EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF EUTECTIC PHASE CHANGING MATERIALS (KCL + Na2SO4) MIXED WITH GRAPHENE (Gr) NANO-PARTICLES ON REFRIGERATION TEST RIG

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF EUTECTIC PHASE CHANGING MATERIALS (KCL + Na2SO4) MIXED WITH GRAPHENE (Gr) NANO-PARTICLES ON REFRIGERATION TEST RIG

1. International Conference & Exposition on Advances in Mechanical Engineering [ EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF EUTECTIC PHASE CHANGING MATERIALS (KCL + Na2SO4) MIXED WITH GRAPHENE (Gr) NANO-PARTICLES ON REFRIGERATION TEST RIG] [ICAME-2022-233] [Author- Avesahemad Sayyadnaimutulla Husainy ] [Co-Authors- Suresh Sawant , Sonali Kale , Siddhanath Nishandar] [ Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, Sharad Institute of Technology, College of Engineering, Yadrav, Ichalkaranji , Maharashtra, India ] [ [email protected] ] Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering Pune 22-11-2023 1 ICAME 2022 June 23-25, 2022

2. 22-11-2023 Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering Pune [ OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION ] 1 . Introduction 2 . Literature Review 3 . Materials and Method 4 . Preparation of Nano-PCM 5 . Results and Discussion 6. Conclusion 2 ICAME-2022 4 . Characterization of Nano-PCM 7 . References

3. 22-11-2023 Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering Pune [INTRODUCTION] 3 ICAME-2022 The refrigeration industry plays a major and increasing role in today’s global economy, with significant contributions made in food. Effect of power outage and temperature fluctuations in refrigeration industry. Research Gap. Thermal Energy storage for refrigeration applications. Nano-PCM and why to use them? And Applications of Nano-PCM. Preparation of Nano-PCM. Characterizations of Nano-PCM. Using Graphene oxide Nanoparticles mixed in Phase Change Materials as a latent heat thermal energy storage system could be a novel option for performance enhancement of the refrigeration system by increasing heat transfer of the evaporator.

4. 22-11-2023 Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering Pune 4 There are various phase change materials are available for lower temperature applications viz , Organic, Inorganic and Eutectic. The key significance of Nano-PCM for a Thermal Energy Storage (TES) system are: Maintains precise temperatures. Reduces dependency on a power source. Thermal management to increase efficiency. Shifts peak power load to off-peak time. The reduction in the frequency of compressor cut-off and cut-in results in a direct power saving of up to 22-25 %

5. 22-11-2023 Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering Pune [LITERATURE REVIEW] 5 ICAME-2022 Sr.No Name Title of Paper Journal/Volume/Issue Work 1 Mahmood MastaniJoybaria , FariborzHaghighat et al. Heat and cold storage using phase change materials in domestic refrigeration systems: The state-of-the-art review Energy and Buildings, Elsevier (2016) In this comprehensive review focused is given on enhancement of refrigeration system by 3 areas of improvement, 1. Energy efficient compressor 2. Enhancement of thermal insulation 3. Enhancement of H.T. from evaporator and condenser. In this review paper focus is given on Eutectic (Salt Hydrate) PCM, and enhancement in terms of COP is recorded in between 15 to 20%. Also advantages and dis-advantages of PCM on evaporator and condenser side are discussed. 2 Rezaur Rahman et al. Performance Improvement of a Domestic Refrigerator by using PCM (Phase Change Material) Global Journal of Researches in Engineering Mechanical and Mechanics Engineering (2013) The paper investigates the performance improvement provided by a PCM associated with the evaporator in a domestic refrigerator. The analysis of the experiment exemplifies the improvement of the system COP considerably. Using water as PCM and for a certain thermal load it is found that the COP of the conventional refrigerator increased by 55-60%.

6. 22-11-2023 Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering Pune [LITERATURE REVIEW] 6 ICAME-2022 Sr.No Name Title of Paper Journal/Volume/Issue Work 3 Rob Liddiarda , Baboo ( Lesh ) Gowreesunkerb et al. The vulnerability of refrigerated food to unstable power supplies Science Direct Energy Procedia (2017) This paper describes a simplified model for estimating the vulnerability to spoilage of a number of refrigerated foods in households, resulting from interruptions to the electricity power grid. The tool is demonstrated on a sample of three foods (milk, chicken and fish) in India, which historically has suffered significant interruptions. 4 Du, Kun, John Calautit, Zhonghua Wang et al. A review of the applications of phase change materials in cooling, heating and power generation in different temperature ranges Applied energy  (2018) This paper provides a state-of-the-art review on phase change materials and their applications for heating, cooling, and electricity generation according to their working temperature ranges from (-20 to 200 degree ). 5 C. Veerakumar et al. Phase change material based cold thermal energy storage. Materials, techniques and applications- A review International journal of refrigeration (2018) This paper deal with recent developments on cold thermal energy storage using phase change materials. Also it is noted that thermal energy storage will identified as novel technnology in refrigeration applications. Also, different applications where the PCM can be employed for cold energy storage such as pasive cooling of buildings, air-conditioning, refrigerated trucks, and cold packing are listed and focused.

7. 22-11-2023 Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering Pune [MATERIALS AND METHOD] 7 ICAME-2022 Experimental set up consist of VCR components viz , compressor, air cooled condenser, expansion device and modified evaporator cum Nano-PCM integrated cooling chamber with piping and arrangement to restore the phase change material (PCM) in a cabinet of specific shape. Special arrangement is to be made to develop Nano-PCM integrated cooling chamber. The inner and outer section of cooling chamber is made up of stainless steel material in between them copper tubes of evaporator section is passes by caring refrigerant. The space between two inner and outer stainless steel portions is considered as storage of Nano-PCM. Refrigerants circulated from copper tube of evaporator section absorb heat from Nano-PCM mixture and produce cooling effect in cooling chamber. Figure 1: Experimental set up

8. 22-11-2023 Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering Pune 8 ICAME-2022 [PREPARATION OF NANO-PCM] Figure 2: Preparation of Nano-PCM

9. 22-11-2023 Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering Pune 9 ICAME-2022 [ Characterizations of Nano-PCM] The microstructure and elemental composition of graphene-phase change material composites were examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and EDAX and are depicted in figure ( a) and (b). The homogeneity of the composite material was investigated after the addition of graphene-PCM at different proportions (1% and 5 %) to determine whether the graphite particles have dispersion with PCM. It is observed from figure, that the phase change material is unevenly distributed on graphene surface or may be inside the graphene surface and adhered as a thin layer on the graphene surfaces. The agglomerated flakes of graphene are observed in SEM images. The compositional analysis of samples shows the concentration of elements like C, K, S, O present in both the samples (1% and 5 %).

10. 22-11-2023 Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering Pune 10 Time (Min) Normal Cabinet Reading Power OFF With loading conditions Cabinet temperature Water as a PCM Power OFF With loading conditions Cabinet temperature 5% KCl + 5% Na 2 SO 4 (PCM) Power OFF With loading conditions Cabinet temperature 5% KCl + 5% Na 2 SO 4 + 1% Graphene (Nano-PCM) Power OFF With loading conditions           15 1 30 3 1 1 45 6 2 2 60 9 2 2 1 75 11 3 3 1   825 23 12 11 8 840 23 12 12 8 855 23 12 12 8 870 23 13 12 9 885 23 13 12 9 900 23 13 12 9 Observation Table of different combinations

11. 22-11-2023 Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering Pune [RESULTS AND DISCUSSION] 11 ICAME-2022 In Fig. it is observed that with the use of 5% KCl + 5% N a 2SO 4  + 1 % graphene (Nano-PCM) with water as the base fluid it is possible to maintain 7 to 9 degrees for 13 to 15 hrs time span. In the case of PCM combinations 5 % KCl + 5% Na 2 SO 4  with water as the base fluid it is possible to maintain 11 to 12 degrees for a 13 to 15 hrs time span. In the case of water as PCM it is possible to maintain 12 to 14 degrees for the same time interval. Whereas the system maintains 22 to 23 degrees for 13 to 15 hrs time span without the use of PCM and Nano-PCM mixture. From experimentation, it is observed that during power OFF condition use of Nano-PCM combinations cabinet temperature come back to its original temperature after 20 to 22 hrs. Whereas without use of Nano-PCM in as a thermal storage cooling cabinet temperature reach 22 degree at 13 to 15 hrs time interval.

12. 22-11-2023 Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering Pune [RESULTS AND DISCUSSION] 12 ICAME-2022 Experimental results shows that, Thermal storage temperature is not drastically changed by use of Nano-PCM combinations as compared to PCM as mentioned in Fig. Also result shows that Nano-PCM temperature storage temperature maintain 0 to 7 degree up to 13 to 15 hrs and then reach 20 degree after dissipating all cooling effect after 22 hrs as shown in Fig. During experimentation work comparison is made between various combination of Nano-PCM mixture and best results are obtained by considering 5 % KCl + 5 % Na 2 SO 4 + 1 % graphene with water as base fluid. Experimental results obtained by considering 5 % KCl + 5 % Na 2 SO 4 + 1 % graphene and comparison is made with water, PCM and Nano-PCM combination during power OFF conditions.

13. 22-11-2023 Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering Pune [CONCLUSIONS] 13 ICAME-2022 The present study is based on refrigeration test rig to investigate the performance by using different combinations and mass fractions of Nano-Phase change materials during power outages and temperature fluctuations. The use of (1% and 5%) Na 2 SO 4 and KCl as PCM mixed in Gr nanoparticles enforces a great impact on reducing temperature fluctuation during a power outage as well as frequent opening and closing the door of the system. Using Nano- PCM materials it is possible to achieve a noticeable change in temperature which can be utilized for cooling effect. It is observed that, with the use of 5 % KCl + 5% Na 2 SO 4 + 1% graphene (Nano-PCM) with water as the base fluid it is possible to maintain 7 to 9 degrees for 13 to 15 hrs time span even though power outage exists and the electricity consumption also reduces by 10%. Whereas without use of Nano-PCM in as a thermal storage cooling cabinet temperature reach 22 degree at 13 to 15 hrs time interval. In addition to this, present study explores the effect of dispersion of Nanoparticles in PCM in the refrigeration applications. The percentage and dispensability of graphene and PCM is analyzed by SEM and EDAX and further characterizations are carried out for improvement in the results.  

14. 22-11-2023 Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering Pune [REFERENCES] 14 ICAME-2022 [1] Sharma, R. K., Ganesan , P., Tyagi , V. V., Metselaar , H. S. C., & Sandaran , S. C. (2015). Developments in organic solid–liquid phase change materials and their applications in thermal energy storage. Energy Conversion and Management, 95, 193-228. [2] Martinez, P. J., Pinazo , J. M., & Velazquez, A. (2003). Passive thermal energy storage in refrigerated trailers. ASHRAE Transactions, 109, 324. [3] Gin, B., & Farid , M. M. (2010). The use of PCM panels to improve storage condition of frozen food. Journal of Food Engineering, 100(2), 372-376. [4] Leducq , D., Ndoye , F. T., & Alvarez, G. (2015). Phase change material for the thermal protection of ice cream during storage and transportation. International Journal of Refrigeration, 52, 133-139. [5] Rahman, R., Hasan, A., Das, S. K., & Hossain, M. A. (2013). Performance Improvement of a Domestic Refrigerator Using Phase change Material (PCM). IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, 10(4), 08-16. [6] Mohamed, S. A., Al- Sulaiman , F. A., Ibrahim, N. I., Zahir , M. H., Al-Ahmed, A., Saidur , R . & Sahin , A. Z. (2017). A review on current status and challenges of inorganic phase change materials for thermal energy storage systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 70, 1072-1089. [7] Azzouz , K., Leducq , D., & Gobin , D. (2009). Enhancing the performance of household refrigerators with latent heat storage: An experimental investigation. international Journal of Refrigeration, 32(7), 1634-1644. [8] Hussain, S. I., Dinesh, R., Roseline , A. A., Dhivya , S., & Kalaiselvam , S. (2017). Enhanced thermal performance and study the influence of sub cooling on activated carbon dispersed eutectic PCM for cold storage applications. Energy and Buildings, 143, 17-24. [9] Fan, L., & Khodadadi , J. M. (2012). An experimental investigation of enhanced thermal conductivity and expedited unidirectional freezing of cyclohexane-based nanoparticle suspensions utilized as N ano-enhanced phase change materials ( Ne-PCM ). International journal of thermal sciences, 62, 120-126 .

15. 22-11-2023 Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering Pune 15 ICAME-2022