Essential plant nutrients,ppt

in this slide description about essential nutrients for Plant their suitable physiological activities in soil & water .

1. BHOLE SHANKAR PAIKARA M.Sc.(Ag.) Previous year Department Of soil science and agriculture chemistry INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISWAVIDYALAYA, RAIPUR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE ESSENTIAL PLANT NUTRIENTS, DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS

2. Plant nutrition is definds as the supply and absorption of chemical compounds required for plant growth and metabolism. It is the process of absorption and utilization of essential elements for plant growth and reproduction. PLANT NUTRIENTS

3. Essential plant nutrients The essential nutrient elements required by higher plants are exclusively of inorganic nature. This exclusive requirement of higher plants for inorganic nutrients basically distinguishes these organisms from man, animals and a. number of microorganisms which additionally need organic foodstuffs. For an element to be considered an essential plant nutrient.

4. T hree criteria as proposed by Arnon and Stout (1939) must be Satisfied. These are : A deficiency of the element makes it impossible for the plant to complete its life cycle. The deficiency is specific for the element in question. The element is directly involved in the nutrition of the plant as for example as a constituent of an essential metabolite or required for the action of an enzyme system.

5. Several terms namely, deficient, insufficient, toxic and excessive Deficient . When an essential element is at a low concentration that severely limits yield and produces more or less distinct deticiency symptoms. Extreme deficiencies will lead to death of the plant. Insufficient . When the level of an essential plant nutrient is below that required for optimum yield or when there is an imbalance with another nutrient Symptoms of this condition are rarely observed . Toxic. When the concentration of either essential of other elements is sufficiently high to inhibit plant growth to a great extent. Severe toxicity will result in death of plants. Excessive . When the concentration of an essential plant nutrient is sufficiently high to result in a corresponding shortage of another nutrient.

6. TYPES OF ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS * Essentials - C, H, O, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn , Mo, Cu,Cl , B, Zn, Ni = 17 * Nickel (Ni) is the latest (1987) addition to the list of essential nutrients . Primary - - N,P&K=3 Secoundry - Ca , Mg & S=3 Macro - N,P,K , Ca, Mg & S= 6 Micro - Fe , Mn ,Mo ,Cu , Cl , Co,B,Zn =8 Functional - Essential Elements + Co,V ,Si ,Na Beneficial - Ru , Sr , Ni,Cr , As Energy Exchange - H , O Energy Storage - C , N, P, S Translocation regulator - Ca , Mg, K, Na Oxidation reduction - Fe , Mn , Zn, Cu, B, Co

7. Differents elements according to mobile and immobile Mobile Immobile Nitrogen Calcium Potassium Sulphur Magnesium Iron Phosphorus Boron Chlorine Cupper Sodium Zinc Molybdenum

8. FUNCTION OF ESSENTIAL PLANT NUTRIENTS Nutrients Functions Carbon Basic molecular components of carbohydrates,proteins,lipids and nuclic acid. Oxygen Oxygen is some what like carbon in that it occures in virtuailly all organic compounds of living organisms. Hydrogen Hydrogen plays a central role in plant metabolism. Important in ionic balance and as main reducing agent and plays a key role in energy relations of cells. Nitrogen Nitrogen is a components of many important organic compounds ranging from protein to nuclic acid. Phosphorus Central role in plants is in energy transfer and protein metabolism. Potassium Helps in osmotic and ionic regulation. Potassium functions as a cofacter or activator for many enzymes of carbohydrates and protein metabolisms. Calcium Calium is involved in cell division and plays a major role in tne mantanance of mambrane intigrity . Magnesium Component of chlorophyll and a cofactor of many enzymatic reaction. Sulphur Sulphur is somewhat like phosphorus in that is involved in plant cell inergetic . Iron The latter are involved in key metabolic functions such as Nitrogen fixation , photosynthesis and electron transfer. Zinc Essential components of several dyhydrogenase ,and peptidase, including carbonic anhydrase , alcohal dehydrogenase , glutamic dehydrogenase and mallic dehydrogenase , among others. Maganease Involved in the oxygen evolving system of photosynthesis and is components of enzymes arginase and phosphotransferase . Copper Consituents of a number of a important enzymes including cytochrom oxidize, ascorbic acid oxidize, and laccase . Boron Involved in carbohydarate metabollism and synthesis of cell wall components. Molybdanum Required for the normal assimillation of nitrogen in plants . An essential components of nitrate reductase as well as nitrogenase ( nitrogen fixation enzyme). Chlorine Essential for photosynthesis and as an activator of enzymes involved in spiliting water. It is also function in osmo - regulation of plants growing on saline soils. Nikil increasing viability and germination percentage of barlay .

9. Function of Nitrogen Increasing growth and development of all living tissue. Increasing germination of crops. Improve the quality. It increase utilization of P and K.

10. Function of Phosphorus It promote to root formation and growth. Improve the quality of fruits . Rhizobia by increasing nodulation . Seed formation and early maturity.

11. Function of Potassium It increasing in resistant in plants against moisture stress,heat , frost and disease. Improve the crop quality. Lodding resistant in cereals. Wilt resistant in cotton and mosaic virus resistant in cotton.

12. Function of Calcium Increasing symbiotic fixation of atmospheric nitrogen. It increasing availability of molybdenum. Function of Magnesium It is constitute of chlorophyll Help in the photosynthesis of the plants.

13. Synthesis of glucosides in mustard oils. Promote to nodule formation. Function of Sulphur A key role in nitrogen fixation. Help in the photosynthesis. Formation of chlorophyll. Function of Iron

14. Function of Mangnease Chlorophyll synthesis. Development of chloroplast. Increase availability of P and Ca in plants. Function of Cooper Chlorophyll formation Electron transport from chlorophyll.

15. Function of Zinc Role in photosynthesis. It regulating of auxin concentration. Flower setting and proper development of fruits. Function of Molybdenum Synthesis of protein in the plants. Help in nitrogen fixation by rhizobia . Increasing in availability of P and S in soil.

16. Function of Boron Proper development of tissue. Help in maturity . Formation of cell wall.

17. ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS FOR PLANT GROWTH AND THEIR PRINCIPLE FORMS FOR UPTAKE NUTRIENTS CHEMICAL SYMBOLS UPTAKE FORMS Carbon C CO 2 Hydrogen H H 2 O,H + Oxygen O H 2 O,O -2 Nitrogen N NH 4 + ,NO 3 - Phosphorus P H 2 PO 4 - ,HPO 4 -2 ,PO 4 -3 Potassium K K + Calcium Ca Ca 2 + Magnesium Mg Mg 2+ Sulpher S SO 4 2- , SO 2 Iron Fe Fe 2+ , Fe 3+ Magnease Mn Mn 2+ Boron B H 2 BO 3 - ,B 4 O 7 2- ,BO 3- 3 Zinc Zn Zn 2+ Copper Cu Cu 2+ Molybdenum Mo MoO 4 2- Chlorine Cl Cl - Nickel Ni Ni 2+

18. ESSENTIAL PLANT NUTRIENTS

19. Deficiency symptoms of nutrients NITROGEN N deficiency are general chlorosis of lower leaves (light green to yellow), and necrosis of older leaves yellow discoloration from the leaf tip backward in the form of a “V” is common

20. Phosphorus (P) turn dark green (both leaves and stems) and appear stunted . Older leaves are affected first and may acquire a purplish discoloration due to the accumulation of sugars in P deficient plants which favor anthocyanin synthesis P deficiency in cornLeaves

21. Potassium (K) reduction in growth rate , with chlorosis and necrosis occurring in later stages K deficiency Older leaves are

22. Calcium (Ca) Deficiency Terminal bud leaf becomes chlorotic white with base remains green. .Death of terminal buds . Deficiency causes ’Blossom end rot’ in Tomato and Ber and ’Tip hooking in Cauliflower’

23. Magnesium (Mg) Deficiency Older leaves will be yellow between veins and veins remain green ( Interveinal chlorosis ). Also affects chlorophyll formation .

24. Sulfur (S) Deficiency Yellowing of leave, leaves are paler than interveinal portion. Occurrence of ’Downward cupping of leaves in Tobacco and Tea. S deficient wheat plant (left) has light green leaves and stunted growth as compared to normal wheat plant (right).

25. Boron Deficiency Yellowing/ chlorosis starts from base of terminal bud leaf and extends to tip results in appearance of ’Whip like structure’ and become brownish/ blackish brown Deficiency causes fruit cracking In litchi’, ’Hen and Chicken disorder in Grape ’ and ’Heart rot in Sugarbeet ’.

26. Chlorine ( Cl ) Deficiency Younger leaves will be chlorotic and plants Will easily wilt. For wheat, a plant disease will infest the plant when Cl is deficient.

27. Copper (Cu) Deficienc y Leaves including veins become yellow and tending towards whiteness . Occurrence of ’Marginal leaf burning’. Deficiency Cu deficiency in wheatmelanosis disease in wheat Causes ’ Dia back and Little leafdisease in Citrus

28. Iron (Fe) Deficiency Veins remain conspicuously green and other leaf portion turn yellow and tending towards whiteness. Interveinal chlorosis will occur . Deficiency causes ’Leaf bleaching in sugarcane and ’Ivory white of paddy ’ Iron deficient soybean

29. Manganese ( Mn ) Deficiency Interveinal yellowing of young leaves but not tending towards whiteness . Veins remain green. Deficiency causes ’Marsh disease in Pea’.

30. Molybdenum (Mo) Deficiency Older and middle leaves become chlorotic first . Translucent

31. Zinc (Zn) Deficiency Upper leaves will show chlorosis on midrib . Veins green and dead spots occur in all parts of leaf (veins, tips and margins). Plants appear bushy due to reduced internodal elongation. ’White bud of Maize’. is caused by the deficiency.

32. THANK YOU