Ethics in Research.ppt

Ethics in Research-Dr. E. Anuradha Sunil

1. ETHICS IN RESEARCH
Dr. Anuradha Sunil
Royal Dental College, Chalissery, Kerala,India

2. CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITIONANDMEANING
IMPORTANCEOFRESEARCHETHICS
GENERALBASICPRINCIPALSOFETHICS
AUTHORSHIP
PLAGIARISM
PEERREVIEW
CONFLICTSOFINTERESTS
RESEARCHWITHANIMALS
RESEARCHWITHHUMANSUBJECTS
RESEARCHMISCONDUCT
RESEARCHETHICSININDIA
CONCLUSION

3. INTRODUCTION
When most people think of ethics (or
morals) they think of rules for
distinguishing between right and wrong.
Most commonly “ethics” are: norms of
conduct that distinguish between
acceptable and unacceptable behavior.

4. DEFINITION AND MEANING
Ethics in research
It should be applied on all stages of research
such as planning, conducting and evaluating
a research project.
Thus research ethics educates and monitors a
scientist conducting a research to ensure high
ethical standards.

5. IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH
ETHICS
Promotes the aims of research (such as knowledge
,truth ,and avoidance of error)
Promotes the values that are essential to
collaborative work (such as trust, accountability
,mutual respect ,and fairness)
Help to ensure that researchers can be held
accountable to public
Help to build public support for research (as people
more likely to fund research projects if they trust
the quality and integrity of research)
Promotes moral and social values( such as social
responsibility, human rights , animal welfare etc.)

6. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ETHICS
1.Honesty:
Honestlyreportdata,results,methodsandproceduresandpublication
status.Donotfabricate,falsifyormisinterpretdata.
2.Objectivity:
Striketoavoidbiasinexperimentaldesign,dataanalysis,data
interpretation,peerreviewetc.
3.Integrity:
Keepyourpromisesandagreements,actwithsincerity,strivefor
consistencyofthoughtandaction.
4.Care:
Avoidcarelesserrorsandnegligence.Carefullyandcriticallyexamine
yourownwork.Keepgoodrecordofresearchactivitiessuchasdata
collection,researchdesignandcorrespondencewithagenciesorjournals

7. 5.Openness:
Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources
Be open to criticism and new ideas
6. Respect for intellectual property:
i) Honor patents, copyright and other forms of intellectual property.
ii) Do not use unpublished data , methods or results without permission
iii) Never plagiarise
7.Confidentiality:
Protect confidential communication such as paper or grants submitted for
publication, personnel records, trade or military secrets and patient records

8. 8.Respect for colleagues:
Respect your colleagues and treat them fairly
9.Non discrimination:
Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the basis of
sex, race, or other factors that are not related to their scientific
competence and integrity
10. Social Responsibility:
Strive to promote social good and prevent social harms through
research, public education and advocacy

9. AUTHORSHIP
Definition and importance :
Processofdecidingwhonamesbelongsonaresearchpaperinmany
casesresearchevolvesfromcollaborationandassistancebetween
expertsandcolleagues
Itdecideswhichcolleaguesshouldbelistedasauthorsorco-authorsand
whichshouldreceiveacknowledgments
Ethicalguidelines:-
Eachpersonlistedasanauthoronanarticlesshouldhavesignificantly
contributedtobothresearchandwritingaswellasmustbepreparedto
acceptfullresponsibilityforthecontentofresearcharticles
Whocanbeco-author?
i)Contributedsubstantiallytotheresearch
ii)Wroteorrevisedallorpartofthemanuscript.
iii)Approvedthefinalversionoftheentirearticle

10. PLAGIARISM
Definition and importance:
Actofpassingofsomebodyelseideas,
thoughts,pictures,theories,wordsor
storiesasyourown
Ifaresearcherplagiarizestheworkof
otherstheyarebringingintoquestion,
theintegrity,ethicsandtrust
worthinessofsometotalofhisorher
research.
Whetherintentionalorunintentional,
plagiarismisnottoleratedbythe
scientificcommunity

11. Ethical Guidelines
A researcher preparing a manuscript should
cite the original source if he or she
i)Quotes another person’s actual words,
either oral or written
ii) Paraphrases another person’s words, either
oral or written
iii) Uses another person’s ideas ,opinion and
theory
iv) Borrows facts, statistics or other
illustrative material unless the information
is common knowledge

12. PEER REVIEW
Definition and importance :-
Process in which an author submits a written manuscript
or article to a journal for publication and journal editor
distributes the article to the experts
experts-as reviewers
editor-then enters the peer reviewed process.

13. PEER REVIEW PROCESS:
Reviewers and editors read and evaluate the article
Reviewers submit their reviews back to the journal editor
Journal editor takes all comments including their own and
communicates back to the original author

14. ETHICAL GUIDELINES:
Two most important ethical concepts in
peer review process:
1.Confidentiality
2.Protection of intellectual property
Reviewer should not know the author they
are reviewing
And the author should not be told the
names of the reviewers
No person involved in this process can
publicly disclose the information in the
article

15. REASEARCH WITH ANIMALS
Animals play a significant role in research
i)Used in testing new pharmaceuticals
ii) As teaching tools for medical students
iii) As experimental subjects for new
surgical procedures
*Research projects that use animals
have to be reviewed

16. ETHICAL GUIDELINES IN TREATMENT OF ANIMALS
To ensure that animals intended for use in
research facilities or for exhibition
purposes or for use as pets are provided
human care and treatment
To assure that humane treatment of
animals during transportation in
commerce
To protect the owners of animals from
theft of their animals by preventing the
sale or use of animals which have been
stolen

17. RESEARCH WITH HUMAN SUBJECTS
Definition and importance :-
Theissuesconcerningresearchwith
human subjectsinvolvestopics
rangingfromvoluntaryparticipation
inresearchtofairselectionand
justice.Thisvarietymakesthe
topicssurroundingsresearchethics
withhumansubjectachallenging
one.

18. Respectforpersons-Informedconsent
Involvesvoluntaryparticipationbysubjectswhounderstand
whatparticipationentails
Research for persons-privacy confidentiality
Peoplehaverighttoprotectthemselvesandinformation
gatheredduringresearchparticipationcouldharmapersonby
violatingtheirrighttokeepinformationaboutthemselvesabout
private
Riskbenefitandbeneficence-
Itmeansdoinggood.
Biomedicalresearchstrivestodogoodbystudyingdiseaseand
healthdatatouncoverinformationthatmaybeusedtohelp
others

19. ETHICAL GUIDELINES:
Human subject must voluntarily consent to
research and be allowed to discontinue participation
at any time
Research involving human subjects must be
valuable to society
Researchparticipantmustbeprotectedandsafe
Researchesmustavoidharm,injuryanddeathof
researchsubjectsanddiscontinueresearch.
Researchmustbeconductedbyresponsibleand
qualifiedresearchers

20. RESEARCH MISCONDUCT
Definition and importance:
It is the process of identifying and
reporting unethical or unsound
research
Itisdefinedasfabrication,
falsificationorplagiarism in
proposing,performingorreviewing
researchorinreportingresearch
results

21. Fabrication-making up data or results
and recording or reporting them
Falsification-manipulating research
material,equipment orprocessor
changing,omittingdatasuchthatresearch
isnotaccuratelyrepresentedinresearch
record
Plagiarism-appropriationofanother
personsideas,process,resultsorwords
withoutgivingappropriatecredit

22. ETHICAL GUIDELINES:
Whensomeonesuspectedofcommitting
research misconduct, the proper
procedureistofirstlaunchaninquiry.If
theinquiryrevealsapotentialresearch
misconductsituationthen
Conductafullscaleinvestigation
Finallytheinstitutionusestheinformation
collectedduringfullscaleinvestigationto
makedecisionconcerningthepresenceof
misconductanditsseverityandwhat
appropriatecorrectiveactionshouldbe
takenifneeded.

23. RESEARCH ETHICS IN INDIA
Mostly occurs locally
ICMRreleased-“Ethicalguidelinesforbiomedical
research”in2000.
CIOMS-CouncilforInternationalOrganizationof
MedicalScienceslaiddownprinciplesofbiomedical
research
Researchinvolvinghumansubjectsisreviewedby
REC(Research/InstitutionalEthicsCommittee)atthe
institutioninwhichtheproposedresearchis
conducted
IfthereisnoRECattheinstitutionaprotocolcanbe
reviewedforethicalapprovaleitherbycentralethic
committeeofICMRorresearchfornationalbioethics
committee

24. CONCLUSION
Pellegrino,awellknownbiomedicalethicist
statedthat
“When nooneiswatching,itisthe
character oftheinvestigator that
determinesthemoralqualityorresearch
andifresearchintegrityisproblematic
wemust startandendwiththe
investigator.
Thus,
Allthebasicprinciplesofethicsarederived
fromtheconceptthatweasindividuals
shouldtreatothersaswewishthemto
treatus.

26. REFERENCES
Aguidetoresearchethics-UniversityofMinnesota.
Centreforbioethics2003.
Shamoo A.E.andDunigan-Ethicsandresearch,
ExperimentalBiology,2000,NewYork.
ResnikDavidB.NationalinstituteofEnviormentalHealth
Sciences
www.niehs.nih.gov/research/resources/bioetics/whatis.cf
m.