Establishing-the-Research-Methodology.pptx

methodology

1. www.facebook.com/dane.rafanan www.facebook.com/necycesaria.romo METHODS SECTION

2. [email protected] www.facebook.com/necycesaria.romo Steps or Step-by-step Procedure

3. t-test for dependent samples [email protected] www.facebook.com/necycesaria.romo t-test for independent samples

4. [email protected] www.facebook.com/necycesaria.romo Instrument Population/Sample/Sources of Data

5. www.facebook.com/necycesaria.romo Statistics Ethics

6. www.facebook.com/dane.rafanan www.facebook.com/necycesaria.romo Research Methodology is a  way to systematically solve a research problem , which can be further explained as: H O W A science of studying how research is done scientifically . The procedure by which the researchers go about their work of describing, evaluating and predicting phenomenon. Give the work plan of research.

7. www.facebook.com/dane.rafanan www.facebook.com/necycesaria.romo The overall concept or strategy to put together the components of the study in a logical manner. The Research Design The choice of a correct research design is important prior to obtaining information relevant to the research.

8. www.facebook.com/dane.rafanan www.facebook.com/necycesaria.romo State the design used in the study CONSIDERATIONS IN WRITING THE RESEARCH DESIGN Provide an explanation that back up the choice of the design Mention the design and why this is used.

9. www.facebook.com/dane.rafanan www.facebook.com/necycesaria.romo The design adopted by this research is descriptive. Descriptive design endeavors to describe the characteristics of a population or phenomenon being studied. This design is appropriate for the study since it endeavored to describe the teaching and learning style preference and their congruence in developing a teaching and learning style interventions (TLSI). EXAMPLE: The research design used. Description of the design Explain why the design was used in the study

10. www.facebook.com/dane.rafanan www.facebook.com/necycesaria.romo Sampling is securing some of the elements of a population. An element is a member of a population who can provide information for the population. A population consists of the total elements about which one can make inferences based on the data gathered from a determined sample size. The Participants Number of participants Randomization should be explained Explanation of the scientific selection

11. www.facebook.com/dane.rafanan www.facebook.com/necycesaria.romo The respondents of the study were the Senior High School teachers and students of the schools offering the SHS Program in the Schools Division of Vigan City . A pre-survey was done for the population of the teachers and students of the schools. The pre-survey was facilitated by consulting the Administrative Officer in-charge of SHS records. EXAMPLE OF BR: Number of Respondents/ Participants.

12. www.facebook.com/dane.rafanan www.facebook.com/necycesaria.romo For the teachers, the entire population is considered. For the students, the number has reached 500 and seemingly unmanageable, the Solvin’s Formula was used. The distribution of the student-respondents is determined through stratified random sampling. Coding was used to identify the students based on the sampling codes. EXAMPLE: Randomization should be explained

13. www.facebook.com/dane.rafanan www.facebook.com/necycesaria.romo The formula for Slovin’s (SLC Research Statistics Manual, 2014) is: where: N = population n = sample size e=margin of error (0.05) EXAMPLE:

14. www.facebook.com/dane.rafanan www.facebook.com/necycesaria.romo Table 1 shows the distribution of the respondents. It can be seen in the table that the teachers’ population and sample sizes are the same since the number is manageable for research. However, for the students, sampling technique using distributive proportion was used. EXAMPLE:

15. www.facebook.com/dane.rafanan www.facebook.com/necycesaria.romo Thus, there were a total of 10 teachers distributed among the schools in the division. Further, to determine the specific student-respondents, the stratified random sampling was used. The formula is k=N/n where k is the interval. Thus, the 3 rd student and the succeeding multiples were taken per school until the desired sample size of 251 is reached. The research also ensured that there was a student respondent in each class and in each strand. To ensure this, taking IS NHS an example, the 14 respondents were taken from all the sections by dividing the 14 to the number of sections. EXAMPLE: Explanation of the scientific selection

16. www.facebook.com/dane.rafanan www.facebook.com/necycesaria.romo The respondents of the study are 81 Grade 11 students from section Fluorite and Citrine of the Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) Strand of the Senior High School (SHS) in Ilocos Sur National High School (ISNHS) enrolled for School Year 2022-2023 where 40 of each will serve as the experimental group and control group, respectively. EXAMPLE OF AR: Number of Respondents/ Participants.

17. www.facebook.com/dane.rafanan www.facebook.com/necycesaria.romo Prior to the conduct of the study, a summative test will be administered among the students before determining its reliability which will be the basis in assigning the group in the conduct of the study. This is because the students have different educational background, abilities, interests and experiences in the field of learning. Thus, ensuring equality of the group to get valid and reliable results on the level of environmental awareness on managing disasters. EXAMPLE OF AR: Explanation of the scientific selection

18. www.facebook.com/dane.rafanan www.facebook.com/necycesaria.romo A questionnaire is an instrument for collecting data. It consists of a series of questions that corresponds provide answers to a research. Data Collection An interview guide contains a list of questions one want to cover during the interview(s) that keep on track and ensures that all the topics needed where covered to answer the research question(s).

19. www.facebook.com/dane.rafanan www.facebook.com/necycesaria.romo To determine the teaching and learning styles of the respondents in the Schools Division of Vigan City, the index of learning style was adapted from the online index questionnaire developed by educator-psychologists Solomon and Felder (1999). The instrument can be accessed thru https://www.engr.ncsu.edu/learningstyles/ilsweb.html . The details about the reliability and validity of the instruments are also found in the links found in the website. Moreover, Gatchalian (2011) made an Index of Teaching Styles parallel to the Index of Silverman and Feldman. Since the instruments are standardized and are product of research, the validity and reliability of the instruments are deemed established. The researcher personally administered the indexes to the teachers and students. EXAMPLE: Describe the instrument, source, parts and its purpose

20. www.facebook.com/dane.rafanan www.facebook.com/necycesaria.romo The data collected in the study will be analyzed. First, a Table of Specifications (TOS) on constructing logic gates using transistors is prepared covering the competencies of the topic. Then, a 30-item teacher-made test is constructed that measured the performance of the students on constructing logic gates using transistors. The teacher-made test will be subjected to content validation by knowledgeable and competent authorities in science and research which are as follows: one Head Teacher, one Master Teacher and one Education Program Supervisor. The suggestions and recommendations are incorporated to the test. In the actual implementation of the research, the pre-test will be administered to both groups of students. The intervention will be used in the experimental group while the traditional method of teaching is used in the control group. Then, the posttest will be administered. EXAMPLE: Describe the instrument, source, parts and its purpose

21. www.facebook.com/dane.rafanan www.facebook.com/necycesaria.romo Finally, the pretest and post-test are analyzed to determine whether the students who participated in the use of manipulatives learn better than the students without the strategy. Students’ scores are analyzed to verify the validity of whether the use of manipulatives have a significant impact on students’ performance of the content. Students’ results on surveys are coded to check the factors such as whether the manipulatives in a science class or what students’ thoughts were on the project. A sort of interviews is conducted randomly to back up numerical data. EXAMPLE:

22. www.facebook.com/dane.rafanan www.facebook.com/necycesaria.romo It is a process used by researchers for reducing data to a story and interpreting it to derive insights. It includes specifying the statistical measures to use and address the research questions. Plan for Data Analysis The appropriate methods are determined by the type of data, the number of cases, and the distribution of the variables.

23. www.facebook.com/dane.rafanan www.facebook.com/necycesaria.romo The data on teaching and learning styles were treated by frequency count and percentages. Frequency is the number of respondents who preferred item a or b. Percentage is determined by dividing the number of respondents who preferred a or b over the total respondents. The count/percentages were subjected to the following categorization to determine the level of style preference. This is following the analysis presented by Gatchalian (2011). EXAMPLE: Statistical tools

24. www.facebook.com/dane.rafanan www.facebook.com/necycesaria.romo 0% no preference/balanced preference 0.01%-20.00% negligible preference 20.01%-40.00% slight preference 40.01%-60.00% moderate preference 60.01%-80.00% high preference 80.01%-99.99% very high preference 100% excellent preference EXAMPLE: Include data categorization

25. www.facebook.com/dane.rafanan www.facebook.com/necycesaria.romo Further, mean for the percentages was taken by adding all the percentages by the number of items. Difference is determined then further decision was based on the data categorization presented. To determine the congruence between the teaching and the learning styles, the percentages of respondents who answered a and b, respectively, were compared for every teaching and learning style. Congruence takes place when both the teaching and learning styles are the same in terms of descriptive equivalent. EXAMPLE:

26. www.facebook.com/dane.rafanan www.facebook.com/necycesaria.romo To analyze the data collected from the study, different statistical tools were employed to analyze the data gathered. The students’ scores in the pre-test and posttest were analyzed using mean and was interpreted using the following range of scores with their corresponding descriptive interpretations: Range of the Scores Descriptive Interpretation 25-30 Outstanding (O) 19-24 Very Satisfactory (VS) 13-18 Satisfactory (S) 7-12 Fair (F) 0-6 Poor (P) EXAMPLE:

27. www.facebook.com/dane.rafanan www.facebook.com/necycesaria.romo Meanwhile, the t-test for two dependent samples will be utilized in determining the significant difference between the pretest and the posttest mean scores of the students in the experimental group and in the control group. The t-test for two independent samples will be utilized in testing the significant difference in the posttest mean scores between the experimental and control groups as well as the mean level of performance before exposure to treatments between the two groups. EXAMPLE:

28. www.facebook.com/dane.rafanan www.facebook.com/necycesaria.romo Research ethics is the set of  principles and standards  that guide the conduct and reporting of scientific inquiry. Ethical Standards These considerations work to protect the rights of research participants, enhance research validity and maintain scientific or academic integrity.

29. www.facebook.com/dane.rafanan www.facebook.com/necycesaria.romo To ensure objectivity in the conduct of the study, several considerations were made in the determination of respondents, gathering of data, analysis and interpretation of data. Hence, the present study will be subjected to the Ethics Review Committee for further scrutiny and evaluation of the principles of research ethics in conducting research. Provide a complete information on the purpose of the research and their specific contribution An informed consent will be obtained from them before the conduct of the study. They are allowed to withdraw any time if they are not comfortable in their participation in the study. All questions ask are answered honestly and completely . They are assured on the confidentiality of their identity for them not to be harmed physically, psychologically or emotionally. EXAMPLE:

30. www.facebook.com/dane.rafanan www.facebook.com/necycesaria.romo The principle of confidentiality and anonymity , the researcher will assign codes for each respondent. The researcher will not write the names of the respondents in filing the data No one except the researcher knows where the statement came from. The researcher ensures privacy of the respondents by not revealing the information. The researcher will investigate whether they belong to any vulnerable group . Vulnerable members of the population are elderlies, pregnant, indigenous people (IP), homeless or patient with a terminal or incurable disease, or even powerless individual due to poverty and minors who are dependent to their parents, of which the respondents were not among one of them. In other words, the concept of vulnerability is not be applied. EXAMPLE:

31. www.facebook.com/dane.rafanan www.facebook.com/necycesaria.romo The recruitment of the respondents , a formal communication letter will be sent to the appropriate authorities to request permission for their inclusion as respondents. On benefits of the respondent , no compensation will be provided, however, light snack and bottled water are offered to the respondents. EXAMPLE:

32. The purpose of the first draft is not to get it right, but to get it written. www.facebook.com/dane.rafanan www.facebook.com/necycesaria.romo

33. www.facebook.com/necycesaria.romo THANK YOU FOR LISTENING! www.facebook.com/dane.rafanan