°1
10
2
f/Hz
10
°14
10
°11
10
°8
10
°5
10
°2
≠
gw
(
f
)
NeÆ
NeÆ(forecast)
PPTA
SKA
MSPs (2021)
MSPs (2038)
LLR (2021)
LLR (2038)
SLR (2021)
SLR (2038)
Cassini
Earth normal modes
LISA
AION
LVK
ET
NANOGrav
SMBBHs
FOPTs
SMBH mimickers
Ultralight bosons
μHz
Envelope of pulsars (P~hours - 100 days)
Satellites (P~hours)
Lunar laser ranging (P~month)
Possible backgrounds
Our estimates (solid: today; dashed 2038)
Blas&Jenkins Phys.Rev.Lett. 128 (2022) 10, 101103
(2038 line requires replacing the mirrors
…may/will happen before 2030!)
(better ranging?)
Murphy 1309.6294
10
°10
10
°7
10
°4
10
°1
10
2
f/Hz
10
°14
10
°11
10
°8
10
°5
10
°2
≠
gw
(
f
)
NeÆ
NeÆ(forecast)
PPTA
SKA
MSPs (2021)
MSPs (2038)
LLR (2021)
LLR (2038)
SLR (2021)
SLR (2038)
Cassini
Earth normal modes
LISA
AION
LVK
ET
NANOGrav
SMBBHs
FOPTs
SMBH mimickers
Ultralight bosons
μHz
Envelope of pulsars (P~hours - 100 days)
Satellites (P~hours)
Lunar laser ranging (P~month)
Our estimates (solid: today; dashed 2038)
Blas&Jenkins Phys.Rev.Lett. 128 (2022) 10, 101103
(2038 line requires replacing the mirrors
…may/will happen before 2030!)
(better ranging? new satellites? )
Possible backgrounds
Murphy 1309.6294
We may see the signal of PTAs!!!
°10
10
°7
10
°4
10
°1
10
2
f/Hz
10
°14
10
°11
10
°8
10
°5
10
°2
≠
gw
(
f
)
NeÆ
NeÆ(forecast)
PPTA
SKA
MSPs (2021)
MSPs (2038)
LLR (2021)
LLR (2038)
SLR (2021)
SLR (2038)
Cassini
Earth normal modes
LISA
AION
LVK
ET
NANOGrav
SMBBHs
FOPTs
SMBH mimickers
Ultralight bosons
μHz
Envelope of pulsars (P~hours - 100 days)
Satellites (P~hours)
Lunar laser ranging (P~month)
Our estimates (solid: today; dashed 2038)
Blas&Jenkins Phys.Rev.Lett. 128 (2022) 10, 101103
(2038 line requires replacing the mirrors
…may/will happen before 2030!)
(better ranging? new satellites? )
Possible backgrounds
Murphy 1309.6294
We may see the signal of PTAs!!!
Possible backgrounds at Hz: a rich bandμ
Possible backgrounds at Hz: a rich bandμ
10
-20
10
-15
10
-10
10
-5
1 10
5
10
-17
10
-15
10
-13
10
-11
10
-9
10
-7
10
-5
f[Hz]
Ω
GW
(
f
)
10
-8
10
-6
10
-4
0.01 1 100
10
-15
10
-13
10
-11
10
-9
10
-7
10
-5
10
-4
10
-8
10
-12
f[Hz]
Ω
GW
(
f
)
10
-20
10
-15
10
-10
10
-5
1 10
5
10
-17
10
-15
10
-13
10
-11
10
-9
10
-7
10
-5
f[Hz]
Ω
GW
(
f
)
10
-20
10
-15
10
-10
10
-5
1 10
5
10
-17
10
-15
10
-13
10
-11
10
-9
10
-7
10
-5
f[Hz]
Ω
GW
(
f
)
SKA
PTA23
LISA
What’s the origin of the
2023 detection?
f[Hz]
How does it change at
high freq?
?
10
-20
10
-15
10
-10
10
-5
1 10
5
10
-17
10
-15
10
-13
10
-11
10
-9
10
-7
10
-5
f[Hz]
Ω
GW
(
f
)
10
-8
10
-6
10
-4
0.01 1 100
10
-15
10
-13
10
-11
10
-9
10
-7
10
-5
10
-4
10
-8
10
-12
f[Hz]
Ω
GW
(
f
)
10
-20
10
-15
10
-10
10
-5
1 10
5
10
-17
10
-15
10
-13
10
-11
10
-9
10
-7
10
-5
f[Hz]
Ω
GW
(
f
)
10
-20
10
-15
10
-10
10
-5
1 10
5
10
-17
10
-15
10
-13
10
-11
10
-9
10
-7
10
-5
f[Hz]
Ω
GW
(
f
)
SKA
PTA23
LISA
What’s the origin of the
2023 detection?
f[Hz]
How does it change at
high freq?
?
10
-9
10
-8
10
-7
10
-6
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
Frequency [Hz]
10
-21
10
-20
10
-19
10
-18
10
-17
10
-16
10
-15
10
-14
Characteristic amplitude
The μAres detection landscape
SKA
μAres
LISA
~1000 inspiralling SMBHBs
out to z~10
Hundreds of merging MBHBs
out to z~20
SgrA*+0.05M
☉
10
6
yr to merger
~100k Galactic DWDs
>1k extragalactic BHBs
SgrA*+10M
☉
10
8
yr to merger
~100 Galactic BHBs
Galactic binaries GWB
Cosmological MBHB GWB
10
8
M
☉
+10
4
M
☉
IMRI @z=7
10
7
M
☉
+10
4
M
☉
IMRI @z=7
10
7
M
☉
+10
3
M
☉
IMRI @z=1
3×10
5
M
☉
+10M
☉
EMRI @z=1
Figure 1:µAres sky-averaged sensitivity curve (thick black curve; dashed: instrument only; solid: including astrophysical
foregrounds), compared to LISA (thin solid black curve) and SKA (solid black line at the top left). Sources in the SKA portion
of the figure include individual signals from a population of MBHBs (pale violet), resulting in an unresolved GWB (jagged
blue line) on top of which the loudest sources can be individually resolved (dark blue triangles). The vast diversity ofµAres
sources is described by the labels in the figure. For all Galactic sources (including DWDs, BHBs, and objects orbiting SgrA
⇤
),
the frequency drift during the observing time has been assumed to be negligible. We thus ploth
p
n, wherenis the number of
cycles completed over the mission lifetime, assumed to be 10 years. In this case, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the source
is given by the height of its marker over the sensitivity curve. Extragalactic sources (including BHBs, MBHBs, EMRIs, and
IMRIs) generally drift in frequency over the observation time. We thus plot the standardhc=h(f
2
/
˙
f). In this case, the SNR
of the source is given by the area enclosed in between the source track and the sensitivity curve. In both cases, when multiple
harmonics are present, SNR summation in quadrature applies.
3
Review of sources
-9
10
-8
10
-7
10
-6
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
Frequency [Hz]
10
-21
10
-20
10
-19
10
-18
10
-17
10
-16
10
-15
10
-14
Characteristic amplitude
The μAres detection landscape
SKA
μAres
LISA
~1000 inspiralling SMBHBs
out to z~10
Hundreds of merging MBHBs
out to z~20
SgrA*+0.05M
☉
10
6
yr to merger
~100k Galactic DWDs
>1k extragalactic BHBs
SgrA*+10M
☉
10
8
yr to merger
~100 Galactic BHBs
Galactic binaries GWB
Cosmological MBHB GWB
10
8
M
☉
+10
4
M
☉
IMRI @z=7
10
7
M
☉
+10
4
M
☉
IMRI @z=7
10
7
M
☉
+10
3
M
☉
IMRI @z=1
3×10
5
M
☉
+10M
☉
EMRI @z=1
Figure 1:µAres sky-averaged sensitivity curve (thick black curve; dashed: instrument only; solid: including astrophysical
foregrounds), compared to LISA (thin solid black curve) and SKA (solid black line at the top left). Sources in the SKA portion
of the figure include individual signals from a population of MBHBs (pale violet), resulting in an unresolved GWB (jagged
blue line) on top of which the loudest sources can be individually resolved (dark blue triangles). The vast diversity ofµAres
sources is described by the labels in the figure. For all Galactic sources (including DWDs, BHBs, and objects orbiting SgrA
⇤
),
the frequency drift during the observing time has been assumed to be negligible. We thus ploth
p
n, wherenis the number of
cycles completed over the mission lifetime, assumed to be 10 years. In this case, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the source
is given by the height of its marker over the sensitivity curve. Extragalactic sources (including BHBs, MBHBs, EMRIs, and
IMRIs) generally drift in frequency over the observation time. We thus plot the standardhc=h(f
2
/
˙
f). In this case, the SNR
of the source is given by the area enclosed in between the source track and the sensitivity curve. In both cases, when multiple
harmonics are present, SNR summation in quadrature applies.
3
Review of sources
Backgrounds from fundamental physics
Backgrounds from fundamental physics
PTA
LISA LIGO
ET
Gμ=10
-7
10
-8
10
-9
10
-10
10
-11loops+segments
κ=8 κ=7
10
-10
10
-8
10
-6
10
-4
0.01 1 100
10
-14
10
-12
10
-10
10
-8
f[Hz]
h
2
Ω
gw
Inflation
PBH
Cosmic Strings
Buchmuller et al. 2107.04578
Braglia et al. JCAP 12 (2021) 12
FOPT
Lasky et al PRX 6, 011035 (2016)
T~200 MeV
Renzini et al 2202.00178
(based on 1512.06239)
PTA
LISA LIGO
ET
Gμ=10
-7
10
-8
10
-9
10
-10
10
-11loops+segments
κ=8 κ=7
10
-10
10
-8
10
-6
10
-4
0.01 1 100
10
-14
10
-12
10
-10
10
-8
f[Hz]
h
2
Ω
gw
Inflation
PBH
Cosmic Strings
Buchmuller et al. 2107.04578
Braglia et al. JCAP 12 (2021) 12
FOPT
Lasky et al PRX 6, 011035 (2016)
T~200 MeV
Renzini et al 2202.00178
(based on 1512.06239)
10
°10
10
°7
10
°4
10
°1
10
2
f/Hz
10
°14
10
°11
10
°8
10
°5
10
°2
≠
gw
(
f
)
NeÆ
NeÆ(forecast)
PPTA
SKA
MSPs (2021)
MSPs (2038)
LLR (2021)
LLR (2038)
SLR (2021)
SLR (2038)
Cassini
Earth normal modes
LISA
AION
LVK
ET
NANOGrav
SMBBHs
FOPTs
SMBH mimickers
Ultralight bosons
μHz
Envelope of pulsars (P~hours - 100 days)
Satellites (P~hours)
Lunar laser ranging (P~month)
Possible backgrounds
Our estimates (solid: today; dashed 2038)
Blas&Jenkins Phys.Rev.Lett. 128 (2022) 10, 101103
Murphy 1309.6294
(2038 line requires replacing the mirrors
…may/will happen before 2030!)
in 2050
We may see the signal of PTAs!!!
°10
10
°7
10
°4
10
°1
10
2
f/Hz
10
°14
10
°11
10
°8
10
°5
10
°2
≠
gw
(
f
)
NeÆ
NeÆ(forecast)
PPTA
SKA
MSPs (2021)
MSPs (2038)
LLR (2021)
LLR (2038)
SLR (2021)
SLR (2038)
Cassini
Earth normal modes
LISA
AION
LVK
ET
NANOGrav
SMBBHs
FOPTs
SMBH mimickers
Ultralight bosons
μHz
Envelope of pulsars (P~hours - 100 days)
Satellites (P~hours)
Lunar laser ranging (P~month)
Possible backgrounds
Our estimates (solid: today; dashed 2038)
Blas&Jenkins Phys.Rev.Lett. 128 (2022) 10, 101103
Murphy 1309.6294
(2038 line requires replacing the mirrors
…may/will happen before 2030!)
in 2050
We may see the signal of PTAs!!!
10
°10
10
°7
10
°4
10
°1
10
2
f/Hz
10
°14
10
°11
10
°8
10
°5
10
°2
≠
gw
(
f
)
NeÆ
NeÆ(forecast)
PPTA
SKA
MSPs (2021)
MSPs (2038)
LLR (2021)
LLR (2038)
SLR (2021)
SLR (2038)
Cassini
Earth normal modes
LISA
AION
LVK
ET
NANOGrav
SMBBHs
FOPTs
SMBH mimickers
Ultralight bosons
μHz
Envelope of pulsars (P~hours - 100 days)
Satellites (P~hours)
Lunar laser ranging (P~month)
Blas&Jenkins Phys.Rev.Lett. 128 (2022) 10, 101103
Murphy 1309.6294
(2038 line requires replacing the mirrors
…may/will happen before 2030!)
Our estimates (solid: today; dashed 2038)
in 2050
°10
10
°7
10
°4
10
°1
10
2
f/Hz
10
°14
10
°11
10
°8
10
°5
10
°2
≠
gw
(
f
)
NeÆ
NeÆ(forecast)
PPTA
SKA
MSPs (2021)
MSPs (2038)
LLR (2021)
LLR (2038)
SLR (2021)
SLR (2038)
Cassini
Earth normal modes
LISA
AION
LVK
ET
NANOGrav
SMBBHs
FOPTs
SMBH mimickers
Ultralight bosons
μHz
Envelope of pulsars (P~hours - 100 days)
Satellites (P~hours)
Lunar laser ranging (P~month)
Blas&Jenkins Phys.Rev.Lett. 128 (2022) 10, 101103
Murphy 1309.6294
(2038 line requires replacing the mirrors
…may/will happen before 2030!)
Our estimates (solid: today; dashed 2038)
in 2050
A way forward: binary resonance
GWs cause oscillations between
orbiting bodies
resonant for frequenciesf=n/P,
wherePis the period
imprints on the orbit accumulate
over time
[email protected] Detecting GWs with binary resonance EPS-HEP, 26 July 2021 4/13
Further ideas in the Solar system
10
°10
10
°9
10
°8
10
°7
10
°6
10
°5
10
°4
10
°3
10
°2
GW frequency,f[Hz]
10
°14
10
°12
10
°10
10
°8
10
°6
10
°4
10
°2
10
0
GW energy density,
≠
gw
(
f
)
Satellite ranging (LARES-like)
Satellite ranging (Spektr-R-like)
Lunar ranging
LISA (2034+)
Cosmological constraint
NANOGrav 15-yr
Supermassive black holes
Potential early-Universe signal
Optimised satellite: Blas, Jenkins, Turyshev (Proposal to NASA FunPAG)
Stability of bounded systems:
Zwick, Souyer, O’Neill,
Derdzinski, Saha, D’Orazio,
Blas, Jenkins, Kelley (2406.02306)
Future missions?
Exploit other resonances of the Solar System (also rotation)
Wide binaries??
Blas&Jenkins 2022
Doppler Tracking of Spacecrafts: Armstrong, Iess, Tortora and Bertotti 03
GWs cause oscillations between
orbiting bodies
resonant for frequenciesf=n/P,
wherePis the period
imprints on the orbit accumulate
over time
[email protected] Detecting GWs with binary resonance EPS-HEP, 26 July 2021 4/13
Further ideas in the Solar system
10
°10
10
°9
10
°8
10
°7
10
°6
10
°5
10
°4
10
°3
10
°2
GW frequency,f[Hz]
10
°14
10
°12
10
°10
10
°8
10
°6
10
°4
10
°2
10
0
GW energy density,
≠
gw
(
f
)
Satellite ranging (LARES-like)
Satellite ranging (Spektr-R-like)
Lunar ranging
LISA (2034+)
Cosmological constraint
NANOGrav 15-yr
Supermassive black holes
Potential early-Universe signal
Optimised satellite: Blas, Jenkins, Turyshev (Proposal to NASA FunPAG)
Stability of bounded systems:
Zwick, Souyer, O’Neill,
Derdzinski, Saha, D’Orazio,
Blas, Jenkins, Kelley (2406.02306)
Future missions?
Exploit other resonances of the Solar System (also rotation)
Wide binaries??
Blas&Jenkins 2022
Doppler Tracking of Spacecrafts: Armstrong, Iess, Tortora and Bertotti 03
A way forward: binary resonance
GWs cause oscillations between
orbiting bodies
resonant for frequenciesf=n/P,
wherePis the period
imprints on the orbit accumulate
over time
[email protected] Detecting GWs with binary resonance EPS-HEP, 26 July 2021 4/13
Further ideas in the Solar system
10
°10
10
°9
10
°8
10
°7
10
°6
10
°5
10
°4
10
°3
10
°2
GW frequency,f[Hz]
10
°14
10
°12
10
°10
10
°8
10
°6
10
°4
10
°2
10
0
GW energy density,
≠
gw
(
f
)
Satellite ranging (LARES-like)
Satellite ranging (Spektr-R-like)
Lunar ranging
LISA (2034+)
Cosmological constraint
NANOGrav 15-yr
Supermassive black holes
Potential early-Universe signal
Optimised satellite: Blas, Jenkins, Turyshev (Proposal to NASA FunPAG)
Stability of bounded systems:
Zwick, Souyer, O’Neill,
Derdzinski, Saha, D’Orazio,
Blas, Jenkins, Kelley (to appear)
Cassini spacecraft:
LISA band
Other missions?
Doppler Tracking of Spacecrafts: Armstrong, Iess, Tortora and Bertotti
Exploit other resonances of the Solar System (also rotation)
Wide binaries??
Blas&Jenkins 2022
Wide binaries??
GWs cause oscillations between
orbiting bodies
resonant for frequenciesf=n/P,
wherePis the period
imprints on the orbit accumulate
over time
[email protected] Detecting GWs with binary resonance EPS-HEP, 26 July 2021 4/13
Further ideas in the Solar system
10
°10
10
°9
10
°8
10
°7
10
°6
10
°5
10
°4
10
°3
10
°2
GW frequency,f[Hz]
10
°14
10
°12
10
°10
10
°8
10
°6
10
°4
10
°2
10
0
GW energy density,
≠
gw
(
f
)
Satellite ranging (LARES-like)
Satellite ranging (Spektr-R-like)
Lunar ranging
LISA (2034+)
Cosmological constraint
NANOGrav 15-yr
Supermassive black holes
Potential early-Universe signal
Optimised satellite: Blas, Jenkins, Turyshev (Proposal to NASA FunPAG)
Stability of bounded systems:
Zwick, Souyer, O’Neill,
Derdzinski, Saha, D’Orazio,
Blas, Jenkins, Kelley (to appear)
Cassini spacecraft:
LISA band
Other missions?
Doppler Tracking of Spacecrafts: Armstrong, Iess, Tortora and Bertotti
Exploit other resonances of the Solar System (also rotation)
Wide binaries??
Blas&Jenkins 2022
Wide binaries??
1 SECOND
The Large Hadron
Collider at CERN is
recreating the
conditions that
prevailed a fraction
of a second after the
Big Bang.
300,000 YEARS
We can detect radiation
from the early formation
of the Universe back as
far as this point. Before
this, the Universe is
opaque: it’s as if a veil
has been pulled over it.
A FEW HUNDRED MILLION YEARS
Matter clumps together under its own gravity forming the ?rst protogalaxies and
within them, the ?rst stars.
Stars are nuclear furnaces in which heavier elements such as carbon, oxygen, silicon
and iron are formed. Massive stars exploding as supernovae create even heavier
elements. Such explosions send material into space ready to be incorporated into
future generations of stars and planets.
10 BILLION YEARS
The ?rst life appears on
Earth in the form of simple
cells. Impacting comets and
asteroids might have
contributed organic
molecules to Earth. Life
spreads across the globe.
THE BEGINNING
The Universe begins 13.7
billion years ago with an event
known as the Big Bang.
Both time and space are
created in this event.
100 – 1000
SECONDS
Nuclei of hydrogen,
helium, lithium and
other light elements
form.
9 BILLION YEARS
The Sun, along with its eight
planets, and all the
asteroids, comets and
Kuiper Belt objects, such as
Pluto, form from the debris
left behind by earlier
generations of stars.
A FEW BILLION YEARS
Initially, the expansion of the Universe decelerated – but a
few billion years after the Big Bang, the expansion began to
accelerate. The acceleration is caused by a mysterious
force known as ‘dark energy’, the nature of which is
completely unknown.
20 BILLION YEARS
In a few billion years the Sun’s outer layers
will expand as it turns into a Red Giant star.
Life on Earth will become impossible.
Expansion of the Universe will continue to
accelerate.
FUTURETODAYUNOBSERVABLE UNIVERSE (PAST) POTENTIALLY OBSERVABLE UNIVERSE (PAST)
10
100
YEARS
Stars no longer form; matter is trapped in
black holes or dead stars. Protons decay
and black holes evaporate, leaving the
Universe to its ultimate fate as cold, dead,
empty space, containing only radiation, which
itself too will eventually disperse.
FRACTION OF
A SECOND
Rapid expansion occurs
during a billionth of a
billionth of a billionth of a
billionth of a second – the
visible Universe is the size
of a grapefruit.
13.7 BILLION YEARS
This is where we are today. Using our own
ingenuity, humanity is probing the depths of the
Universe and trying to unravel its mysteries,
from our tiny, home planet, Earth. The visible
Universe contains billions of galaxies, each
comprising billions of stars. Within our own
Galaxy, hundreds of exoplanets have been
discovered orbiting other stars.
STARGAZING LIVE THE UNIVERSE THROUGH TIME
SIZE
TIME
You can download the
Stargazing LIVE Star Guide
and ?nd out more about
free Stargazing LIVE events
at bbc.co.uk/stargazing
FIRST GALAXIES
AND STARS FORM
EXPANSION OF THE
UNIVERSE BEGINS
TO ACCELERATE
A FEW HUNDRED MILLION
YEARS
A FEW BILLION
YEARS
A FEW
MINUTES
IN
F
L
A
T
I
O
N
L
IF
E
O
N
E
A
R
T
H
B
E
G
I
N
S
P
R
E
S
E
N
T
D
A
Y
YEARS
BILLION9
YEARS
BILLION10
YEARS
BILLION20
YEARS
BILLION13.7
YEARS
300,000
FIRST
NUCLEI
FORM
FIRST
ATOMS
FORM
FORMATION OF THE
SOLAR SYSTEM,
INCLUDING EARTH
SUN EXPANDS
TO RED GIANT
END OF LIFE
ON EARTH
UNIVERSE
EVENTUALLY
COLD
AND DARK
HIGH
ENERGY
PARTICLE
REACTIONS
BIG
BANG
The Universe has
expanded and
cooled ever since
Stargazing LIVE is a BBC and Open University co-production. Credit: Photography sourced from NASA. Observing the Universe through electromagnetic signals
has brought us to a pinnacle of knowledge
We are now in the GWs era!
The Large Hadron
Collider at CERN is
recreating the
conditions that
prevailed a fraction
of a second after the
Big Bang.
300,000 YEARS
We can detect radiation
from the early formation
of the Universe back as
far as this point. Before
this, the Universe is
opaque: it’s as if a veil
has been pulled over it.
A FEW HUNDRED MILLION YEARS
Matter clumps together under its own gravity forming the ?rst protogalaxies and
within them, the ?rst stars.
Stars are nuclear furnaces in which heavier elements such as carbon, oxygen, silicon
and iron are formed. Massive stars exploding as supernovae create even heavier
elements. Such explosions send material into space ready to be incorporated into
future generations of stars and planets.
10 BILLION YEARS
The ?rst life appears on
Earth in the form of simple
cells. Impacting comets and
asteroids might have
contributed organic
molecules to Earth. Life
spreads across the globe.
THE BEGINNING
The Universe begins 13.7
billion years ago with an event
known as the Big Bang.
Both time and space are
created in this event.
100 – 1000
SECONDS
Nuclei of hydrogen,
helium, lithium and
other light elements
form.
9 BILLION YEARS
The Sun, along with its eight
planets, and all the
asteroids, comets and
Kuiper Belt objects, such as
Pluto, form from the debris
left behind by earlier
generations of stars.
A FEW BILLION YEARS
Initially, the expansion of the Universe decelerated – but a
few billion years after the Big Bang, the expansion began to
accelerate. The acceleration is caused by a mysterious
force known as ‘dark energy’, the nature of which is
completely unknown.
20 BILLION YEARS
In a few billion years the Sun’s outer layers
will expand as it turns into a Red Giant star.
Life on Earth will become impossible.
Expansion of the Universe will continue to
accelerate.
FUTURETODAYUNOBSERVABLE UNIVERSE (PAST) POTENTIALLY OBSERVABLE UNIVERSE (PAST)
10
100
YEARS
Stars no longer form; matter is trapped in
black holes or dead stars. Protons decay
and black holes evaporate, leaving the
Universe to its ultimate fate as cold, dead,
empty space, containing only radiation, which
itself too will eventually disperse.
FRACTION OF
A SECOND
Rapid expansion occurs
during a billionth of a
billionth of a billionth of a
billionth of a second – the
visible Universe is the size
of a grapefruit.
13.7 BILLION YEARS
This is where we are today. Using our own
ingenuity, humanity is probing the depths of the
Universe and trying to unravel its mysteries,
from our tiny, home planet, Earth. The visible
Universe contains billions of galaxies, each
comprising billions of stars. Within our own
Galaxy, hundreds of exoplanets have been
discovered orbiting other stars.
STARGAZING LIVE THE UNIVERSE THROUGH TIME
SIZE
TIME
You can download the
Stargazing LIVE Star Guide
and ?nd out more about
free Stargazing LIVE events
at bbc.co.uk/stargazing
FIRST GALAXIES
AND STARS FORM
EXPANSION OF THE
UNIVERSE BEGINS
TO ACCELERATE
A FEW HUNDRED MILLION
YEARS
A FEW BILLION
YEARS
A FEW
MINUTES
IN
F
L
A
T
I
O
N
L
IF
E
O
N
E
A
R
T
H
B
E
G
I
N
S
P
R
E
S
E
N
T
D
A
Y
YEARS
BILLION9
YEARS
BILLION10
YEARS
BILLION20
YEARS
BILLION13.7
YEARS
300,000
FIRST
NUCLEI
FORM
FIRST
ATOMS
FORM
FORMATION OF THE
SOLAR SYSTEM,
INCLUDING EARTH
SUN EXPANDS
TO RED GIANT
END OF LIFE
ON EARTH
UNIVERSE
EVENTUALLY
COLD
AND DARK
HIGH
ENERGY
PARTICLE
REACTIONS
BIG
BANG
The Universe has
expanded and
cooled ever since
Stargazing LIVE is a BBC and Open University co-production. Credit: Photography sourced from NASA. Observing the Universe through electromagnetic signals
has brought us to a pinnacle of knowledge
We are now in the GWs era!
GWs with orbits in the Solar System
The Hz band is very rich for astrophysical and cosmological sourcesμ
The resonant absorption of GWs by binaries (LLR/SLR) gives a new
handle to detect gravitational waves at very competitive levels
Future plans: better analysis. new mirror in the Moon? New optimised
satellites?
Detection guaranteed!
The Hz band is very rich for astrophysical and cosmological sourcesμ
The resonant absorption of GWs by binaries (LLR/SLR) gives a new
handle to detect gravitational waves at very competitive levels
Future plans: better analysis. new mirror in the Moon? New optimised
satellites?
Detection guaranteed!
Combining binary pulsar bounds10
!9
10
!7
10
!5
10
!3
f/Hz
10
!8
10
!6
10
!4
10
!2
10
0
!
gw
(
f
)
J0737!3039 (double pulsar)
B1913+16 (Hulse-Taylor)
B2127+11C
B1534+12
J1829+2456
J1439!5501
B2303+46
J0045!7319
J1740!3052
B1259!63
J1638!4725
Combined
[email protected] Detecting GWs with binary resonance EPS-HEP, 26 July 2021 13 / 13
!9
10
!7
10
!5
10
!3
f/Hz
10
!8
10
!6
10
!4
10
!2
10
0
!
gw
(
f
)
J0737!3039 (double pulsar)
B1913+16 (Hulse-Taylor)
B2127+11C
B1534+12
J1829+2456
J1439!5501
B2303+46
J0045!7319
J1740!3052
B1259!63
J1638!4725
Combined
[email protected] Detecting GWs with binary resonance EPS-HEP, 26 July 2021 13 / 13
Characteristic strain10
!10
10
!8
10
!6
10
!4
10
!2
10
0
10
2
f/Hz
10
!26
10
!23
10
!20
10
!17
10
!14
10
!11
10
!8
h
c
(
f
)
Ne!(2021)
Ne!(2038)
PPTA
SKA
MSPs (2021)
MSPs (2038)
LLR (2021)
LLR (2038)
SLR (2021)
SLR (2038)
Cassini
Earth normal modes
LISA
AION km
LVK O3
ET
FOPTs
NANOGrav CP
NANOGrav SMBBHs
SMBH mimickers
Ultralight bosons
[email protected] Detecting GWs with binary resonance EPS-HEP, 26 July 2021 13 / 13
[email protected] [email protected] GWverse, LISBON [email protected] CERN 08/21
[email protected] CERN 08/21
!10
10
!8
10
!6
10
!4
10
!2
10
0
10
2
f/Hz
10
!26
10
!23
10
!20
10
!17
10
!14
10
!11
10
!8
h
c
(
f
)
Ne!(2021)
Ne!(2038)
PPTA
SKA
MSPs (2021)
MSPs (2038)
LLR (2021)
LLR (2038)
SLR (2021)
SLR (2038)
Cassini
Earth normal modes
LISA
AION km
LVK O3
ET
FOPTs
NANOGrav CP
NANOGrav SMBBHs
SMBH mimickers
Ultralight bosons
[email protected] Detecting GWs with binary resonance EPS-HEP, 26 July 2021 13 / 13
[email protected] [email protected] GWverse, LISBON [email protected] CERN 08/21
[email protected] CERN 08/21
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