Ethnographic Research

This presentation is based on the origin, definition, procedure, types and challenges of ethnographic research.

1. RESEARCH METHODs AND DESIGNs IN EDUCATION PRESENTED TO: DR. ASMA KAZI PRESENTED BY: SIDRA TAYYAB AMINA TARIQ AMENAH GONDAL HIBA TUL WARDA SHAZIA AKRAM COURSE: MS EDUCATION(CURRICULUM) SEMESTER: I SESSION: 2021-23

2. ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH

3. INTRODUCTION & DEFINITION Ethno = people, culture Graphy = writing “Ethnography is a descriptive study of a particular human society in their own environment through the use of method like participant observation and face to face interviewing.” “Ethnography is a qualitative design, process improving knowledge advancing in problem-solving.”

4. CONT…. Focuses on culture and values. Goal In-Depth understanding of culture. Generate rich and detailed social account. Ethnographers study the meaning of the behavior, the language , and the interaction among members of the culture-sharing group.

5. ORIGINS OF ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH Ethnography was originated from cultural anthropology in the early 20 th century. Ethnography, as a method, was primarily developed and popularized by the well-known anthropologist “ Bronislaw Malinowski”. This approach was further popularized by anthropologist “Franz Boas”, who was highly influential in the United States.

6. FEATURES OF ETHNOGRAPHIES Focus on developing a complex, complete description of the culture of a group. Focus on the actions, ideas and beliefs expressed through language and how they behave within the group. When conducting an ethnography, theory plays an important role in what the researchers hope to find. The researchers collect data through interviews, observations and artifacts , etc. The researcher reports the participants’ views in verbatim quotes and synthesizes the data through researchers’ scientific perspective .

7. TYPES OF ETHNOGRAPHIES Some Forms of Ethnography Confessional Ethnography Life History Auto Ethnography Feminist Ethnography Ethnographic Novels Visual Ethnography(photography, video and electronic media)

8. TWO TYPES OF ETHNOGRAPHY REALIST ETHNOGRAPHY CRITICAL ETHNOGRAPHY

9. REALIST ETHNOGRAPHY CHARACTERISTICS: Traditional Approach. Used by cultural anthropologists. Reflects a particular stance taken by the researcher toward the individual being studied (characterized by Van Maanen ). Ethnographer remains in the background as an omniscient reporter of the ‘facts’(what is observed). Narrates the study in the 3 rd person dispassionate voice. A realist ethnography is an objective account of the situation , typically written in the third-person point of view , reporting objectively on the information learned from participant at a field site.

10. Reports objective data in a measured style uncontaminated by personal biases, political goals and judgment. Researcher provides mundane details of everyday life among the people studied. Ethnographer uses standard categories for cultural description (e.g., family life, communication networks, work life, social networks, status systems) Produces the participants’ views through closely edited quotations Has the final word on how the culture is to be interpreted and presented. Collect data through interviews, artifacts, drawings etc.

11. critical ETHNOGRAPHY CHARACTERISTICS: Advocacy perspective. Response to current society in which the system of power, prestige, privilege, and authority serve to marginalize individuals who are from different classes, races and genders. Critical researchers are politically minded individuals Seek through their research, to speak out against inequality and domination. Critical ethnographies are a type of ethnographic research in which the author is interesting in advocating for the freedom of groups marginalized in our society .

12. Collaborating with participants to collect data that they provide. Major Components : value-laden orientation, empowering people by giving them more authority, challenging the status quo, addressing concerns about power and control. Study issues of power, empowerment, inequality, inequity, dominance, repression, hegemony, victimization.

13. PROCEDURE FOR CONDUCTING ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH Ethnography is appropriate if the needs are to describe how a cultural group works and to explore the benefits, languages, behaviors, and issues facing the group such as power, resistance, and dominance. 1. Determine if ethnography is the most appropriate design for studying the research problem: 2. Identify and locate a culture-sharing group to study : Culture-sharing group is one whose member have been together for a long period of time so that their shared language, patterns of behavior, and attitudes. Ethnographers spend time talking with and observing the group .

14. 3. Select cultural themes, issues, or theories to study about the group : It includes the analysis of the group. The cultural themes may include topics such as enculturation, socialization, learning, cognition, domination, inequality or child and adult development. The ethnographers observes the interactions of people in ordinary settings. 4. Determine which type of ethnography to use to study about the cultural concepts: How the group works needs to be described. Critical ethnography can explore issues such as power, and advocacy for certain groups.

15. 5. Gather information in the context or writing where the group works or lives: Gathering the types of information typically needed in an ethnography involves going to the research site, respecting the daily lives of the individuals, and collecting a wide variety of ethnography. Ethnographers are careful about the ethics. 6. Generate an overall cultural interpretation from the analysis of patterns across many sources of data: The researcher begin by compiling a detailed description of the culture-sharing group. It signifies how the cultural group works and lives, and ends up an “overall picture of how system works.”

16. 7. Present the patterns of the culture-sharing group in written or performance formats: A general reporting structure includes an introduction to familiarize the reader with the culture-sharing group, research procedures to provide a rationale for use of an ethnography, and details about data collection and analysis, providing a cultural interpretation. The final product is a holistic cultural portrait. It advocate for the needs of the group and suggests changes in society.

17. CHALLENGES IN ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH 1. Extensive time for collecting data In ethnographic research you need a lot of time to research on a specific culture as it has a lot to cover like religion, economy, politics and environment etc. The ethnographers have to live or observe the community or the area on daily bases so the report may be authentic, reliable and informative. 2. Difficult to choose the right sample for the information Ethnographer relies on a quality research because it affects the modern world. The authenticity and reliability depends on the correct sample and various perspectives. Which is why the researcher goes to every person to get a different perspective about the culture.

18. 3. The honesty of the people The people in the certain area you go and interview may not open up their perspective or their lifestyle because they may be feeling insecure about their life, may feel shame or they assume that it may broadcast on television which results to them being dishonest and lying. 4 . The researcher may get Bias The researcher loved the people out there but the people mainly had negative points for the researcher’s country or religion and he ended up cutting those points and added his own points showing a side that was positive and the one he wanted to be shown. Such activities make the research bias and unreliable.

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