EVS Unit 3 .pdf (ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE )
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Mar 09, 2025
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About This Presentation
This is related to Natural resources chapter which is also relevant for the competition exams like civil services ( Union Public Service Commission )
Slide Content
Unit 3: Natural Resources
•Energyresources:Renewableandnon-renewableenergysources;Useofalternateenergysources;Growingenergyneeds;Energy
contentsofcoal,petroleum,naturalgasandbiogas;Agro-residuesasabiomassenergysource
•Landresources:Minerals,soil,agriculturalcrops,naturalforestproducts,medicinalplants,andforest-basedindustriesandlivelihoods;
Landcover,landusechange,landdegradation,soilerosion,anddesertification;Causesofdeforestation;Impactsofmininganddam
buildingonenvironment,forests,biodiversity,andtribalcommunities
•Waterresources:Naturalandman-madesources;Usesofwater;Overexploitationofsurfaceandgroundwaterresources;Floods,
droughts,andinternational&interstateconflictsoverwater
•Casestudies:ContemporaryIndianissuesrelatedtomining,dams,forests,energy,etc(e.g.,NationalSolarMission,Cauveryriverwater
conflict,SardarSarovardam,Chipkomovement,Appikomovement,TarunBharatSangh,etc)
Nawin Kumar Tiwary, Ph.d.
Assistant Professor
Department of Environmental Studies
Indraprastha College for Women
University of Delhi, Delhi, India
•Energyresources:Renewableandnon-renewableenergysources;Useofalternateenergysources;Growingenergyneeds;Energy
contentsofcoal,petroleum,naturalgasandbiogas;Agro-residuesasabiomassenergysource
•Landresources:Minerals,soil,agriculturalcrops,naturalforestproducts,medicinalplants,andforest-basedindustriesandlivelihoods;
Landcover,landusechange,landdegradation,soilerosion,anddesertification;Causesofdeforestation;Impactsofmininganddam
buildingonenvironment,forests,biodiversity,andtribalcommunities
•Waterresources:Naturalandman-madesources;Usesofwater;Overexploitationofsurfaceandgroundwaterresources;Floods,
droughts,andinternational&interstateconflictsoverwater
•Casestudies:ContemporaryIndianissuesrelatedtomining,dams,forests,energy,etc(e.g.,NationalSolarMission,Cauveryriverwater
conflict,SardarSarovardam,Chipkomovement,Appikomovement,TarunBharatSangh,etc)
Nawin Kumar Tiwary, Ph.d.
Assistant Professor
Department of Environmental Studies
Indraprastha College for Women
University of Delhi, Delhi, India
Energy resources
Renewable Resources Non-renewable Resources
Resources which can be replenished within a short span of time.Resources which cannot be replenished within a short span of time.
They are the energy resources which cannot be exhausted. They are the energy resources which can be exhausted one day.
It is environment-friendly as the amount of carbon emission is low. It is not environment-friendly as the amount of carbon emission is high.
These resources are present in unlimited quantity. These resources are present in a limited quantity only.
These resources are pollution free. These resources are not pollution free.
The maintenance cost of the renewable resources is very high. The maintenance cost of the non-renewable resources is low.
Causes no harm to life existing on the planet earth. Adversely affect the health of humans by emitting smoke, radiations,
carcinogenic or cancer causing elements into the environment.
Examples: Sunlight, Hydropower, Wind energy, Geothermal energy,
Tidal Energy, Biomass
Examples:Coal, petroleum, natural gas, Nuclear Energy
Renewable Resources Non-renewable Resources
Resources which can be replenished within a short span of time.Resources which cannot be replenished within a short span of time.
They are the energy resources which cannot be exhausted. They are the energy resources which can be exhausted one day.
It is environment-friendly as the amount of carbon emission is low. It is not environment-friendly as the amount of carbon emission is high.
These resources are present in unlimited quantity. These resources are present in a limited quantity only.
These resources are pollution free. These resources are not pollution free.
The maintenance cost of the renewable resources is very high. The maintenance cost of the non-renewable resources is low.
Causes no harm to life existing on the planet earth. Adversely affect the health of humans by emitting smoke, radiations,
carcinogenic or cancer causing elements into the environment.
Examples: Sunlight, Hydropower, Wind energy, Geothermal energy,
Tidal Energy, Biomass
Examples:Coal, petroleum, natural gas, Nuclear Energy
Energy resources
Non -renewable resources
Coal, Petroleum and Natural Gas
Coal,crudeoil,andnaturalgasareallconsideredfossilfuelsbecausetheywereformedfromthefossilized,buriedremains
ofplantsandanimalsthatlivedmillionsofyearsago.Becauseoftheirorigins,fossilfuelshaveahighcarboncontent.
Coal:Blackorbrownchunksofsedimentaryrockthatrange
fromcrumblytorelativelyhard.Minedviasurfaceor
undergroundmethods,coalsuppliesathirdofall
energyworldwide,withthetopcoalconsumersandproducers
in2018beingChina,India,andtheUnitedStates.
•Jharkhand,Odisha,Chhattisgarh,WestBengal,Madhya
Pradesh,TelanganaandMaharashtraaccountsfor98.26%
ofthetotalknowncoalreservesinIndia.
Coal, Petroleum and Natural Gas
Coal,crudeoil,andnaturalgasareallconsideredfossilfuelsbecausetheywereformedfromthefossilized,buriedremains
ofplantsandanimalsthatlivedmillionsofyearsago.Becauseoftheirorigins,fossilfuelshaveahighcarboncontent.
Coal:Blackorbrownchunksofsedimentaryrockthatrange
fromcrumblytorelativelyhard.Minedviasurfaceor
undergroundmethods,coalsuppliesathirdofall
energyworldwide,withthetopcoalconsumersandproducers
in2018beingChina,India,andtheUnitedStates.
•Jharkhand,Odisha,Chhattisgarh,WestBengal,Madhya
Pradesh,TelanganaandMaharashtraaccountsfor98.26%
ofthetotalknowncoalreservesinIndia.
Non -renewable resources
Coal, Petroleum and Natural Gas
Oil:Crudeoil,aliquidcomposedmainlyofcarbonandhydrogen,
isformedduringtheMesozoicperiodasplankton,algae,and
othermattersanktothebottomofancientseasandwas
eventuallyburied.
•Extractedfromonshoreandoffshorewells,crudeoilisrefinedintoa
varietyofpetroleumproducts,includinggasoline,diesel,andheating
oil.
•Off-Shore Oil-fields: Assam:Digboi(oldest field, 1866), Arunachal
Pradesh:NigreuOil-fields, Gujarat:Ankleshwar(largest field in the
KhambhatBasin), Andhra Pradesh:Godavari Basin
•On-Shore Oil-fields: Mumbai:Mumbai High, Bassein, Gulf of
Khambat:Aliabet
Naturalgas:Anodourlessgascomposedprimarilyof
methane,naturalgasoftenliesindepositsthat,likethoseforcoal
andoil,formedmillionsofyearsagofromdecayingplantmatter
andorganisms.
•Naturalgasiscleanerthancoalandoilintermsofemissions.
•Almost70%ofIndia'snaturalgasreservesarefoundintheBombay
HighbasinandinGujarat.Offshoregasreservesarealsolocatedin
AndhraPradeshcoast(KrishnaGodavariBasin)andTamilNaducoast
(CauveryBasin).
Coal, Petroleum and Natural Gas
Oil:Crudeoil,aliquidcomposedmainlyofcarbonandhydrogen,
isformedduringtheMesozoicperiodasplankton,algae,and
othermattersanktothebottomofancientseasandwas
eventuallyburied.
•Extractedfromonshoreandoffshorewells,crudeoilisrefinedintoa
varietyofpetroleumproducts,includinggasoline,diesel,andheating
oil.
•Off-Shore Oil-fields: Assam:Digboi(oldest field, 1866), Arunachal
Pradesh:NigreuOil-fields, Gujarat:Ankleshwar(largest field in the
KhambhatBasin), Andhra Pradesh:Godavari Basin
•On-Shore Oil-fields: Mumbai:Mumbai High, Bassein, Gulf of
Khambat:Aliabet
Naturalgas:Anodourlessgascomposedprimarilyof
methane,naturalgasoftenliesindepositsthat,likethoseforcoal
andoil,formedmillionsofyearsagofromdecayingplantmatter
andorganisms.
•Naturalgasiscleanerthancoalandoilintermsofemissions.
•Almost70%ofIndia'snaturalgasreservesarefoundintheBombay
HighbasinandinGujarat.Offshoregasreservesarealsolocatedin
AndhraPradeshcoast(KrishnaGodavariBasin)andTamilNaducoast
(CauveryBasin).
Non -renewable resources
Nuclear Energy
NuclearEnergyistheenergyinthenucleusorcoreofanatom.Tinyunitsthatmakeupallmatterintheuniversearecalledatoms.
•Nuclearenergyisreleasedbysplittingtheatom,usingtheprocesscalledNuclearfission.
•ElectricityisproducedusingNuclearEnergythroughnuclearreactor.Anuclearreactorisapowerplantthatcancontrolnuclear
fissiontoproduceelectricity.Inthenuclearreactor,uraniumisusedasfuel.Atomsofuraniumaresplit,whichcreatesfission
productswhichcauseotheruraniumatomstosplit,thuscreatingachainreaction.Theenergyfromthischainreactionisreleased
intheformofheat.Thisheatisusedtowarmthenuclearreactorscoolingagent,whichresultsintheformationofsteam.This
steamturnstheturbines,whichdrivetheenginesorgeneratorstoproduceelectricity.
Nuclear Power Plant
Nuclear Energy
NuclearEnergyistheenergyinthenucleusorcoreofanatom.Tinyunitsthatmakeupallmatterintheuniversearecalledatoms.
•Nuclearenergyisreleasedbysplittingtheatom,usingtheprocesscalledNuclearfission.
•ElectricityisproducedusingNuclearEnergythroughnuclearreactor.Anuclearreactorisapowerplantthatcancontrolnuclear
fissiontoproduceelectricity.Inthenuclearreactor,uraniumisusedasfuel.Atomsofuraniumaresplit,whichcreatesfission
productswhichcauseotheruraniumatomstosplit,thuscreatingachainreaction.Theenergyfromthischainreactionisreleased
intheformofheat.Thisheatisusedtowarmthenuclearreactorscoolingagent,whichresultsintheformationofsteam.This
steamturnstheturbines,whichdrivetheenginesorgeneratorstoproduceelectricity.
Nuclear Power Plant
Non -renewable resources
Nuclear Energy
INDIANNUCLEARPOWERPROGRAM
•Indiahasconsciouslyproceededtoexplorethepossibilityoftappingnuclearenergyforthepurposeofpowergeneration.
•AtomicEnergyAct,1962wasframedandimplementedwiththesetobjectivesofusingtwonaturallyoccurringelementsUranium
andThoriumhavinggoodpotentialtobeutilizedasnuclearfuelinIndianNuclearPowerReactors.
•TheestimatednaturaldepositsofUraniumareabout70,000tonnesandThoriumareabout3,60,000tonnesinthecountry.
Type Operating Projections (2020) Projections (2030)
Heavy Water Reactors 4,460 MW 10,000 MW 10,000 MW
Light Water Reactors 320 MW 9,300 MW 22,000 MW
Fast Breeder Reactors - 1,500 MW 1,500 MW
Total 4780 MW 20,800 MW 33,500 MW
Nuclear capacity presently under construction : 5300 MW
Nuclear Energy
INDIANNUCLEARPOWERPROGRAM
•Indiahasconsciouslyproceededtoexplorethepossibilityoftappingnuclearenergyforthepurposeofpowergeneration.
•AtomicEnergyAct,1962wasframedandimplementedwiththesetobjectivesofusingtwonaturallyoccurringelementsUranium
andThoriumhavinggoodpotentialtobeutilizedasnuclearfuelinIndianNuclearPowerReactors.
•TheestimatednaturaldepositsofUraniumareabout70,000tonnesandThoriumareabout3,60,000tonnesinthecountry.
Type Operating Projections (2020) Projections (2030)
Heavy Water Reactors 4,460 MW 10,000 MW 10,000 MW
Light Water Reactors 320 MW 9,300 MW 22,000 MW
Fast Breeder Reactors - 1,500 MW 1,500 MW
Total 4780 MW 20,800 MW 33,500 MW
Nuclear capacity presently under construction : 5300 MW
Non -renewable resources
Nuclear Energy
INDIANNUCLEARPOWERPROGRAM
Nuclear Energy
INDIANNUCLEARPOWERPROGRAM
Non -renewable resources
Nuclear Energy
AdvantagesofelectricityproducedusingNuclearEnergy:
•Producesnopollutinggases.Itisasourceofcleanenergy.
•Ithelpsinthedevelopmentofacountry‟seconomywithoutadverselycontributingtoclimatechange.
•Itdoesnotemitanygreenhousegases.
•Itcanbebuiltinurbanorruralareas.
•Verylowfuelcosts.
•Lowfuelquantityreducesminingandtransportationeffectsonenvironment.
•Powerstationhasverylonglifetime.
DisadvantagesofelectricityproducedusingNuclearEnergy:
•Wasteisradioactiveandsafedisposalisverydifficultandexpensive.
•Localthermalpollutionfromwastewateraffectsmarinelife.
•Large-scaleaccidentscanbecatastrophicduetoradiationexposure.
•Publicperceptionofnuclearpowerisnegative.
•Costsofbuildingandsafelydecommissioningareveryhigh.
•Cannotreactquicklytochangesinelectricitydemand.
Nuclear Energy
AdvantagesofelectricityproducedusingNuclearEnergy:
•Producesnopollutinggases.Itisasourceofcleanenergy.
•Ithelpsinthedevelopmentofacountry‟seconomywithoutadverselycontributingtoclimatechange.
•Itdoesnotemitanygreenhousegases.
•Itcanbebuiltinurbanorruralareas.
•Verylowfuelcosts.
•Lowfuelquantityreducesminingandtransportationeffectsonenvironment.
•Powerstationhasverylonglifetime.
DisadvantagesofelectricityproducedusingNuclearEnergy:
•Wasteisradioactiveandsafedisposalisverydifficultandexpensive.
•Localthermalpollutionfromwastewateraffectsmarinelife.
•Large-scaleaccidentscanbecatastrophicduetoradiationexposure.
•Publicperceptionofnuclearpowerisnegative.
•Costsofbuildingandsafelydecommissioningareveryhigh.
•Cannotreactquicklytochangesinelectricitydemand.
Renewable resources
Solar Energy
•Indialyingintropicalbelthasanadvantageofreceivingpeaksolar
radiationfor300days,amounting2300-3,000hoursofsunshine
equivalenttoabove5,000trillionkWh.
•India‟scurrentinstalledsolarpowercapacity,accordingtoCentral
electricityauthority,is39,083MWwhichis34%oftotalrenewable
energysourcesi.e,151055.92MWtillFebruary2021.
•Debateofglobalwarmingandclimatechangeiscompellingthe
worldtomovefromfossilbasedenergytowardscleanandgreen
energy.
•Withitspollutionfreenature,virtuallyinexhaustiblesupplyand
globaldistribution,solarenergyisveryattractiveenergyresource.
SolarenergyisradiantlightandheatfromtheSunthatisharnessedusingarangeofever-evolvingtechnologiessuchassolar
heating,photovoltaics,solarthermalenergy,solararchitecture,andmoltensaltpowerplant.
Solar Energy
•Indialyingintropicalbelthasanadvantageofreceivingpeaksolar
radiationfor300days,amounting2300-3,000hoursofsunshine
equivalenttoabove5,000trillionkWh.
•India‟scurrentinstalledsolarpowercapacity,accordingtoCentral
electricityauthority,is39,083MWwhichis34%oftotalrenewable
energysourcesi.e,151055.92MWtillFebruary2021.
•Debateofglobalwarmingandclimatechangeiscompellingthe
worldtomovefromfossilbasedenergytowardscleanandgreen
energy.
•Withitspollutionfreenature,virtuallyinexhaustiblesupplyand
globaldistribution,solarenergyisveryattractiveenergyresource.
SolarenergyisradiantlightandheatfromtheSunthatisharnessedusingarangeofever-evolvingtechnologiessuchassolar
heating,photovoltaics,solarthermalenergy,solararchitecture,andmoltensaltpowerplant.
Renewable resources
Solar Energy
Technology
•SolarPhotovoltaic:Solarphotovoltaic(SPV)cellsconvertsolar
radiation(sunlight)intoelectricity.Asolarcellisasemi-conducting
devicemadeofsiliconand/orothermaterials,which,when
exposedtosunlight,generateselectricity.
•Solarthermalpowerplants:SolarThermalPowersystems,also
knownasConcentratingSolarPowersystems,useconcentrated
solarradiationasahightemperatureenergysourcetoproduce
electricityusingthermalroute.Mirroredconcentratorsareusedto
focusdirectbeamsolarradiationtoreceiversthatconvertthe
energytohightemperatureforpowergeneration.
JNNSM launched in 2010 targets 22,000 MW by 2022.
Solar Energy
Technology
•SolarPhotovoltaic:Solarphotovoltaic(SPV)cellsconvertsolar
radiation(sunlight)intoelectricity.Asolarcellisasemi-conducting
devicemadeofsiliconand/orothermaterials,which,when
exposedtosunlight,generateselectricity.
•Solarthermalpowerplants:SolarThermalPowersystems,also
knownasConcentratingSolarPowersystems,useconcentrated
solarradiationasahightemperatureenergysourcetoproduce
electricityusingthermalroute.Mirroredconcentratorsareusedto
focusdirectbeamsolarradiationtoreceiversthatconvertthe
energytohightemperatureforpowergeneration.
JNNSM launched in 2010 targets 22,000 MW by 2022.
Renewable resources
Solar Energy
AdvantagesofelectricityproducedusingSolarEnergy:
•Solarenergyisanimmaculateandrenewableenergysource.
•Onceasolarpanelisinstalled,solarenergycanbeproducedfreeofcharge.
•Solarenergywilllastforeverwhileitisestimatedthattheworld‟soilsupplywillrunoutin60or80years.
•Solarenergycausesnopollution.
•Almostnomaintenanceisrequiredtokeepsolarcellsrunning.Therearenomovingpartsinsolarcells,makingitdifficultto
harmthem.
•Inthelongterm,therecanbeahighreturnonaninitialinvestmentbecauseoftheamountoffreeenergyasolarpanelcan
produce.
DisadvantagesofelectricityproducedusingSolarEnergy:
•Aswithallrenewableenergysources,solarenergyhasregularityissues;thesundoesnotshineatnight,andduringtheday
theremaybecloudsorrain.
•Solarpanelsrequireadditionalequipment,likeinverters,toconvertdirectpower(DC)toalternatingcurrent(AC)foruseon
thepowernetwork.
•Foraconstantsupplyofelectricpower,particularlyforon-gridconnections,photovoltaicpanelsrequireinvertersaswellas
storagebatteries,increasingtheinitialinvestmentforsolarpoweraccordingly.
•Inthecaseofland-mountedPVpanels,moderatelylargeareasareneeded;moreoftenthannot,landisavailableforthis
useforonly15-20years.
•Solarpanelefficiencyisgenerallylow(between14%-25%),incontrasttothehighereffectivenessofotherrenewable
energysystems.
Solar Energy
AdvantagesofelectricityproducedusingSolarEnergy:
•Solarenergyisanimmaculateandrenewableenergysource.
•Onceasolarpanelisinstalled,solarenergycanbeproducedfreeofcharge.
•Solarenergywilllastforeverwhileitisestimatedthattheworld‟soilsupplywillrunoutin60or80years.
•Solarenergycausesnopollution.
•Almostnomaintenanceisrequiredtokeepsolarcellsrunning.Therearenomovingpartsinsolarcells,makingitdifficultto
harmthem.
•Inthelongterm,therecanbeahighreturnonaninitialinvestmentbecauseoftheamountoffreeenergyasolarpanelcan
produce.
DisadvantagesofelectricityproducedusingSolarEnergy:
•Aswithallrenewableenergysources,solarenergyhasregularityissues;thesundoesnotshineatnight,andduringtheday
theremaybecloudsorrain.
•Solarpanelsrequireadditionalequipment,likeinverters,toconvertdirectpower(DC)toalternatingcurrent(AC)foruseon
thepowernetwork.
•Foraconstantsupplyofelectricpower,particularlyforon-gridconnections,photovoltaicpanelsrequireinvertersaswellas
storagebatteries,increasingtheinitialinvestmentforsolarpoweraccordingly.
•Inthecaseofland-mountedPVpanels,moderatelylargeareasareneeded;moreoftenthannot,landisavailableforthis
useforonly15-20years.
•Solarpanelefficiencyisgenerallylow(between14%-25%),incontrasttothehighereffectivenessofotherrenewable
energysystems.
Renewable resources
Hydroelectricity
•ThehydropowerpotentialofIndiaisaround1,45,000MWandat
60%loadfactor,itcanmeetthedemandofaround85,000MW.
TheestimatedpotentialforpowergenerationfromSmall
hydropowerprojectsisabout20,000MW.
•The Koyna HydroelectricProject(Maharashtra)is
thelargestcompletedhydroelectricpowerplantinIndia.
•The firsthydroelectricpower stationwas the
Shivanasamudrahydroelectricpowerstation(Karnataka).
Hydroelectricityiselectricitymadebygeneratorsthatarepushedbythemovementofwater.Itisusuallymadewithdamsthatblocka
rivertomakeareservoirorcollectwaterthatispumpedthere.Whenthewaterisreleased,thepressurebehindthedamforces
thewaterdownpipesthatleadtoaturbine.
Hydroelectricity
•ThehydropowerpotentialofIndiaisaround1,45,000MWandat
60%loadfactor,itcanmeetthedemandofaround85,000MW.
TheestimatedpotentialforpowergenerationfromSmall
hydropowerprojectsisabout20,000MW.
•The Koyna HydroelectricProject(Maharashtra)is
thelargestcompletedhydroelectricpowerplantinIndia.
•The firsthydroelectricpower stationwas the
Shivanasamudrahydroelectricpowerstation(Karnataka).
Hydroelectricityiselectricitymadebygeneratorsthatarepushedbythemovementofwater.Itisusuallymadewithdamsthatblocka
rivertomakeareservoirorcollectwaterthatispumpedthere.Whenthewaterisreleased,thepressurebehindthedamforces
thewaterdownpipesthatleadtoaturbine.
Renewable resources
Hydroelectricity
Hydroelectric Power Plant
Hydroelectricity
Hydroelectric Power Plant
Renewable resources
Hydroelectricity
AdvantagesofelectricityproducedusingHydroelectricity:
•Hydroelectricityusestheenergyofrunningwater,withoutreducingitsquantity,toproduceelectricity.
•Hydroelectricitypromotesguaranteedenergyandpricestability.Riverwaterisadomesticresourcewhich,unlikefuelor
naturalgas,isnotsubjecttomarketfluctuations.
•Hydroelectricityhelpsfightclimatechanges.Thehydroelectriclifecycleproducesverysmallamountsofgreenhouse
gasses.
•Hydroelectricityimprovestheairwebreathe.Thepowerplantsdon‟treleasepollutantsintotheair,andhydroelectric
developmentsdon‟tgeneratetoxicby-products.
DisadvantagesofelectricityproducedusingHydroelectricity:
•Hydropowerisnon-polluting,butdoeshaveenvironmentalimpacts.Hydropowerfacilitiescanaffectlanduse,homes,and
naturalhabitatsinthedamarea.Reservoirsmaycoverpeople‟shomes,importantnaturalareas,agriculturalland,and
archaeologicalsites.
•Hydroelectricityishydrologydependent.Thesystemdependsonprecipitationlevels,whichcanfluctuatefromyeartoyear,
causinginstability.
•Insomecases,hydroelectricitycandisruptwildlifehabitat.Hydroelectricpowerplantscancausealossormodificationof
fishhabitat,andleadtotheentrapmentoffishandtherestrictionoftheirpassages.
•Insomecases,hydroelectricitycancausechangesinreservoirandstreamwaterquality.Operatingahydroelectricpower
plantmayalterthewatertemperatureandtheriver‟sflow.Thesechangesmayharmnativeplantsandanimalsintheriver
andonland.
Hydroelectricity
AdvantagesofelectricityproducedusingHydroelectricity:
•Hydroelectricityusestheenergyofrunningwater,withoutreducingitsquantity,toproduceelectricity.
•Hydroelectricitypromotesguaranteedenergyandpricestability.Riverwaterisadomesticresourcewhich,unlikefuelor
naturalgas,isnotsubjecttomarketfluctuations.
•Hydroelectricityhelpsfightclimatechanges.Thehydroelectriclifecycleproducesverysmallamountsofgreenhouse
gasses.
•Hydroelectricityimprovestheairwebreathe.Thepowerplantsdon‟treleasepollutantsintotheair,andhydroelectric
developmentsdon‟tgeneratetoxicby-products.
DisadvantagesofelectricityproducedusingHydroelectricity:
•Hydropowerisnon-polluting,butdoeshaveenvironmentalimpacts.Hydropowerfacilitiescanaffectlanduse,homes,and
naturalhabitatsinthedamarea.Reservoirsmaycoverpeople‟shomes,importantnaturalareas,agriculturalland,and
archaeologicalsites.
•Hydroelectricityishydrologydependent.Thesystemdependsonprecipitationlevels,whichcanfluctuatefromyeartoyear,
causinginstability.
•Insomecases,hydroelectricitycandisruptwildlifehabitat.Hydroelectricpowerplantscancausealossormodificationof
fishhabitat,andleadtotheentrapmentoffishandtherestrictionoftheirpassages.
•Insomecases,hydroelectricitycancausechangesinreservoirandstreamwaterquality.Operatingahydroelectricpower
plantmayalterthewatertemperatureandtheriver‟sflow.Thesechangesmayharmnativeplantsandanimalsintheriver
andonland.
Renewable resources
Wind Energy
•India‟sPotentialofwindenergyproduction:50,000MWbasedon
hubheightof50mand2%landusage.
•Atpresent,mostoftheinstalledwindcapacityislocatedinthe
north,south,andwest.India'seastandnortheastdonothaveany
grid-connectedwindpowerplants.
•SouthIndiahasthemaximumgrid-connectedinstalledwind
capacityfollowedbywestandnorth.
•TamilNaduistheleadingproducerofwindenergyfollowedby
Maharashtra,Gujarat,andRajasthan.
•Around75%ofIndia'swindpowergenerationoccursbetweenthe
monthsofMayandSeptemberi.e.,inthesouthwestmonsoon
season.
Windpowerorwindenergyistheuseofwindtoprovidethemechanicalpowerthroughwindturbinestoturnelectricgeneratorsand
traditionallytodootherwork,likemillingorpumping.
China 44, 733 MW
US 40,180 MW
Germany 27,215 MW
Spain 20,676 MW
India 13,000 MW
India -5th in wind capacity
Wind Energy
•India‟sPotentialofwindenergyproduction:50,000MWbasedon
hubheightof50mand2%landusage.
•Atpresent,mostoftheinstalledwindcapacityislocatedinthe
north,south,andwest.India'seastandnortheastdonothaveany
grid-connectedwindpowerplants.
•SouthIndiahasthemaximumgrid-connectedinstalledwind
capacityfollowedbywestandnorth.
•TamilNaduistheleadingproducerofwindenergyfollowedby
Maharashtra,Gujarat,andRajasthan.
•Around75%ofIndia'swindpowergenerationoccursbetweenthe
monthsofMayandSeptemberi.e.,inthesouthwestmonsoon
season.
Windpowerorwindenergyistheuseofwindtoprovidethemechanicalpowerthroughwindturbinestoturnelectricgeneratorsand
traditionallytodootherwork,likemillingorpumping.
China 44, 733 MW
US 40,180 MW
Germany 27,215 MW
Spain 20,676 MW
India 13,000 MW
India -5th in wind capacity
Renewable resources
Wind Energy
Wind Energy
Renewable resources
Wind Energy
AdvantagesofelectricityproducedusingWindEnergy:
•Windisareliableandinfiniterenewableenergyresource.
•Windenergyiscosteffective,andpricesaredroppingstill.
•Windenergyreducescarbonemissionswhenusedinsteadoffossilfuels.
•Fewrunningcostswhentheturbinesareupandrunning.
•Offshorewindfarmscantakeadvantageofoffshorewindflow,withoutaffectingthelandscapeview.
DisadvantagesofelectricityproducedusingWindEnergy:
•Windenergycanbeunpredictableastheamountofelectricitygeneratedisdependentonthespeedanddirectionofthe
wind.
•Windfarmscanaffectthevisualappearanceofthelandscape.
•Windturbinescandamagethehabitatsofbirdsandmarinelife.
•Windfarmscanbeexpensivetoconstruct
Wind Energy
AdvantagesofelectricityproducedusingWindEnergy:
•Windisareliableandinfiniterenewableenergyresource.
•Windenergyiscosteffective,andpricesaredroppingstill.
•Windenergyreducescarbonemissionswhenusedinsteadoffossilfuels.
•Fewrunningcostswhentheturbinesareupandrunning.
•Offshorewindfarmscantakeadvantageofoffshorewindflow,withoutaffectingthelandscapeview.
DisadvantagesofelectricityproducedusingWindEnergy:
•Windenergycanbeunpredictableastheamountofelectricitygeneratedisdependentonthespeedanddirectionofthe
wind.
•Windfarmscanaffectthevisualappearanceofthelandscape.
•Windturbinescandamagethehabitatsofbirdsandmarinelife.
•Windfarmscanbeexpensivetoconstruct
Renewable resources
Geothermal Energy
•Itiscompletelycleanandrenewable.
•Theearthcontainsamoltenrockcalledmagma.Thetemperature
increasesabout3degreesCelsius,forevery100metersyougo
belowground.Below,10,000metersthetemperatureissohigh,
thatitcanbeusedtoboilwater.
•Watermakesitswaydeepinsidetheearthandhotrockboilsthat
water.Theboilingwaterthenproducessteamwhichiscapturedby
geothermalheatpumps.Thesteamturnstheturbineswhichinturn
activatesgeneratorsandproduceselectricity.
•InIndia,bythetime,geothermalenergyinstalledcapacityis
experimental;however,thepotentialcapacityismorethan10,000
MW.
•TherearesevengeothermalprovincesinIndia:theHimalayas,
Sohana,Westcoast,Cambay,Son-Narmada-Tapi(SONATA),
Godavari,andMahanadi.
„Geo‟meansEarthand„thermal‟meansenergy.Geothermalenergymeansenergydrawnorharnessedfrombeneaththeearth.
Geothermal Energy
•Itiscompletelycleanandrenewable.
•Theearthcontainsamoltenrockcalledmagma.Thetemperature
increasesabout3degreesCelsius,forevery100metersyougo
belowground.Below,10,000metersthetemperatureissohigh,
thatitcanbeusedtoboilwater.
•Watermakesitswaydeepinsidetheearthandhotrockboilsthat
water.Theboilingwaterthenproducessteamwhichiscapturedby
geothermalheatpumps.Thesteamturnstheturbineswhichinturn
activatesgeneratorsandproduceselectricity.
•InIndia,bythetime,geothermalenergyinstalledcapacityis
experimental;however,thepotentialcapacityismorethan10,000
MW.
•TherearesevengeothermalprovincesinIndia:theHimalayas,
Sohana,Westcoast,Cambay,Son-Narmada-Tapi(SONATA),
Godavari,andMahanadi.
„Geo‟meansEarthand„thermal‟meansenergy.Geothermalenergymeansenergydrawnorharnessedfrombeneaththeearth.
Renewable resources
Geothermal Energy
Geothermal energy can be
used in two ways: -
Geothermal Energy
Geothermal energy can be
used in two ways: -
Renewable resources
Geothermal Energy
AdvantagesofelectricityproducedusingGeothermalEnergy:
•Geothermalenergyproducesnopollutionandreducesourallianceonfossilfuels.
•Italsoresultsinsignificantcostsavingsasnofuelisrequiredtoharnessenergyfrombeneaththeearth.
•Geothermalreservoirsarenaturallyreplenishedandthereforerenewable(itisnotpossibletoexhausttheresources).
•Massivepotential–upperestimatesshowaworldwidepotentialof2terawatts(TW).
•Excellentformeetingthebaseloadenergydemand(asopposedtootherrenewablessuchaswindandsolar).
•Greatforheatingandcooling–evensmallhouseholdscanbenefit.
•Harnessinggeothermalenergydoesnotinvolveanyfuels,whichmeanslesscostfluctuationsandstableelectricityprices.
•Smallfootprintonland–canbebuiltpartiallyunderground.
DisadvantagesofelectricityproducedusingGeothermalEnergy:
•Itissuitabletoparticularregionandcannotbeharnessedeverywhere.
•Theearthmayreleasesomeharmfulgaseswhilereleasingtheheatwhichmayproveadversefrommankind.
•Theareaswherethisenergyisharnessedarepronetoearthquakesandvolcanoes.Settingupofgeothermalpowerstations
requireshugeinstallationcost.
•Thereareheavyupfrontcostsassociatedwithbothgeothermalpowerplantsandgeothermalheating/coolingsystems.
Geothermal Energy
AdvantagesofelectricityproducedusingGeothermalEnergy:
•Geothermalenergyproducesnopollutionandreducesourallianceonfossilfuels.
•Italsoresultsinsignificantcostsavingsasnofuelisrequiredtoharnessenergyfrombeneaththeearth.
•Geothermalreservoirsarenaturallyreplenishedandthereforerenewable(itisnotpossibletoexhausttheresources).
•Massivepotential–upperestimatesshowaworldwidepotentialof2terawatts(TW).
•Excellentformeetingthebaseloadenergydemand(asopposedtootherrenewablessuchaswindandsolar).
•Greatforheatingandcooling–evensmallhouseholdscanbenefit.
•Harnessinggeothermalenergydoesnotinvolveanyfuels,whichmeanslesscostfluctuationsandstableelectricityprices.
•Smallfootprintonland–canbebuiltpartiallyunderground.
DisadvantagesofelectricityproducedusingGeothermalEnergy:
•Itissuitabletoparticularregionandcannotbeharnessedeverywhere.
•Theearthmayreleasesomeharmfulgaseswhilereleasingtheheatwhichmayproveadversefrommankind.
•Theareaswherethisenergyisharnessedarepronetoearthquakesandvolcanoes.Settingupofgeothermalpowerstations
requireshugeinstallationcost.
•Thereareheavyupfrontcostsassociatedwithbothgeothermalpowerplantsandgeothermalheating/coolingsystems.
Renewable resources
Tidal Energy
•Indiahasalongcoastline.Alsowithmanyestuariesandthegulfs,it
givesanenormousopportunityforIndiatodeveloptidalpowerfor
electricitygeneration.E.g.,GulfofCambayandtheGulfofKutchin
Gujarat.
•ThetidalpowergenerationworkisgoingonatDurgaduaniCreekin
Sunderbans.
•TotalidentifiedpotentialofTidalEnergyisabout9000MWinWest
CoastGulfofCambay(7000MW),GulfofKutch(1200MW)andin
EastCoasttheGangesDeltaintheSunderbansinWestBengalfor
smallscaletidalpowerdevelopmentestimatesthepotentialinthis
regiontobeabout100MW.
Tidalpowerortidalenergyistheformofhydropowerthatconvertstheenergyobtainedfromtidesintousefulformsofpower,mainly
electricity.Althoughnotyetwidelyused,tidalenergyhasthepotentialforfutureelectricitygeneration.Tidesaremorepredictable
thanthewindandthesun.
Tidal Energy
•Indiahasalongcoastline.Alsowithmanyestuariesandthegulfs,it
givesanenormousopportunityforIndiatodeveloptidalpowerfor
electricitygeneration.E.g.,GulfofCambayandtheGulfofKutchin
Gujarat.
•ThetidalpowergenerationworkisgoingonatDurgaduaniCreekin
Sunderbans.
•TotalidentifiedpotentialofTidalEnergyisabout9000MWinWest
CoastGulfofCambay(7000MW),GulfofKutch(1200MW)andin
EastCoasttheGangesDeltaintheSunderbansinWestBengalfor
smallscaletidalpowerdevelopmentestimatesthepotentialinthis
regiontobeabout100MW.
Tidalpowerortidalenergyistheformofhydropowerthatconvertstheenergyobtainedfromtidesintousefulformsofpower,mainly
electricity.Althoughnotyetwidelyused,tidalenergyhasthepotentialforfutureelectricitygeneration.Tidesaremorepredictable
thanthewindandthesun.
Renewable resources
Tidal Energy
Tidal Energy
Renewable resources
BIOMASS ENERGY
Thisistheprocessbywhichanalternativeenergyisgeneratedthroughconversionofbiologicalmaterialsandwastesintoforms
thatcanbeusedasenergysourcesforheating,powergenerationandtransportation.
•Biomassincludesplantoranimalmatterusedforproductionof
fibersorchemicals.Biomassmayalsoincludebiodegradable
wastesthatareburntasfuel.Itexcludesorganicmaterialsuch
asfossilfuelwhichhasbeentransformedbygeological
processesintosubstancessuchascoalorpetroleum.
•ThecurrentavailabilityofbiomassinIndiaisestimatedatabout
500millionmetrictonsperyear.StudiesbytheMinistryof
Petroleum&NaturalGashasestimatedsurplusbiomass
availabilityatabout120–150millionmetrictonsperannum
coveringagriculturalandforestryresiduescorrespondingtoa
potentialofabout18,000MW.
BIOMASS ENERGY
Thisistheprocessbywhichanalternativeenergyisgeneratedthroughconversionofbiologicalmaterialsandwastesintoforms
thatcanbeusedasenergysourcesforheating,powergenerationandtransportation.
•Biomassincludesplantoranimalmatterusedforproductionof
fibersorchemicals.Biomassmayalsoincludebiodegradable
wastesthatareburntasfuel.Itexcludesorganicmaterialsuch
asfossilfuelwhichhasbeentransformedbygeological
processesintosubstancessuchascoalorpetroleum.
•ThecurrentavailabilityofbiomassinIndiaisestimatedatabout
500millionmetrictonsperyear.StudiesbytheMinistryof
Petroleum&NaturalGashasestimatedsurplusbiomass
availabilityatabout120–150millionmetrictonsperannum
coveringagriculturalandforestryresiduescorrespondingtoa
potentialofabout18,000MW.
Renewable resources
BIOMASS ENERGY
BIOMASS ENERGY
Renewable resources
BIOMASS ENERGY
Bioethanol
•It is derived from corn and sugarcane using fermentation process.
•A litre of ethanol contains approximately two thirds of the energy provided by a litre of petrol.
•When mixed with petrol, it improves the combustion performance and lowers the emissions of carbon
monoxide and sulphur oxide.
Biodiesel
•It is derived from vegetable oils like soybean oil or palm oil, vegetable waste oils, and animal fats by a
biochemical process called “Transesterification.” Jatrophaplant is a major source.
•It produces very less or no amount of harmful gases as compared to diesel.
•It can be used as an alternative for the conventional diesel fuel.
Biogas
•It is produced by anaerobic decomposition of organic matter like sewage from animals and humans.
•Major proportion of biogas is methane and carbon dioxide, though it also has small proportions of
hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen, carbon monoxide and siloxanes.
•It is commonly used for heating, electricity and for automobiles.
Biofuels: Any hydrocarbon fuel that is produced from an organic matter (living or once living material) in a short period of
time (days, weeks, or even months) is considered a biofuel. E,g.,
BIOMASS ENERGY
Bioethanol
•It is derived from corn and sugarcane using fermentation process.
•A litre of ethanol contains approximately two thirds of the energy provided by a litre of petrol.
•When mixed with petrol, it improves the combustion performance and lowers the emissions of carbon
monoxide and sulphur oxide.
Biodiesel
•It is derived from vegetable oils like soybean oil or palm oil, vegetable waste oils, and animal fats by a
biochemical process called “Transesterification.” Jatrophaplant is a major source.
•It produces very less or no amount of harmful gases as compared to diesel.
•It can be used as an alternative for the conventional diesel fuel.
Biogas
•It is produced by anaerobic decomposition of organic matter like sewage from animals and humans.
•Major proportion of biogas is methane and carbon dioxide, though it also has small proportions of
hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen, carbon monoxide and siloxanes.
•It is commonly used for heating, electricity and for automobiles.
Biofuels: Any hydrocarbon fuel that is produced from an organic matter (living or once living material) in a short period of
time (days, weeks, or even months) is considered a biofuel. E,g.,
Land Use Change
Landusechangeisaprocess
which transformsthenatural
landscapebydirecthuman-induced
landusesuchassettlements,
commercialandeconomicusesand
forestryactivities.
Itimpactstheoverallenvironmentin
termsofgreenhousegasemission,
landdegradationandclimatechange.
Data:AccordingtotheIntergovernmental
PlatformonBiodiversityandEcosystem
Services(IPBES),over70%ofall
natural,ice-freelandintheworldis
affectedbyhumanuse.Thiscould
furtherriseto90%by2050.
Land use change: Delhi
Landusechangeisaprocess
which transformsthenatural
landscapebydirecthuman-induced
landusesuchassettlements,
commercialandeconomicusesand
forestryactivities.
Itimpactstheoverallenvironmentin
termsofgreenhousegasemission,
landdegradationandclimatechange.
Data:AccordingtotheIntergovernmental
PlatformonBiodiversityandEcosystem
Services(IPBES),over70%ofall
natural,ice-freelandintheworldis
affectedbyhumanuse.Thiscould
furtherriseto90%by2050.
Land use change: Delhi
Land Use Change
PossibleReasonsforlandusechange
PopulationGrowth:Fastpopulationgrowthandthe
consequenthighpressureonresourceshaveanadverse
effectontheexistingnaturalresourcesofthelandarea.
EncroachmentofLand:Substantialincreaseindemand
forfoodhasresultedinanexpansionofcroplandsby
encroachingonuncultivatedareasincludingforest,shrub
andwetlands.
UseofForestResource:Continuousandexhaustive
thinningofforestryresourcesfordiverseuses,particularly
forconstruction,firewoodandagriculturaltoolsledtothe
degradationofforestcultivatedland.
GrazingatCultivatedLand:Farmersoftenabandonand
leavethecultivatedlandforgrazingpurposesduetothe
decliningofitssoilfertilitystatus.
DestructionofWetlands:Theconversionofthewetlandto
thecultivatedandsettlementlandleadstothedestructionof
wetlands.
Solutions:
ClimateSmartLandManagement Practices:
AccordingtoareportbyIPCConlanduse,increased
food productivity,improved cropland
management,livestockmanagement,agroforestry,
increasedsoilorganiccarboncontentandreduced
post-harvestlosseswouldhelpinecosystem
conservationandlandrestoration.
ForestManagement:Improvedfiremanagement
andimprovedgrazinglandcanhelpinland
restoration.
RestoreandRehabilitate:ToachieveLand
DegradationNeutrality(SustainableDevelopment
Goaltarget15.3),additionalcommitmentsintheland
use sector.
PossibleReasonsforlandusechange
PopulationGrowth:Fastpopulationgrowthandthe
consequenthighpressureonresourceshaveanadverse
effectontheexistingnaturalresourcesofthelandarea.
EncroachmentofLand:Substantialincreaseindemand
forfoodhasresultedinanexpansionofcroplandsby
encroachingonuncultivatedareasincludingforest,shrub
andwetlands.
UseofForestResource:Continuousandexhaustive
thinningofforestryresourcesfordiverseuses,particularly
forconstruction,firewoodandagriculturaltoolsledtothe
degradationofforestcultivatedland.
GrazingatCultivatedLand:Farmersoftenabandonand
leavethecultivatedlandforgrazingpurposesduetothe
decliningofitssoilfertilitystatus.
DestructionofWetlands:Theconversionofthewetlandto
thecultivatedandsettlementlandleadstothedestructionof
wetlands.
Solutions:
ClimateSmartLandManagement Practices:
AccordingtoareportbyIPCConlanduse,increased
food productivity,improved cropland
management,livestockmanagement,agroforestry,
increasedsoilorganiccarboncontentandreduced
post-harvestlosseswouldhelpinecosystem
conservationandlandrestoration.
ForestManagement:Improvedfiremanagement
andimprovedgrazinglandcanhelpinland
restoration.
RestoreandRehabilitate:ToachieveLand
DegradationNeutrality(SustainableDevelopment
Goaltarget15.3),additionalcommitmentsintheland
use sector.
Land Degradation
Land Degradation
Land Degradation
•Landdegradationisthedeclineinsoilqualitycaused
byitsimproperuse,usuallyforagricultural,pastoral,
industrialorurbanpurposes.
•Soildegradationisaseriousglobalenvironmental
problemandmaybeexacerbatedbyclimatechange.
•Itencompassesphysical(soilerosion),chemical
(salinityandalkalinity,pollution)andbiological
deterioration(pollutionanddeteriorationofvegetal
cover).
SolutionsBox:
Therearetwotypesofsolutions:Thosewithimmediateimpactsuch
asconservationofwetlands,rangelandsandmangroveswhich
absorbhugestocksofGHGslikeCO2fromtheatmosphere.There
areothersolutionsthataremorelong-term:Plantingoftrees,
reforestationandafforestation.
Avoiding,reducingandreversingdesertificationwouldenhancesoil
fertilityandincreasecarbonstorageinsoilsandbiomasswhile
benefitingagriculturalproductivityandfoodsecurity.
Creationofwindbreaksthroughafforestation,treeplantingand
ecosystemrestorationprogrammesthatcanfunctionas“greenwalls”
and“greendams”thatreducedustandsandstormsandsanddune
movement.
•Landdegradationisthedeclineinsoilqualitycaused
byitsimproperuse,usuallyforagricultural,pastoral,
industrialorurbanpurposes.
•Soildegradationisaseriousglobalenvironmental
problemandmaybeexacerbatedbyclimatechange.
•Itencompassesphysical(soilerosion),chemical
(salinityandalkalinity,pollution)andbiological
deterioration(pollutionanddeteriorationofvegetal
cover).
SolutionsBox:
Therearetwotypesofsolutions:Thosewithimmediateimpactsuch
asconservationofwetlands,rangelandsandmangroveswhich
absorbhugestocksofGHGslikeCO2fromtheatmosphere.There
areothersolutionsthataremorelong-term:Plantingoftrees,
reforestationandafforestation.
Avoiding,reducingandreversingdesertificationwouldenhancesoil
fertilityandincreasecarbonstorageinsoilsandbiomasswhile
benefitingagriculturalproductivityandfoodsecurity.
Creationofwindbreaksthroughafforestation,treeplantingand
ecosystemrestorationprogrammesthatcanfunctionas“greenwalls”
and“greendams”thatreducedustandsandstormsandsanddune
movement.
Land Degradation
Soil Erosion
Theword"erosion"isderivedfromtheLatin"erosio",meaningto
"tognawaway".Ingeneraltermssoilerosionimpliestothe
physicalremovaloftopsoilbyvariousagents,includingrain,
waterflowingoverandthroughthesoilprofile,wind,iceor
gravitationalpull.MainagentsofsoilerosionareWater,
Wind,WavesandGlaciers.
1.WaterErosion:Itiscausedbytheactionofwater,which
removesthesoilbyfallingonasraindropsaswellasbyits
surfaceflowaction.Dependingupontheformofthelostsoilit
maybe:
(a)Sheeterosion:Theremovedsoilislikeathincovering
fromlargearea.Thissheetislostmoreorlessuniformly.
(b)Rillerosion:Ifsheeterosionoccurswithfullforce,the
runoffwatermovesrapidlyoverthesoilsurfacecuttingwell
definedfinger-shapedgroovelikestructures,appearingasthin
channelsorstreams.
(c)Gullyerosion:Thisresultsduetotheconvergenceof
severalrills(thinchannelsformedduringrillerosion)towardsthe
steepslope,whichformtogetherwiderchannels(grooves)of
water,knownasgullies.
Soil Erosion
Theword"erosion"isderivedfromtheLatin"erosio",meaningto
"tognawaway".Ingeneraltermssoilerosionimpliestothe
physicalremovaloftopsoilbyvariousagents,includingrain,
waterflowingoverandthroughthesoilprofile,wind,iceor
gravitationalpull.MainagentsofsoilerosionareWater,
Wind,WavesandGlaciers.
1.WaterErosion:Itiscausedbytheactionofwater,which
removesthesoilbyfallingonasraindropsaswellasbyits
surfaceflowaction.Dependingupontheformofthelostsoilit
maybe:
(a)Sheeterosion:Theremovedsoilislikeathincovering
fromlargearea.Thissheetislostmoreorlessuniformly.
(b)Rillerosion:Ifsheeterosionoccurswithfullforce,the
runoffwatermovesrapidlyoverthesoilsurfacecuttingwell
definedfinger-shapedgroovelikestructures,appearingasthin
channelsorstreams.
(c)Gullyerosion:Thisresultsduetotheconvergenceof
severalrills(thinchannelsformedduringrillerosion)towardsthe
steepslope,whichformtogetherwiderchannels(grooves)of
water,knownasgullies.
Land Degradation
Soil Erosion
2.Winderosion:Itiscommonindry(arid)regionwheresoilis
chieflysandyandthevegetationisverypoororevenabsent.
Oncethetopsoilislaidbaretothefuryofstrongwinds,itgets
blownoffintheformofduststormandsandstorm.Winderosion
maybeofthefollowingtwotypes:
(a)Suspension:Thewindthrowsawaysmallestsoilparticles
intoair,whichmovesasfineclusterwiththewind.Bythisway
soilsaretransportedtofairlylongdistances.
(b)Surfacecreep:theheavierparticlesofsoilthatarenoteasily
thrownupbywind,aresimplypushedorspreadalongthe
surfacebywind.
Soil Erosion
2.Winderosion:Itiscommonindry(arid)regionwheresoilis
chieflysandyandthevegetationisverypoororevenabsent.
Oncethetopsoilislaidbaretothefuryofstrongwinds,itgets
blownoffintheformofduststormandsandstorm.Winderosion
maybeofthefollowingtwotypes:
(a)Suspension:Thewindthrowsawaysmallestsoilparticles
intoair,whichmovesasfineclusterwiththewind.Bythisway
soilsaretransportedtofairlylongdistances.
(b)Surfacecreep:theheavierparticlesofsoilthatarenoteasily
thrownupbywind,aresimplypushedorspreadalongthe
surfacebywind.
Land Degradation
Methods of controlling Soil Erosion
a)Contourfarming:Inwhichpreparationoffields
withalternatefurrowsandridgestoreducewater
flow.
b)Mulching:Itiseffectiveagainstwindaswellas
wastererosion.Somesuchplantsasmaize
stalks,cottonstalksetc.,areusedasa'mulch'(a
protectivelayerformedbythestubble).Mulches
reducesoilmoistureevaporationandincrease
amountofsoilmoisturebyadditionoforganic
mattertosoil.
c)Croprotation:Itdecreasessoillossand
preservestheproductivityofland.
d)Stripcropping:Itinvolvestheplantingofcropin
rowsorstripstocheckflowofwater
e)Streambankprotection:Togrowvegetation
alongsidetheriverbank,toconstructdrains,
concreteorstonePitchingetc.forchecking&
cuttingandcarving'ofriverbanks.
f)Afforestation:Treesaswindbreaksareplanted
at90°totheprevailingwindindesertswhich
checkthevelocityofwind.Theycheckthespread
ofsanddunesordesertconditionsorblowing
awayofthefertiletopsoil.Windbreaksmaybe
plantedinseveralrows.
Methods of controlling Soil Erosion
a)Contourfarming:Inwhichpreparationoffields
withalternatefurrowsandridgestoreducewater
flow.
b)Mulching:Itiseffectiveagainstwindaswellas
wastererosion.Somesuchplantsasmaize
stalks,cottonstalksetc.,areusedasa'mulch'(a
protectivelayerformedbythestubble).Mulches
reducesoilmoistureevaporationandincrease
amountofsoilmoisturebyadditionoforganic
mattertosoil.
c)Croprotation:Itdecreasessoillossand
preservestheproductivityofland.
d)Stripcropping:Itinvolvestheplantingofcropin
rowsorstripstocheckflowofwater
e)Streambankprotection:Togrowvegetation
alongsidetheriverbank,toconstructdrains,
concreteorstonePitchingetc.forchecking&
cuttingandcarving'ofriverbanks.
f)Afforestation:Treesaswindbreaksareplanted
at90°totheprevailingwindindesertswhich
checkthevelocityofwind.Theycheckthespread
ofsanddunesordesertconditionsorblowing
awayofthefertiletopsoil.Windbreaksmaybe
plantedinseveralrows.
Land Degradation
Desertification
Desertification
Land Degradation
Desertification
•Desertificationisthespreadofdesert-like
conditionsinaridorsemi-aridareasdueto
man‟sinfluenceorclimaticchange.
•Alargepartofthearidandsemi-aridregion
lyingbetweentheIndusandtheAravallirange
isaffectedbyspreadingdesertconditions.
•Desertsoilssuffermaximumerosionbywind.
Thesandcarriedbywindisdepositedonthe
adjoiningfertilelandswhosefertilitydwindles,
andslowlythefertilelandstartsmergingwith
theadvancingdesert.
•IthasbeenestimatedthattheTharDesertis
advancingatanalarmingrateofabout0.5km
peryear.
•Theprocessofdesertificationisattributedto
uncontrolledgrazing,recklessfellingoftrees
andgrowingpopulation.Climatechangehas
alsocontributedtothespreadofdeserts.
Desertification
•Desertificationisthespreadofdesert-like
conditionsinaridorsemi-aridareasdueto
man‟sinfluenceorclimaticchange.
•Alargepartofthearidandsemi-aridregion
lyingbetweentheIndusandtheAravallirange
isaffectedbyspreadingdesertconditions.
•Desertsoilssuffermaximumerosionbywind.
Thesandcarriedbywindisdepositedonthe
adjoiningfertilelandswhosefertilitydwindles,
andslowlythefertilelandstartsmergingwith
theadvancingdesert.
•IthasbeenestimatedthattheTharDesertis
advancingatanalarmingrateofabout0.5km
peryear.
•Theprocessofdesertificationisattributedto
uncontrolledgrazing,recklessfellingoftrees
andgrowingpopulation.Climatechangehas
alsocontributedtothespreadofdeserts.
Land Degradation
Desertification Vulnerability Map
Desertification Vulnerability Map
Land Degradation
Desertification
EcologicalimplicationsofDesertification
•Driftingofsandanditsaccumulationonfertileagriculturalland.
•Excessivesoilerosionbywindandtosomeextentbywater.
•Depositionofsandinrivers,lakesdecreasetheirwatercontaining
capacity.
•Loweringofwatertableleadingtoacutewatershortage.
•Increaseinareaunderwastelands.
•Decreaseinagriculturalproduction.
•Increaseinfrequencyandintensityofdroughts.
MeasuresofControllingDesertification
•Intensivetreeplantationinthetransition
zones.
•Mulchingshiftingsanddunesindesertswith
differentplantspecies.Mulchesserveasan
effectivephysicalbarriertothemovingsand.
•Grazingshouldbecontrolled,andnew
pasturesshouldbedeveloped.
•Indiscriminatefellingoftreesshouldbe
banned.
•Alternativesourcesoffuelcanreducethe
demandforfuelwood.
•Sandyandwastelandsshouldbeputto
properusebyjudiciousplanning.
Desertification
EcologicalimplicationsofDesertification
•Driftingofsandanditsaccumulationonfertileagriculturalland.
•Excessivesoilerosionbywindandtosomeextentbywater.
•Depositionofsandinrivers,lakesdecreasetheirwatercontaining
capacity.
•Loweringofwatertableleadingtoacutewatershortage.
•Increaseinareaunderwastelands.
•Decreaseinagriculturalproduction.
•Increaseinfrequencyandintensityofdroughts.
MeasuresofControllingDesertification
•Intensivetreeplantationinthetransition
zones.
•Mulchingshiftingsanddunesindesertswith
differentplantspecies.Mulchesserveasan
effectivephysicalbarriertothemovingsand.
•Grazingshouldbecontrolled,andnew
pasturesshouldbedeveloped.
•Indiscriminatefellingoftreesshouldbe
banned.
•Alternativesourcesoffuelcanreducethe
demandforfuelwood.
•Sandyandwastelandsshouldbeputto
properusebyjudiciousplanning.
Land Degradation
Desertification
UnitedNationsConventiontoCombatDesertification(1994)
UnitedNationsConventiontoCombatDesertification(UNCCD)isthesolelegallybindinginternationalagreementlinking
environmentanddevelopmenttosustainablelandmanagement.
ItistheonlyconventionstemmingfromadirectrecommendationoftheRioConference‟sAgenda21.
FocusAreas:TheConventionaddressesspecificallythearid,semi-aridanddrysub-humidareas,knownasthe
drylands,wheresomeofthemostvulnerableecosystemsandpeoplescanbefound.
FromIndia,theMinistryofEnvironment,ForestandClimateChangeisthenodalMinistryforthisConvention.
WorldDaytoCombatDesertificationandDrought2020:June17
International agreement
Desertification
UnitedNationsConventiontoCombatDesertification(1994)
UnitedNationsConventiontoCombatDesertification(UNCCD)isthesolelegallybindinginternationalagreementlinking
environmentanddevelopmenttosustainablelandmanagement.
ItistheonlyconventionstemmingfromadirectrecommendationoftheRioConference‟sAgenda21.
FocusAreas:TheConventionaddressesspecificallythearid,semi-aridanddrysub-humidareas,knownasthe
drylands,wheresomeofthemostvulnerableecosystemsandpeoplescanbefound.
FromIndia,theMinistryofEnvironment,ForestandClimateChangeisthenodalMinistryforthisConvention.
WorldDaytoCombatDesertificationandDrought2020:June17
International agreement
Deforestation
Deforestationisthepermanentremovaloftreestomakeroomforsomethingbesidesforest.Thiscaninclude
clearingthelandforagricultureorgrazing,orusingthetimberforfuel,constructionormanufacturing.
GlobalForestWatchclaimsIndialost16,700sqkmoftreecoverfrom
2000to2018,thoughIndiandatadisputesthis.Theplatformrunby
WorldResourcesInstituteusessatelliteimagerytogatherdataand
differsfromofficialIndianmethodologyindefiningtreecover.
Deforestationisthepermanentremovaloftreestomakeroomforsomethingbesidesforest.Thiscaninclude
clearingthelandforagricultureorgrazing,orusingthetimberforfuel,constructionormanufacturing.
GlobalForestWatchclaimsIndialost16,700sqkmoftreecoverfrom
2000to2018,thoughIndiandatadisputesthis.Theplatformrunby
WorldResourcesInstituteusessatelliteimagerytogatherdataand
differsfromofficialIndianmethodologyindefiningtreecover.
Causes of Deforestation
Growingfooddemand:Tomeetthefooddemandofrapidly
growingpopulationmoreandmoreforestsareclearedofffor
agriculturalpurpose.
Firewood:Increasingdemandofwoodforfuelincreasespressure
onforests.
Rawmaterialforwoodbasedindustry:Increasingdemandof
woodformakingfurniture,plywood,matchboxetcresultsinto
tremendouspressureonforests.
Infrastructuredevelopment:Massivedestructionofforestoccurs
forvariousinfrastructuredevelopmentlike,bigdams,highways
projectsetc.
Forestfires:Forestfiresmaybenaturalormanmadecausea
hugelossofforest
Overgrazing:Overgrazingoflandbycattleresultintosoilerosion,
desertification.
Naturalforces:Floods,storms,heavywinds,snow,lighteningare
someofthenaturalforces
Urbanization:Overpopulationtoodirectlyaffectsforestcovers,as
withtheexpansionofcitiesmorelandisneededtoestablish
housingandsettlements.
Mining:Oilandcoalminingrequireconsiderableamountofforest
land.Apartfromthis,roadsandhighwayshavetobebuilttomake
wayfortrucksandotherequipment.
Growingfooddemand:Tomeetthefooddemandofrapidly
growingpopulationmoreandmoreforestsareclearedofffor
agriculturalpurpose.
Firewood:Increasingdemandofwoodforfuelincreasespressure
onforests.
Rawmaterialforwoodbasedindustry:Increasingdemandof
woodformakingfurniture,plywood,matchboxetcresultsinto
tremendouspressureonforests.
Infrastructuredevelopment:Massivedestructionofforestoccurs
forvariousinfrastructuredevelopmentlike,bigdams,highways
projectsetc.
Forestfires:Forestfiresmaybenaturalormanmadecausea
hugelossofforest
Overgrazing:Overgrazingoflandbycattleresultintosoilerosion,
desertification.
Naturalforces:Floods,storms,heavywinds,snow,lighteningare
someofthenaturalforces
Urbanization:Overpopulationtoodirectlyaffectsforestcovers,as
withtheexpansionofcitiesmorelandisneededtoestablish
housingandsettlements.
Mining:Oilandcoalminingrequireconsiderableamountofforest
land.Apartfromthis,roadsandhighwayshavetobebuilttomake
wayfortrucksandotherequipment.
Effects of Deforestation
Forestsarecomplexecosystemsthatareimportanttothecarbonandwatercyclesthatsustainlifeonearth.Whentheyare
degraded,itcansetoffadevastatingchainofeventsbothlocallyandaroundtheworld.
LossofSpecies:Seventypercentoftheworld‟splantsand
animalsliveinforestsandarelosingtheirhabitatsto
deforestation.Lossofhabitatcanleadtospeciesextinction.
Thisisnotonlyabiodiversitytragedybutalsohasnegative
consequencesformedicinalresearchandlocalpopulationswho
relyontheanimalsandplantsintheforestsforhuntingand
medicine.
CarbonEmissions:Healthyforestshelpabsorbgreenhouse
gassesandcarbonemissionsthatarecausedbyhuman
civilizationandcontributetoglobalclimatechange.Without
trees,morecarbonandgreenhousegassesenterthe
atmosphere.
WaterCycle:Treesplayanimportantpartinthewatercycle,
groundingthewaterintheirrootsandreleasingitintothe
atmosphere.
SoilErosion:Withouttreerootstoanchorthesoilandwith
increasedexposuretosun,thesoilcandryout,leadingto
problemslikeincreasedfloodingandinabilitytofarm.
LifeQuality:Soilerosioncanalsoleadtosiltenteringthelakes,
streams,andotherwatersources.Thiscandecreaselocal
waterquality,contributingtopoorhealthinthelocalpopulation.
Forestsarecomplexecosystemsthatareimportanttothecarbonandwatercyclesthatsustainlifeonearth.Whentheyare
degraded,itcansetoffadevastatingchainofeventsbothlocallyandaroundtheworld.
LossofSpecies:Seventypercentoftheworld‟splantsand
animalsliveinforestsandarelosingtheirhabitatsto
deforestation.Lossofhabitatcanleadtospeciesextinction.
Thisisnotonlyabiodiversitytragedybutalsohasnegative
consequencesformedicinalresearchandlocalpopulationswho
relyontheanimalsandplantsintheforestsforhuntingand
medicine.
CarbonEmissions:Healthyforestshelpabsorbgreenhouse
gassesandcarbonemissionsthatarecausedbyhuman
civilizationandcontributetoglobalclimatechange.Without
trees,morecarbonandgreenhousegassesenterthe
atmosphere.
WaterCycle:Treesplayanimportantpartinthewatercycle,
groundingthewaterintheirrootsandreleasingitintothe
atmosphere.
SoilErosion:Withouttreerootstoanchorthesoilandwith
increasedexposuretosun,thesoilcandryout,leadingto
problemslikeincreasedfloodingandinabilitytofarm.
LifeQuality:Soilerosioncanalsoleadtosiltenteringthelakes,
streams,andotherwatersources.Thiscandecreaselocal
waterquality,contributingtopoorhealthinthelocalpopulation.
Impact of Dam Building
Whydoweneeddams?
oIrrigationofcroplands
oMunicipalwateruse
oHydroelectricitygeneration
oFloodmanagementandregulatingriverflow
oIndustrialwatersupply
Whydoweneeddams?
oIrrigationofcroplands
oMunicipalwateruse
oHydroelectricitygeneration
oFloodmanagementandregulatingriverflow
oIndustrialwatersupply
Impact of Dam Building
Habitatfragmentation:Unlessspecificallyengineeredtoallow
fishtopassthroughthem,damspresentabarriertofishthat
needtomigratetospawnandreproducedownstreamand
upstreamalongariver.
Flooding and thedestructionofsurrounding
habitat:Dammedriverscreateareservoirupstreamfromthe
dam,whichspillsoutintothesurroundingenvironmentsand
floodsecosystemsandhabitatsthatonceexistedthere.Such
floodingcankillordisplacemanydifferentorganisms,including
plants,wildlife,andhumans.
Greenhousegases:Thefloodingofsurroundinghabitataround
damskillstreesandotherplantlifethatthendecomposesand
releaseslargeamountsofcarbonintotheatmosphere.Because
theriverisnolongerflowingfreely,thewaterbecomesstagnant
andthebottomofthereservoirbecomesdepletedofoxygen.This
lackofoxygencreatesasituationwheremethane(averypotent
greenhousegas)isproducedfromthedecompositionoftheplant
materialsatthebottomofthereservoirthateventuallygets
releasedintotheatmosphere,contributingtoglobalclimate
change.
Habitatfragmentation:Unlessspecificallyengineeredtoallow
fishtopassthroughthem,damspresentabarriertofishthat
needtomigratetospawnandreproducedownstreamand
upstreamalongariver.
Flooding and thedestructionofsurrounding
habitat:Dammedriverscreateareservoirupstreamfromthe
dam,whichspillsoutintothesurroundingenvironmentsand
floodsecosystemsandhabitatsthatonceexistedthere.Such
floodingcankillordisplacemanydifferentorganisms,including
plants,wildlife,andhumans.
Greenhousegases:Thefloodingofsurroundinghabitataround
damskillstreesandotherplantlifethatthendecomposesand
releaseslargeamountsofcarbonintotheatmosphere.Because
theriverisnolongerflowingfreely,thewaterbecomesstagnant
andthebottomofthereservoirbecomesdepletedofoxygen.This
lackofoxygencreatesasituationwheremethane(averypotent
greenhousegas)isproducedfromthedecompositionoftheplant
materialsatthebottomofthereservoirthateventuallygets
releasedintotheatmosphere,contributingtoglobalclimate
change.
Impact of Dam Building
Sedimentbuildsupbehindthedam:Becauseadammedriverno
longerflowsfreely,thesedimentthatwouldhaveotherwisebeen
depositednaturallydownstreambeginstobuildupbehindthedam,
formingnewriverbanksandriverdeltas.Thesechangesin
sedimentationcanleadtodramaticalterationsinplantlifeandanimal
lifeandhowtheyaredistributed.
Downstreamsedimenterosion:Duetotherestrictionsinthe
sedimentflowaboveadam,thelackofsedimentthatwouldhave
oncefloweddownstreamultimatelyleadstoadeficiencyin
sedimentload,andtherefore,leadstoanincreaseindownstream
erosion.
Negativeimpactsonlocalfishpopulations:Typically,localfish
specieswillnotbeadaptedtothenewenvironmentthatispresent
afteradamisbuiltanddonotsurvive,leadingtotheextirpationof
localpopulations.Manyfactorsimpacttheirsurvival,includingthe
blockageofmigrationroutes,adisconnectionfromtheriver‟sflood
plain,changesinariver‟sflow,changesintemperature,turbidity,
dissolvedoxygen,andchangesinlocalplantlife.
Productionofmethyl-mercury:Thestagnantwaterinreservoirs
createsasituationwherethedecompositionoforganicmatterfrom
decayingplantscantransforminorganicmercuryintomethy-mercury.
Unfortunately,methyl-mercurytendstobio-accumalateandcause
toxiceffectsinhumansandwildlifethateatthefishinreservoirs.
Sedimentbuildsupbehindthedam:Becauseadammedriverno
longerflowsfreely,thesedimentthatwouldhaveotherwisebeen
depositednaturallydownstreambeginstobuildupbehindthedam,
formingnewriverbanksandriverdeltas.Thesechangesin
sedimentationcanleadtodramaticalterationsinplantlifeandanimal
lifeandhowtheyaredistributed.
Downstreamsedimenterosion:Duetotherestrictionsinthe
sedimentflowaboveadam,thelackofsedimentthatwouldhave
oncefloweddownstreamultimatelyleadstoadeficiencyin
sedimentload,andtherefore,leadstoanincreaseindownstream
erosion.
Negativeimpactsonlocalfishpopulations:Typically,localfish
specieswillnotbeadaptedtothenewenvironmentthatispresent
afteradamisbuiltanddonotsurvive,leadingtotheextirpationof
localpopulations.Manyfactorsimpacttheirsurvival,includingthe
blockageofmigrationroutes,adisconnectionfromtheriver‟sflood
plain,changesinariver‟sflow,changesintemperature,turbidity,
dissolvedoxygen,andchangesinlocalplantlife.
Productionofmethyl-mercury:Thestagnantwaterinreservoirs
createsasituationwherethedecompositionoforganicmatterfrom
decayingplantscantransforminorganicmercuryintomethy-mercury.
Unfortunately,methyl-mercurytendstobio-accumalateandcause
toxiceffectsinhumansandwildlifethateatthefishinreservoirs.
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF MINING
MiningistheextractionofvaluablemineralsorothergeologicalmaterialsfromtheEarth.Mineralsareremoved
throughavarietyofmethodsthatvarywidelyintheircosts,safetyfactors,andlevelsofenvironmentalharm
Avarietyofmethodsareusedbasedonmineraldepth.
Surfacemining:shallowdepositsareremoved.
Subsurfacemining:deepdepositsareremoved.
MiningistheextractionofvaluablemineralsorothergeologicalmaterialsfromtheEarth.Mineralsareremoved
throughavarietyofmethodsthatvarywidelyintheircosts,safetyfactors,andlevelsofenvironmentalharm
Avarietyofmethodsareusedbasedonmineraldepth.
Surfacemining:shallowdepositsareremoved.
Subsurfacemining:deepdepositsareremoved.
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF MINING
Lossofbiodiversityandlocalheritageduetomining
activities.
EnvironmentalpollutionhasbeencausedbytheMakrana
marbleminesinRajasthan,theGraniteminesofKarnataka
haveleftalargeholeonearth,Damodarriverhasbeen
severelypollutedbycoalmining.
Theprevalenceofmininginanareacauses
variousdiseaseslikefibrosis,Pneumoconiosis,andsilicosis
inworkersaswellaslocals.
WaterPollution–waterfromstreamsandriversinmining
areashavebecomeacidicandunfitfordrinking.Eg:
Meghalaya‟sKopiliriver,Damodarriveretc.
Contaminatedairwithhighparticulatemattersisalsoamajor
probleminminingrichregions.
Largescaledisplacementoflocalpeopleleadstogrievances
andimproperrehabilitationmeasures,thereby,leadingto
people‟salienationanddevelopdistrustoverthegovernment
machinery.
It'snotjustalossoflandforthelocalpopulationratherthe
lossofatribalwayoflifeandtheirrichculturalheritage.
Miningalsoputsthelivesofminersatriskduetothe
rudimentarywaysadoptedandtheabsenceofadequate
safetygearandprotocols.Forinstance,mine-related
accidentsatKsancoalmineinMeghalaya-JaintiaHills
(2018),ChasnalanearDhanbadin1975.
Lossofbiodiversityandlocalheritageduetomining
activities.
EnvironmentalpollutionhasbeencausedbytheMakrana
marbleminesinRajasthan,theGraniteminesofKarnataka
haveleftalargeholeonearth,Damodarriverhasbeen
severelypollutedbycoalmining.
Theprevalenceofmininginanareacauses
variousdiseaseslikefibrosis,Pneumoconiosis,andsilicosis
inworkersaswellaslocals.
WaterPollution–waterfromstreamsandriversinmining
areashavebecomeacidicandunfitfordrinking.Eg:
Meghalaya‟sKopiliriver,Damodarriveretc.
Contaminatedairwithhighparticulatemattersisalsoamajor
probleminminingrichregions.
Largescaledisplacementoflocalpeopleleadstogrievances
andimproperrehabilitationmeasures,thereby,leadingto
people‟salienationanddevelopdistrustoverthegovernment
machinery.
It'snotjustalossoflandforthelocalpopulationratherthe
lossofatribalwayoflifeandtheirrichculturalheritage.
Miningalsoputsthelivesofminersatriskduetothe
rudimentarywaysadoptedandtheabsenceofadequate
safetygearandprotocols.Forinstance,mine-related
accidentsatKsancoalmineinMeghalaya-JaintiaHills
(2018),ChasnalanearDhanbadin1975.
Natural Capital Degradation
Extracting, Processing, and Using Nonrenewable Mineral and Energy Resources
Steps Environmental effects
Mining Disturbed land; mining accidents; health
hazards, mine waste dumping, oil spills
and blowouts; noise; ugliness; heat
Exploration,
extraction
Processing
Solid wastes; radioactive material; air,
water, and soil pollution; noise; safety
and health hazards; ugliness; heat
Transportation,
purification,
manufacturing
Use
Noise; ugliness; thermal water
pollution; pollution of air, water, and
soil; solid and radioactive wastes; safety
and health hazards; heat
Transportation or transmission
to individual user, eventual
use, and discarding
Extracting, Processing, and Using Nonrenewable Mineral and Energy Resources
Steps Environmental effects
Mining Disturbed land; mining accidents; health
hazards, mine waste dumping, oil spills
and blowouts; noise; ugliness; heat
Exploration,
extraction
Processing
Solid wastes; radioactive material; air,
water, and soil pollution; noise; safety
and health hazards; ugliness; heat
Transportation,
purification,
manufacturing
Use
Noise; ugliness; thermal water
pollution; pollution of air, water, and
soil; solid and radioactive wastes; safety
and health hazards; heat
Transportation or transmission
to individual user, eventual
use, and discarding
Water resources and its uses
Water resources and its uses
Girl carrying water from a well across dried out and
cracked earth during a severe drought in Rajasthan, India.
Supply of water through tankers in Delhi, India.
Girl carrying water from a well across dried out and
cracked earth during a severe drought in Rajasthan, India.
Supply of water through tankers in Delhi, India.
Where is Earth’s water?
Water resources
Water Cycle
Naturalcapital:Groundwatersystem.Anunconfinedaquiferisanaquiferwitha
permeablewatertable.
Aconfinedaquiferisboundedaboveandbelowbylesspermeablebedsofrock,
anditswaterisconfinedunderpressure.Someaquifersarereplenishedby
precipitation;othersarenot.
Thehydrologiccyclebeginswiththe
evaporationofwaterfromthesurfaceof
theocean.Asmoistairislifted,itcools
andwatervaporcondensestoform
clouds.Moistureistransportedaround
theglobeuntilitreturnstothesurface
asprecipitation.
Oncethewaterreachestheground,
oneoftwoprocessesmayoccur;
(1)someofthewatermayevaporate
backintotheatmosphereor
(2)thewatermaypenetratethesurface
andbecomegroundwater.
Groundwatereitherseepsitswayto
intotheoceans,rivers,andstreams,or
isreleasedbackintotheatmosphere
throughtranspiration.
Water Cycle
Naturalcapital:Groundwatersystem.Anunconfinedaquiferisanaquiferwitha
permeablewatertable.
Aconfinedaquiferisboundedaboveandbelowbylesspermeablebedsofrock,
anditswaterisconfinedunderpressure.Someaquifersarereplenishedby
precipitation;othersarenot.
Thehydrologiccyclebeginswiththe
evaporationofwaterfromthesurfaceof
theocean.Asmoistairislifted,itcools
andwatervaporcondensestoform
clouds.Moistureistransportedaround
theglobeuntilitreturnstothesurface
asprecipitation.
Oncethewaterreachestheground,
oneoftwoprocessesmayoccur;
(1)someofthewatermayevaporate
backintotheatmosphereor
(2)thewatermaypenetratethesurface
andbecomegroundwater.
Groundwatereitherseepsitswayto
intotheoceans,rivers,andstreams,or
isreleasedbackintotheatmosphere
throughtranspiration.
Water resources
Natural capital degradation: stress on the world‟s major river basins, based on a comparison of
the amount of water available with the amount used by humans.
Natural capital degradation: stress on the world‟s major river basins, based on a comparison of
the amount of water available with the amount used by humans.
Overexploitation of Ground Water
OverExploitationofGroundWater:
(i)Subsidence:Whengroundwaterwithdrawalis
morethanitsrechargerate,thesedimentsinthe
aquifergetcompacted,aphenomenonknownas
groundsubsidence.Hugeeconomiclossesmay
occurduetothisphenomenonbecauseitresultsin
thesinkingofoverlyinglandsurface.Thecommon
problemsassociatedwithitincludestructural
damageinbuildings,fractureinpipes,reversingthe
flowofsewersandcanalsandtidalflooding.
(ii)Loweringofwatertable:Miningof
groundwaterisdoneextensivelyinaridandsemi-
aridregionsforirrigatingcropfields.However,itis
notadvisabletodoexcessiveminingasitwould
causeasharpdeclineinfutureagricultural
production,duetoloweringofwatertable.
(iii)Waterlogging:Whenexcessiveirrigationis
donewithbrackishwateritraisesthewatertable
graduallyleadingtowaterloggingandsalinity
problems.
OverExploitationofGroundWater:
(i)Subsidence:Whengroundwaterwithdrawalis
morethanitsrechargerate,thesedimentsinthe
aquifergetcompacted,aphenomenonknownas
groundsubsidence.Hugeeconomiclossesmay
occurduetothisphenomenonbecauseitresultsin
thesinkingofoverlyinglandsurface.Thecommon
problemsassociatedwithitincludestructural
damageinbuildings,fractureinpipes,reversingthe
flowofsewersandcanalsandtidalflooding.
(ii)Loweringofwatertable:Miningof
groundwaterisdoneextensivelyinaridandsemi-
aridregionsforirrigatingcropfields.However,itis
notadvisabletodoexcessiveminingasitwould
causeasharpdeclineinfutureagricultural
production,duetoloweringofwatertable.
(iii)Waterlogging:Whenexcessiveirrigationis
donewithbrackishwateritraisesthewatertable
graduallyleadingtowaterloggingandsalinity
problems.
Overexploitation of Surface Water
OverExploitationofSurfaceWater:
Surfacewaterismainlymisusedduetowhichitsqualityand
quantitybothdegrades.Sincelakes,ponds,rivers,seaareusedfor
dumpingindustrialandsewagewastes,deadbodies,solidwastes
etc.hencetheirqualitydegrades,whichgiverisetomany
environmental,ecologicalandhealthproblems.
OverExploitationofSurfaceWater:
Surfacewaterismainlymisusedduetowhichitsqualityand
quantitybothdegrades.Sincelakes,ponds,rivers,seaareusedfor
dumpingindustrialandsewagewastes,deadbodies,solidwastes
etc.hencetheirqualitydegrades,whichgiverisetomany
environmental,ecologicalandhealthproblems.
Solution for Water crisis
Flood
Flood is such a high stage in a water course i.e. river, river tributary or a water retaining body i.e. lake, pond, reservoir, seas, ocean or
other low lying areas –the level at which water over flows over its banks and inundates the adjoining areas.
Causes:
•Heavyprecipitation:Overnaturalbankofrivers,therainfallofabout15cm
ormoreinasingledayexceedsthecarryingcapacityofriverscausesaflood
inthatregion.SucheffectcanbeseenintheWestCoastregionofthe
WesternGhat,Assamandsub-HimalayanWestBengalandIndo-Gangetic
plains.
•Cyclones:Floodaftercycloneisaverycommonphenomenonintheeastern
coastofTamilNadu,AndhraPradesh,OdishaandWestBengal.Cyclonesin
aformofstrongwinds,hightidescauseafloodinthecoastalregion.
•Riseinriverbed:Thedepositionofsiltenhancesthecatchmentareaof
riverswhichreducesthecarryingcapacityofrivers.
•Deforestation:Deforestationalsoplaysamajorroleinfloodingbecauseit
makestreesunabletoholdsoilsanymorewhichpreventssedimentrun-offs.
•SiltinginDeltaareas:Thedepositionofsiltontheriver-mouthsbythesea
tidesdeterioratesthedischargingcapacityofriverswhichcausesafloodin
thatregion.
•EarthquakeandLandslide:Sometimesithasbeenfoundthattheriver
changesitscourseafterthenaturalcalamitieslikeearthquake,landslide
whichcausesafloodinthesameregion.Suchinstancescanfoundinthe
mountainofhillyregionstateslikeJammuandKashmir,HimachalPradesh,
andUttarakhandetc.
•Cloudburst:Cloudburstsleadtoahighamountofrainfallwithinashorttime
leadingtoflashfloods.FlashfloodgenerallyoccursintheHimalayanregion.
Flood is such a high stage in a water course i.e. river, river tributary or a water retaining body i.e. lake, pond, reservoir, seas, ocean or
other low lying areas –the level at which water over flows over its banks and inundates the adjoining areas.
Causes:
•Heavyprecipitation:Overnaturalbankofrivers,therainfallofabout15cm
ormoreinasingledayexceedsthecarryingcapacityofriverscausesaflood
inthatregion.SucheffectcanbeseenintheWestCoastregionofthe
WesternGhat,Assamandsub-HimalayanWestBengalandIndo-Gangetic
plains.
•Cyclones:Floodaftercycloneisaverycommonphenomenonintheeastern
coastofTamilNadu,AndhraPradesh,OdishaandWestBengal.Cyclonesin
aformofstrongwinds,hightidescauseafloodinthecoastalregion.
•Riseinriverbed:Thedepositionofsiltenhancesthecatchmentareaof
riverswhichreducesthecarryingcapacityofrivers.
•Deforestation:Deforestationalsoplaysamajorroleinfloodingbecauseit
makestreesunabletoholdsoilsanymorewhichpreventssedimentrun-offs.
•SiltinginDeltaareas:Thedepositionofsiltontheriver-mouthsbythesea
tidesdeterioratesthedischargingcapacityofriverswhichcausesafloodin
thatregion.
•EarthquakeandLandslide:Sometimesithasbeenfoundthattheriver
changesitscourseafterthenaturalcalamitieslikeearthquake,landslide
whichcausesafloodinthesameregion.Suchinstancescanfoundinthe
mountainofhillyregionstateslikeJammuandKashmir,HimachalPradesh,
andUttarakhandetc.
•Cloudburst:Cloudburstsleadtoahighamountofrainfallwithinashorttime
leadingtoflashfloods.FlashfloodgenerallyoccursintheHimalayanregion.
Flood
Impactsofflooding:
Itdamagespropertyandendangersthelivesofhumansandother
species.
Rapidwaterrunoffcausessoilerosionandconcomitantsediment
depositionelsewhere(suchasfurtherdownstreamordownacoast).
Thespawninggroundsforfishandotherwildlifehabitatscanbecome
pollutedorcompletelydestroyed.
Someprolongedhighfloodscandelaytrafficinareaswhichlack
elevatedroadways.
Floodscaninterferewithdrainageandeconomicuseoflands,such
asinterferingwithfarming.
Structuraldamagecanoccurinbridgeabutments,banklines,sewer
lines,andotherstructureswithinfloodways.
Waterwaynavigationandhydroelectricpowerareoftenimpaired.
Financiallossesduetofloodsaretypicallymillionsofdollarseach
year.
TheoutbreakofsomecommunicablediseasessuchasDengue,
Malaria,Cholera,etc.
Lossofbiodiversity
Impactsofflooding:
Itdamagespropertyandendangersthelivesofhumansandother
species.
Rapidwaterrunoffcausessoilerosionandconcomitantsediment
depositionelsewhere(suchasfurtherdownstreamordownacoast).
Thespawninggroundsforfishandotherwildlifehabitatscanbecome
pollutedorcompletelydestroyed.
Someprolongedhighfloodscandelaytrafficinareaswhichlack
elevatedroadways.
Floodscaninterferewithdrainageandeconomicuseoflands,such
asinterferingwithfarming.
Structuraldamagecanoccurinbridgeabutments,banklines,sewer
lines,andotherstructureswithinfloodways.
Waterwaynavigationandhydroelectricpowerareoftenimpaired.
Financiallossesduetofloodsaretypicallymillionsofdollarseach
year.
TheoutbreakofsomecommunicablediseasessuchasDengue,
Malaria,Cholera,etc.
Lossofbiodiversity
Flood prone areas in India
Flood
Solutions:
FloodForecasting:Floodforecastinginvolvesgivingpriorinformation
regardingtheoccurrenceoffloods.Thisisessentialandisextremelyusefulfor
takingtimelyactiontopreventlossofhumanlives,livestockandmovable
property.
Forecastdissemination:Theorganisationsresponsibleforflood-protection,
warningandflood-fightingworksshouldbeinformedabouttheincomingfloodas
earlyaspossiblesothattherequiredactionisplannedandactivitiessetinto
operationwithleastpossibletimedelay.
ReducingFloodPeaksbyVolumeReduction:Thefloodpeakscanbe
reducedbyconstructionofdamsanddetentionbasins.Damshavethecapacity
ofholdinghugequantityofwaterduringthefloodperiodandhelpinreducing
floodpeakvolumeofwater.
StreamChannelisation:Aclosenetworkofcanalsreducesfloodhazardtoa
greatextentbecausefloodwaterflowingintherivercanbedivertedtocanals.
FloodDiversion:Flooddiversionistheprocessofdivertingthefloodwaterin
marshes,lakes,thedepressionsandspreadingitthinlyoverpaddyfieldsand
desertdrylands.
FloodPlainZoning(FPZ):Floodplainzoningisanotherveryeffectivemethod
offloodmanagement.Itisbasedoninformationregardingfloodplains,
particularlytheidentificationoffloodwaysinrelationtolanduse.Detailedmaps
offloodproneareasarepreparedafterathoroughstudyoffloodcycles.Some
areasaremorepronetofloodsthantheothers.Differentzonesareidentified
anddemarcated.Afterthatnecessarycontrolisexercisedwithrespecttoland
use.
Agencies for Flood Control in India
1.IndiaMeteorologicalDepartment
(IMD)–providesrainfallorcyclonic
eventforecastwhichisusedbyall
theagenciesforpreparednessto
dealwiththefloods.
2.NationalDisasterManagement
Authority(NDMA)–Thejobof
reliefandrescueiscarriedoutby
theNationalDisasterResponse
Force(NDRF) withstate
counterparts.
3.CentralWaterCommission
(CWC)–ThemainjobofCWCis
toprocurethedataofhydrologyat
thenationallevel–likeriver
dischargemeasurementandwater
levelindamsetc–toalertthe
statesaboutanyimminentor
potentialflood.
Solutions:
FloodForecasting:Floodforecastinginvolvesgivingpriorinformation
regardingtheoccurrenceoffloods.Thisisessentialandisextremelyusefulfor
takingtimelyactiontopreventlossofhumanlives,livestockandmovable
property.
Forecastdissemination:Theorganisationsresponsibleforflood-protection,
warningandflood-fightingworksshouldbeinformedabouttheincomingfloodas
earlyaspossiblesothattherequiredactionisplannedandactivitiessetinto
operationwithleastpossibletimedelay.
ReducingFloodPeaksbyVolumeReduction:Thefloodpeakscanbe
reducedbyconstructionofdamsanddetentionbasins.Damshavethecapacity
ofholdinghugequantityofwaterduringthefloodperiodandhelpinreducing
floodpeakvolumeofwater.
StreamChannelisation:Aclosenetworkofcanalsreducesfloodhazardtoa
greatextentbecausefloodwaterflowingintherivercanbedivertedtocanals.
FloodDiversion:Flooddiversionistheprocessofdivertingthefloodwaterin
marshes,lakes,thedepressionsandspreadingitthinlyoverpaddyfieldsand
desertdrylands.
FloodPlainZoning(FPZ):Floodplainzoningisanotherveryeffectivemethod
offloodmanagement.Itisbasedoninformationregardingfloodplains,
particularlytheidentificationoffloodwaysinrelationtolanduse.Detailedmaps
offloodproneareasarepreparedafterathoroughstudyoffloodcycles.Some
areasaremorepronetofloodsthantheothers.Differentzonesareidentified
anddemarcated.Afterthatnecessarycontrolisexercisedwithrespecttoland
use.
Agencies for Flood Control in India
1.IndiaMeteorologicalDepartment
(IMD)–providesrainfallorcyclonic
eventforecastwhichisusedbyall
theagenciesforpreparednessto
dealwiththefloods.
2.NationalDisasterManagement
Authority(NDMA)–Thejobof
reliefandrescueiscarriedoutby
theNationalDisasterResponse
Force(NDRF) withstate
counterparts.
3.CentralWaterCommission
(CWC)–ThemainjobofCWCis
toprocurethedataofhydrologyat
thenationallevel–likeriver
dischargemeasurementandwater
levelindamsetc–toalertthe
statesaboutanyimminentor
potentialflood.
Drought
Adroughtisaperiodoftimewhenanareaorregionexperiencesbelow-normalprecipitation.Thelackofadequateprecipitation,
eitherrainorsnow,cancausereducedsoilmoistureorgroundwater,diminishedstreamflow,cropdamage,andageneralwater
shortage.
The3typesofdroughtsanditscausesarelistedbelow.
1.MeteorologicalDrought–Occursduetopersistingdryweatherin
anarea.
2.HydrologicalDrought–Ithappensduetolowwateravailabilityin
reservoirs,streams,anddepletedgroundwaterlevels.Thistypeof
droughthappensaftermanymonthsofmeteorologicaldrought.
3.AgriculturalDrought–Itoccurswhencropsareaffectedby
droughts.
Drought prone states of India:
•Telangana–Khammamand Mahabubnagardistricts
•Maharashtra –Marathwadaregion
•Karnataka –North Karnataka
•Orissa –Mayurbhanjand Balasoreregions.
•Gujarat –Kutch and Saurashtraregion
•Rajasthan –Bikaner, JaisalmerDistricts
About 22.7% of geographical area covered under DPAP
Adroughtisaperiodoftimewhenanareaorregionexperiencesbelow-normalprecipitation.Thelackofadequateprecipitation,
eitherrainorsnow,cancausereducedsoilmoistureorgroundwater,diminishedstreamflow,cropdamage,andageneralwater
shortage.
The3typesofdroughtsanditscausesarelistedbelow.
1.MeteorologicalDrought–Occursduetopersistingdryweatherin
anarea.
2.HydrologicalDrought–Ithappensduetolowwateravailabilityin
reservoirs,streams,anddepletedgroundwaterlevels.Thistypeof
droughthappensaftermanymonthsofmeteorologicaldrought.
3.AgriculturalDrought–Itoccurswhencropsareaffectedby
droughts.
Drought prone states of India:
•Telangana–Khammamand Mahabubnagardistricts
•Maharashtra –Marathwadaregion
•Karnataka –North Karnataka
•Orissa –Mayurbhanjand Balasoreregions.
•Gujarat –Kutch and Saurashtraregion
•Rajasthan –Bikaner, JaisalmerDistricts
About 22.7% of geographical area covered under DPAP
Drought
Impactsofdrought:
Environmentaleffects:Lowersurfaceandsubterranean
water-levels,lowerflow-levels(withadecreasebelowthe
minimumleadingtodirectdangerforamphibianlife),increased
pollutionofsurfacewater,thedryingoutofwetlands,moreand
largerfires,higherdeflationintensity,lossofbiodiversity,worse
healthoftreesandappearanceofpests
Economiclosses:Economicconsequencesincludelower
agricultural,forests,gameandfishingoutput,higherfood-
productioncosts,lowerenergy-productionlevelsinhydro
plants,lossescausedbydepletedwatertourismandtransport
revenue,problemswithwatersupplyfortheenergysectorand
fortechnologicalprocessesinmetallurgy,miningindustriesand
disruptionofwatersuppliesformunicipaleconomies.
Socialcosts:includethenegativeeffectonthehealthof
peopledirectlyexposedtothisphenomenon(excessiveheat
waves),apossiblelimitationofwatersupplies,increased
pollutionlevels,highfood-costs,stresscausedbyfailed
harvests,etc.Thisexplainswhydroughtsandfreshwater
shortagesoperateasafactorwhichincreasesthegapbetween
developedanddevelopingcountries.
Impactsofdrought:
Environmentaleffects:Lowersurfaceandsubterranean
water-levels,lowerflow-levels(withadecreasebelowthe
minimumleadingtodirectdangerforamphibianlife),increased
pollutionofsurfacewater,thedryingoutofwetlands,moreand
largerfires,higherdeflationintensity,lossofbiodiversity,worse
healthoftreesandappearanceofpests
Economiclosses:Economicconsequencesincludelower
agricultural,forests,gameandfishingoutput,higherfood-
productioncosts,lowerenergy-productionlevelsinhydro
plants,lossescausedbydepletedwatertourismandtransport
revenue,problemswithwatersupplyfortheenergysectorand
fortechnologicalprocessesinmetallurgy,miningindustriesand
disruptionofwatersuppliesformunicipaleconomies.
Socialcosts:includethenegativeeffectonthehealthof
peopledirectlyexposedtothisphenomenon(excessiveheat
waves),apossiblelimitationofwatersupplies,increased
pollutionlevels,highfood-costs,stresscausedbyfailed
harvests,etc.Thisexplainswhydroughtsandfreshwater
shortagesoperateasafactorwhichincreasesthegapbetween
developedanddevelopingcountries.
Drought
Solutions:
Periodical review of water shortage
Individual state specific drought proofing measures to be
devised
Crop diversification, farm ponds construction, adoption of
microirrigation
Promotion of water storage, conservation and rejuvenation
Incentivise solar pumps for irrigation
Harvesting rain water, recharging ground water, desiltationof
irrigation tanks
Check dams maintenece, prevention of leakage of water from
distribution network
Reviving traditional and historical step wells
Availing crop advisories to farmer through mobile app in their
language
Locating ground water resources using satellite technology and
remote sensing
Compulsory rain water harvesting in urban areas
Promotion of alternate livelihood like dairy, poultry, beekeeping.
Timber farming and floriculture
Crop Insurance against drought
Solutions:
Periodical review of water shortage
Individual state specific drought proofing measures to be
devised
Crop diversification, farm ponds construction, adoption of
microirrigation
Promotion of water storage, conservation and rejuvenation
Incentivise solar pumps for irrigation
Harvesting rain water, recharging ground water, desiltationof
irrigation tanks
Check dams maintenece, prevention of leakage of water from
distribution network
Reviving traditional and historical step wells
Availing crop advisories to farmer through mobile app in their
language
Locating ground water resources using satellite technology and
remote sensing
Compulsory rain water harvesting in urban areas
Promotion of alternate livelihood like dairy, poultry, beekeeping.
Timber farming and floriculture
Crop Insurance against drought
Conflicts over water
Conflictreferstoconfrontationsbetweengroupsorcategoriesof
peopleregardingaresourceactivityanditsmanagement.
“ a serious disagreement or argument, typically a protracted one”
The importance of water to life means that providing for water needs
and demands will never be free of politics.
Conflictreferstoconfrontationsbetweengroupsorcategoriesof
peopleregardingaresourceactivityanditsmanagement.
“ a serious disagreement or argument, typically a protracted one”
The importance of water to life means that providing for water needs
and demands will never be free of politics.
International conflicts over water
Indo–Chinaconflict:Tsangpo-Brahmaputra
China‟sgrandplanstoharnessthewatersoftheBrahmaputra
Riverhavesetoffripplesofanxietyinthetwolowerriparian
states:IndiaandBangladesh.
China‟sconstructionofdamsandtheproposeddiversionofthe
Brahmaputra‟swatersisexpectedtohaverepercussionsfor
waterflow,agriculture,ecology,andlivesandlivelihoods
downstream.TheChinesegovernmenthasapproved
hydropowerprojectsalongtheBrahmaputra.Itmaintainsthatall
thesearerun-of-the-riverprojectsthatinvolvenostorageor
diversionandthattheywillnotaffecttheriver‟sdownstreamflow
intonortheastIndia.
Still,itsplanshavegeneratedapprehensionsinIndia‟sNortheast
andinBangladesh,wheretheBrahmaputraisaveritablelifeline.
MoreworryingthanChina‟sconstructionofhydropowerdamson
theBrahmaputraistheproposednorthwardreroutingofits
waters.Thisdiversionwouldresultinasignificantdropinthe
river‟swaterlevelasitentersIndia.Itwillhaveaseriousimpact
onagricultureandfishinginthedownstreamareasasthesalinity
ofwaterwillincrease.
Thelackofcommunicationontheissueisdeepeningsuspicion
andtension.Thisunderscorestheneedfordialoguethat
includesalltheripariancountries.Chinamustsharedataonits
damconstructionandotherplansfortheriver.
Indo–Chinaconflict:Tsangpo-Brahmaputra
China‟sgrandplanstoharnessthewatersoftheBrahmaputra
Riverhavesetoffripplesofanxietyinthetwolowerriparian
states:IndiaandBangladesh.
China‟sconstructionofdamsandtheproposeddiversionofthe
Brahmaputra‟swatersisexpectedtohaverepercussionsfor
waterflow,agriculture,ecology,andlivesandlivelihoods
downstream.TheChinesegovernmenthasapproved
hydropowerprojectsalongtheBrahmaputra.Itmaintainsthatall
thesearerun-of-the-riverprojectsthatinvolvenostorageor
diversionandthattheywillnotaffecttheriver‟sdownstreamflow
intonortheastIndia.
Still,itsplanshavegeneratedapprehensionsinIndia‟sNortheast
andinBangladesh,wheretheBrahmaputraisaveritablelifeline.
MoreworryingthanChina‟sconstructionofhydropowerdamson
theBrahmaputraistheproposednorthwardreroutingofits
waters.Thisdiversionwouldresultinasignificantdropinthe
river‟swaterlevelasitentersIndia.Itwillhaveaseriousimpact
onagricultureandfishinginthedownstreamareasasthesalinity
ofwaterwillincrease.
Thelackofcommunicationontheissueisdeepeningsuspicion
andtension.Thisunderscorestheneedfordialoguethat
includesalltheripariancountries.Chinamustsharedataonits
damconstructionandotherplansfortheriver.
International conflicts over water
Indo–Pakconflict:IndusWatersTreaty
•TheIndusriverhasitssourceinIndianKashmirandflows
throughPakistan.Itistheprimaryfreshwatersourcefor
Pakistan.Agriculturebeingthemainstayoftheeconomyinboth
countries,theirdependenceontheIndusanditstributariesis
implicit.
•FromtheIndianpointofview,therewasnothingthatPakistan
coulddotopreventIndiafromanyoftheschemestodivertthe
flowofwaterintherivers.Pakistan‟spositionwasdismaland
Indiacoulddowhateveritwanted.
•PakistanifearthatsincethesourceriversoftheIndusbasin
wereinIndia,itcouldpotentiallycreatedroughtsandfaminesin
PakistanledtoTheIndusWatersTreaty,brokeredbytheWorld
Bank.ThetreatywassignedinKarachionSeptember19,1960.
•Accordingtothisagreement,controloverBeas,RaviandSutlej
wasgiventoIndiaandtheIndus,ChenabandJhelumto
Pakistan.
•SincePakistan'sriversflowthroughIndiafirst,thetreatyallowed
Indiatousethemforirrigation,transportandpowergeneration,
whilelayingdownprecisedo'sanddon'tsforIndianbuilding
projectsalongtheway.
•Thetreatyisconsideredtobeoneofthemostsuccessfulwater
sharingendeavoursintheworldtoday.Sincetheratificationof
thetreatyin1960,IndiaandPakistanhavenotengagedinany
waterwars.
Indo–Pakconflict:IndusWatersTreaty
•TheIndusriverhasitssourceinIndianKashmirandflows
throughPakistan.Itistheprimaryfreshwatersourcefor
Pakistan.Agriculturebeingthemainstayoftheeconomyinboth
countries,theirdependenceontheIndusanditstributariesis
implicit.
•FromtheIndianpointofview,therewasnothingthatPakistan
coulddotopreventIndiafromanyoftheschemestodivertthe
flowofwaterintherivers.Pakistan‟spositionwasdismaland
Indiacoulddowhateveritwanted.
•PakistanifearthatsincethesourceriversoftheIndusbasin
wereinIndia,itcouldpotentiallycreatedroughtsandfaminesin
PakistanledtoTheIndusWatersTreaty,brokeredbytheWorld
Bank.ThetreatywassignedinKarachionSeptember19,1960.
•Accordingtothisagreement,controloverBeas,RaviandSutlej
wasgiventoIndiaandtheIndus,ChenabandJhelumto
Pakistan.
•SincePakistan'sriversflowthroughIndiafirst,thetreatyallowed
Indiatousethemforirrigation,transportandpowergeneration,
whilelayingdownprecisedo'sanddon'tsforIndianbuilding
projectsalongtheway.
•Thetreatyisconsideredtobeoneofthemostsuccessfulwater
sharingendeavoursintheworldtoday.Sincetheratificationof
thetreatyin1960,IndiaandPakistanhavenotengagedinany
waterwars.
International conflicts over water
Indo–Nepalconflict:MahakaliRivertreaty
TheTerritorialdisputesofIndiaandNepal
includeKalapani400sqkmandSusta140
sqkm.
Nepalclaimsthattherivertothewestof
KalapaniisthemainKaliriver,henceit
belongstoNepal.
Indiainsiststhattherivertotheeastof
KalapaniisthemainKaliriver,and
thereforeclaimtheKalapaniareabelongs
toIndia.
TheriverborderstheNepalesezoneof
MahakaliandtheIndianstateof
Uttarakhand.
Thedisputeintensifiedin1997asthe
Nepaliparliamentconsideredatreatyon
hydro-electricdevelopmentoftheriver.
TheMahakaliTreatybasicallyaimsatan
integrateddevelopmentofwaterresources
intheMahakaliRiverandhasbeen
finalizedonthebasisofequalpartnership.
Indo–Nepalconflict:MahakaliRivertreaty
TheTerritorialdisputesofIndiaandNepal
includeKalapani400sqkmandSusta140
sqkm.
Nepalclaimsthattherivertothewestof
KalapaniisthemainKaliriver,henceit
belongstoNepal.
Indiainsiststhattherivertotheeastof
KalapaniisthemainKaliriver,and
thereforeclaimtheKalapaniareabelongs
toIndia.
TheriverborderstheNepalesezoneof
MahakaliandtheIndianstateof
Uttarakhand.
Thedisputeintensifiedin1997asthe
Nepaliparliamentconsideredatreatyon
hydro-electricdevelopmentoftheriver.
TheMahakaliTreatybasicallyaimsatan
integrateddevelopmentofwaterresources
intheMahakaliRiverandhasbeen
finalizedonthebasisofequalpartnership.
International conflicts over water
Indo–Nepalconflict:KosiRiver
Since1954,whentheKosiAgreementwas
signedbetweenIndiaandNepal,talks
betweenthetwogovernmentshavestalled
andwaterrightsissueshavenotbeen
addressed.
Therehavebeenvariousdisputesoverthis
agreementfuelledbyfloodsintheKosi
region.
IndiaandNepalhavealsohaddisputesover
theissueofcompensationoftheKosi
dam.
Moreover,NepalhadconsideredIndia‟s
constructionasanencroachmenton
Nepal‟sterritorialsovereignty.
TheproblemwiththeKosiRiverisitshigh
level of sedimentation and
embankmentshaveproventobeineffective
totacklethesedimentation.
Theonlyavailableoptioninthiscase
isstoragetanksandthesecannotbesetup
withoutthecooperationofNepal.
Intensified flood threat in Bihar
Indo–Nepalconflict:KosiRiver
Since1954,whentheKosiAgreementwas
signedbetweenIndiaandNepal,talks
betweenthetwogovernmentshavestalled
andwaterrightsissueshavenotbeen
addressed.
Therehavebeenvariousdisputesoverthis
agreementfuelledbyfloodsintheKosi
region.
IndiaandNepalhavealsohaddisputesover
theissueofcompensationoftheKosi
dam.
Moreover,NepalhadconsideredIndia‟s
constructionasanencroachmenton
Nepal‟sterritorialsovereignty.
TheproblemwiththeKosiRiverisitshigh
level of sedimentation and
embankmentshaveproventobeineffective
totacklethesedimentation.
Theonlyavailableoptioninthiscase
isstoragetanksandthesecannotbesetup
withoutthecooperationofNepal.
Intensified flood threat in Bihar
Interstate Conflicts over Water
The major Inter-State water disputes according to
the report of the Ministry of Water Resources
(Government of India)are listed below:
1. Godavari Water Disputes Tribunal: States
concerned:Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh,
Karnataka, and Madhya Pradesh & Odisha
2. Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal –I: States
concerned:Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh,
Karnataka
3. Narmada Water Disputes Tribunal: States
concerned:Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat
and Maharashtra
4. Ravi & Beas Water Tribunal: States
concerned:Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan
5. Cauvery Water Disputes Tribunal: States
concerned:Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and
Puducherry
6. Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal –II: States
concerned:Karnataka, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh
and Maharashtra
7. VansadharaWater Disputes Tribunal: States
concerned:Andhra Pradesh &Odisha
8. MahadayiWater Disputes Tribunal: States
concerned:Goa, Karnataka and Maharashtra
The major Inter-State water disputes according to
the report of the Ministry of Water Resources
(Government of India)are listed below:
1. Godavari Water Disputes Tribunal: States
concerned:Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh,
Karnataka, and Madhya Pradesh & Odisha
2. Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal –I: States
concerned:Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh,
Karnataka
3. Narmada Water Disputes Tribunal: States
concerned:Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat
and Maharashtra
4. Ravi & Beas Water Tribunal: States
concerned:Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan
5. Cauvery Water Disputes Tribunal: States
concerned:Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and
Puducherry
6. Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal –II: States
concerned:Karnataka, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh
and Maharashtra
7. VansadharaWater Disputes Tribunal: States
concerned:Andhra Pradesh &Odisha
8. MahadayiWater Disputes Tribunal: States
concerned:Goa, Karnataka and Maharashtra
Case Study
National Solar Mission
•TheJawaharlalNehruNationalSolarMission,alsoknown
asNationalSolarMission,isoneoftheeightkeyNational
Mission‟swhichcompriseIndia‟sNationalActionPlanon
ClimateChange(NAPCC).
•NAPCCwaslaunchedon30thJune2008whichidentified
developmentofsolarenergytechnologiesinthecountry
asaNationalMission.FinallyonJanuary11,2010GoI
approvedNationalSolarMission.
•TheSolarMissionrecommendstheimplementationin3
stagesleadinguptoaninstalledcapacityof20,000MW
bytheendofthe13thFiveYearPlanin2022.Itserves
twinpurposes:i)LongtermenergySecurityandii)
EcologicalSecurity
•ObjectiveoftheNationalSolarMission:isto
establishIndiaasagloballeaderinsolarenergy,by
creatingthepolicyconditionsforitsdiffusionacross
thecountryasquicklyaspossible.
National Solar Mission
•TheJawaharlalNehruNationalSolarMission,alsoknown
asNationalSolarMission,isoneoftheeightkeyNational
Mission‟swhichcompriseIndia‟sNationalActionPlanon
ClimateChange(NAPCC).
•NAPCCwaslaunchedon30thJune2008whichidentified
developmentofsolarenergytechnologiesinthecountry
asaNationalMission.FinallyonJanuary11,2010GoI
approvedNationalSolarMission.
•TheSolarMissionrecommendstheimplementationin3
stagesleadinguptoaninstalledcapacityof20,000MW
bytheendofthe13thFiveYearPlanin2022.Itserves
twinpurposes:i)LongtermenergySecurityandii)
EcologicalSecurity
•ObjectiveoftheNationalSolarMission:isto
establishIndiaasagloballeaderinsolarenergy,by
creatingthepolicyconditionsforitsdiffusionacross
thecountryasquicklyaspossible.
Case Study
Cauvery River Water Conflict
•Cauvery,whichislocallyknownasKaveri,isalargeriverthatflowsthroughthe
southernstatesofKarnatakaandTamilNadu.
•TheCauveryRiverhasbeenasourceofconflictbetweenthestatesofKarnataka
andTamilNaduforover124years.Theprimaryconflict,inthiscase,hasalways
beenaboutthesharinganddistributionofwaterofCauveryRiverbetweenthetwo
states.
•CauverywaterisvitallyimportantforboththestatesaspeoplefromKarnataka
dependuponittosatisfytheirdrinkingneeds,whereasfarmersfromCauverydelta
inTamilNadudependuponitforagricultureandlivelihood.
•ThefightforCauveryriverwaterbecomeevenmoreimportantduringrainfall
deficientyears,astheentirebasindeltaoftheCauveryRiverfallsunderthe
droughtpronearea.Therefore,Cauveryriverwateristheonlysourceofwaterin
thisregion.
•Asfaraswaterresourcesareconcerned,around53%ofCauverywaterresources
fallwithinthegeographicboundariesofKarnataka,whereasonly30%ofwater
resourcesfallwithinthegeographicalbordersofTamilNadu.
•Asperthefactsprovidedabove,KarnatakaclaimsmorerightsoverCauverywater
astheriveroriginatesinthestateandtheyhold53%ofwaterresourcesfallwithin
theirstate.
•Similarly,TamilNaduhasbeentraditionallyandhistoricallydependentonCauvery
watertomeettheirrigationneedsinthenorthernpartofthestate.Inadditionto
this,theyalsohavelargershareofriverbasinareaandhavebeenusingmore
waterfromCauveryhistorically,whichhastranslatedintodemandformorewater
fromKarnataka.
Cauvery River Water Conflict
•Cauvery,whichislocallyknownasKaveri,isalargeriverthatflowsthroughthe
southernstatesofKarnatakaandTamilNadu.
•TheCauveryRiverhasbeenasourceofconflictbetweenthestatesofKarnataka
andTamilNaduforover124years.Theprimaryconflict,inthiscase,hasalways
beenaboutthesharinganddistributionofwaterofCauveryRiverbetweenthetwo
states.
•CauverywaterisvitallyimportantforboththestatesaspeoplefromKarnataka
dependuponittosatisfytheirdrinkingneeds,whereasfarmersfromCauverydelta
inTamilNadudependuponitforagricultureandlivelihood.
•ThefightforCauveryriverwaterbecomeevenmoreimportantduringrainfall
deficientyears,astheentirebasindeltaoftheCauveryRiverfallsunderthe
droughtpronearea.Therefore,Cauveryriverwateristheonlysourceofwaterin
thisregion.
•Asfaraswaterresourcesareconcerned,around53%ofCauverywaterresources
fallwithinthegeographicboundariesofKarnataka,whereasonly30%ofwater
resourcesfallwithinthegeographicalbordersofTamilNadu.
•Asperthefactsprovidedabove,KarnatakaclaimsmorerightsoverCauverywater
astheriveroriginatesinthestateandtheyhold53%ofwaterresourcesfallwithin
theirstate.
•Similarly,TamilNaduhasbeentraditionallyandhistoricallydependentonCauvery
watertomeettheirrigationneedsinthenorthernpartofthestate.Inadditionto
this,theyalsohavelargershareofriverbasinareaandhavebeenusingmore
waterfromCauveryhistorically,whichhastranslatedintodemandformorewater
fromKarnataka.
Case Study
TarunBharat Sangh
•TarunBharatSanghseekstobringdignityandprosperityto
thelifeofadestitutesectionofthenationthrough
sustainabledevelopmentmeasures.TBSaimsforthe
holisticdevelopmentofmen,women,andchildren,
regardlessofeconomicsituation,casteorreligion.
•Renownedwaterconservationistandenvironmentactivist
RajendraSinghwhoispopularlyknownastheWaterMan
ofIndia,startedhiscareerin1980asaNationalService
VolunteerandlaterjoinedNGOTarunBharatSangh(TBS).
•RajendraSinghalongwithvolunteeryoungpeopleandTBS
membershadstartedmovementpurifyingtraditional
rainwatertanks(johads).
•HealsohadplayedimportantroleinrejuvenatingArvari
Riverafterjohadsandcheckdamswereconstructedonit.It
hashelpedArvariRivertobecomeperennialriverandwas
awarded„InternationalRiverPrize‟.
•Sincethenhehaspioneeredinbuildingaround8,600johads
andotherstructurestocollectwaterinstateofRajasthan.
Thisinitiativehasbroughtwaterbacktoaround1,000
villagesacrossthestate.
TarunBharat Sangh
•TarunBharatSanghseekstobringdignityandprosperityto
thelifeofadestitutesectionofthenationthrough
sustainabledevelopmentmeasures.TBSaimsforthe
holisticdevelopmentofmen,women,andchildren,
regardlessofeconomicsituation,casteorreligion.
•Renownedwaterconservationistandenvironmentactivist
RajendraSinghwhoispopularlyknownastheWaterMan
ofIndia,startedhiscareerin1980asaNationalService
VolunteerandlaterjoinedNGOTarunBharatSangh(TBS).
•RajendraSinghalongwithvolunteeryoungpeopleandTBS
membershadstartedmovementpurifyingtraditional
rainwatertanks(johads).
•HealsohadplayedimportantroleinrejuvenatingArvari
Riverafterjohadsandcheckdamswereconstructedonit.It
hashelpedArvariRivertobecomeperennialriverandwas
awarded„InternationalRiverPrize‟.
•Sincethenhehaspioneeredinbuildingaround8,600johads
andotherstructurestocollectwaterinstateofRajasthan.
Thisinitiativehasbroughtwaterbacktoaround1,000
villagesacrossthestate.
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