Ethics in Conducting Research Study in practical research 12.pptx

Ethics in Conducting Research Study in practical research 12

1. Ethics in Conducting Research Study Behave as a researcher. Consult only your adviser. Never confer with your adviser when you have not read anything about your topic. This is not only annoying but also unprofessional. Acknowledge authorities cited in the study. Honesty, accuracy and objectivity in gathering data should be observed by the researcher. Confidentiality of individual data. Always emphasize whole data analysis. Always ask permission from authorities in conducting authorities. Always make generalizations as a whole. Do not pinpoint to individuals. Ask permission from original author of instruments used.

2. Variables and Its classification Any research problem consists of one or more variables to be investigated. Variable is any quantity or characteristic which may possess different numerical values or categories; It is characteristic that has two or more mutually exclusive values or properties; A factor which is dependent upon other factors or one of the conditions controlled or measured in an experiment; Constructs or properties being investigated.

3. Classification of Variables Variables according to Continuity of Values 1. Continuous Variables. These variables whose levels can take continuous values. It can be divided into smaller units and reading represents a lower and upper limits. Examples are height, weight, capacity, width, or measurements of varying degrees of precision. 2. Discrete or Discontinuous Variables. These are variables whose values or levels cannot take the form of decimals. They are expressed only in whole units. Examples are size of family, number of people, number of cars passing a point during a certain period of time, etc.

4. Classification of Variables B. Variables according to Level or Scale of Measurement 1. Nominal Variable. It refers to a property of numbers or group defined by an operation which allows making of statements only in equality or difference. It is used as a measure of identity, classification of an object, person or characteristic. It is determined by just counting. Examples are sex, religion, eye color, color of the skin, political party, etc.

5. Classification of Variables B. Variables according to Level or Scale of Measurement 2. Ordinal Variable. It refers to a property defined by an operation where members of a particular group are ranked. It is arranged from highest to lowest or vice versa. Examples are hardness of mineral, judging individuals according to aggressiveness, cooperativeness and some other qualities.

6. Classification of Variables B. Variables according to Level or Scale of Measurement 3. Interval Variable. It refers to a property defined by an operation which permits making of statements of equality of intervals rather than just statements of sameness or difference and greater than or less than. The units used are equal. It has arbitrarily chosen zero points. Examples are temperature, grades and scores in tests.

7. Classification of Variables B. Variables according to Level or Scale of Measurement 4. Ratio Variables. It refers to a property defined by an operation which permits making statements of equality of ratios in addition to statement of sameness or difference, greater than or less than, and equality or inequality of difference. An absolute zero is always implied for a ratio variable. Examples are measures of length, width, weight, capacity, loudness, and age.

8. Classification of Variables C. Variables according to Functional Relationship 1. Dependent or Criterion Variable. It is the outcome or objective of the study. It simply refers to the result of the study. 2. Independent or Variate or Predictor Variable. It is that property or characteristics that make the outcome or objective vary or differ. An independent variable may be; a. Manipulative or Active Variable. This is a variable which can be directly manipulated in an experimental study. Some manipulable or active variables are methods of teaching use of instructional materials, reinforcement or the use of feedback.

9. Classification of Variables b. Non-Manipulable Variable. It is an independent variable which cannot be changed. It is considered assigned or organismic status, aptitude, race and civil status. 3. Intervening or Moderator or Extraneous Variable. It refers to the variable which may affect the dependent variable but which is controlled. Note: A variable that is dependent in one study may be independent or moderator variable in another study.

10. Classification of Variables b. Non-Manipulable Variable. It is an independent variable which cannot be changed. It is considered assigned or organismic status, aptitude, race and civil status. 3. Intervening or Moderator or Extraneous Variable. It refers to the variable which may affect the dependent variable but which is controlled. Note: A variable that is dependent in one study may be independent or moderator variable in another study.