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1. BIODIVERSITY Topic : ɪɴᴅɪᴀ ᴀs ᴀ ᴍᴇɢᴀ-ʙɪᴏᴅɪᴠᴇʀsɪᴛʏ ɴᴀᴛɪᴏɴ Presented by : YASEEN SAYYED Class : FYBCOM Roll no : 25359 Div : A Subject : Environmental Studies Date : 25 August 2025 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

2. Bio diversity

3. What is Biodiversity ? Biodiversity is all the different kinds of life you’ll find in one area—the variety of animals, plants, fungi, and even microorganisms like bacteria that make up our natural world. Each of these species and organisms work together in ecosystems, like an intricate web, to maintain balance and support life. Biodiversity supports everything in nature that we need to survive: food, clean water, medicine, and shelter.

4. Why is Biodiversity Important ? Biodiversity boosts ecosystem productivity where each species, no matter how small, all have an important role to play.  It gives beauty to our planet. All species in an ecosystem play an important role in it.  For example, a larger number of plant species means a greater variety of crops . Greater species diversity ensures natural sustainability for all life forms.

5. Levels of Biodiversities

6. ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY The variety of habitats found in an area. The variety of forests, deserts, grasslands, aquatic ecosystem etc, that occur in the area. Examples of Ecosystem Diversity - Paynes Prairie Florida Sand hill Pond

7. SPECIES DIVERSITY The number and variety of life forms present in a biological community. About 8.7 million organism in our diversity. Species diversity is very high in tropical rainforests and low in isolated islands. INDIA is among the world’s 15 nations that are exceptionally rich in species diversity. Examples of Species Diversity - Saki monkey Meadow Beauty

8. GENETIC DIVERSITY The variations of genes within a species i.e., different genes and combination of genes within populations For example , there are more than 50,000 varieties of rice and more than a thousand varieties of mangoes found in India. Rice Varieties

9. MEGADIVERSITY Mega diversity countries are a group of countries that are home to a wide variety of plants and animal species. They are 17 countries which have been referred to as mega-diverse by the Center for Global Conservation Monitoring of the United Nations Environment Program. These countries located near tropical areas or in isolated areas of America, Asia, Africa and Oceania.

10. LIST OF 17 MEGADIVERSE COUNTRIES Australia Brazil China Colombia Democratic Republic of the Congo Ecuador India Indonesia Madagascar Malaysia Mexico Papua New Guinea Peru Philippines South Africa United States Venezuela

11. INDIA AS A MEGA DIVERSITY NATION India is one of the 12 th mega-diversity nations of the world. India is in the 10 th position in the world and 4 th in the Asia in terms of plant diversity. India ranks 10 th in the world in terms of number of mammalian species. India ranks 11 th in the world in term of endemic species of higher vertebrates. In terms of number of species contributed to agriculture and animal husbandry, it ranks 7 th in the world.

12. Reasons for India as a mega-diversity nation Endemism Species which are restricted only to a particular area are known as endemic. India shows a good number of endemic species. About 62% amphibians, 50% lizards, 53% fresh water fishes, 36% reptiles, 10% mammals and 33% flowering plants are endemic to India. Western Ghats are the site of maximum endemism.

13. Centre of origin A large number of species are known to have originated in India. Nearly 500 species of flowering plants have their origin in India. India has been the center or origin for 166 species of crop plants and 320 species of wild relatives of cultivated crops. 3) Marine diversity The coastline of our country exhibits a rich biodiversity. Along 7500 km long coastline, in the mangroves, coral reefs back waters etc, different species are found. The marine diversity is rich in mollusks, crustaceans and several species of mangrove plants and sea grasses are found.

14. Diversity of India Geographical diversity Climatic diversity Biological diversity Habitat diversity Cultural diversity

15. Geographical diversity: The land form includes the plains of Ganga on one side to highlands of Deccan plateau on other side. Thus India represent all kind of geographical variations found elsewhere in the world. Climatic diversity: Climatic condition of country range from cold temperate and frost-covered regions of Himalayan to low rain fall regions of dry tropics in the north-western part of the country. On the basis of annual rainfall, the country can be divided in 4. Climatic range : Wet zone (more than 200cm) Intermediate zone (100-200 cm) Dry zone (50-100 cm) arid zone (below 50 cm)

16. Biological diversity: It can be divided into nine phytogeographical regions. India is one of the 12 primary centre of origin of cultivated plant and domestic animals.167 important plant species and 114 breeds of domesticated animals are there. Habitat Diversity: India has high mountains range, plateau, plains, desert, etc. provide variety of habitats for plants and animals. Similarly a number of fresh water and saline lakes, reservoirs, ponds, rivers and stream provides variety of habitats for aquatic plants and animals. Cultural diversity: Our country envisages vast cultural diversity from Jammu-Kashmir in north to Kanyakumari in south, and from west Bengal in the east to thar desert in the west. Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh represent an array of tribal culture.

17. BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS OF INDIA India is one of the top mega-diverse countries in the world. There is a vast range of biodiversity – over 91,000 species of animals, and 45,500 plant species have been documented in India. We will discuss the biodiversity distribution in the four hotspots of India. Two of these— the Indo-Burma region and Sundaland are not strictly confined within the political boundaries of India but are present in South Asia. The major reasons for a rich diversity in these Indian biodiversity hotspots are the suitable climatic conditions, fertile soil, suitable temperature, ample amount of rains, which allows the growth of different plants. These areas are covered with dense vegetation of tropical, sub-tropical forests, dense savanna grasslands.

18. #1 THE HIMALAYAS Geographically, the entire Himalayan range comes under the category of a biodiversity Hotspot. It covers some parts of Pakistan, China, Myanmar, whole Nepal and Bhutan and North Indian state/UT of Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand , Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya. With more than 7.4 lakh Km2 area wise expanse of the Himalayas, only 1.85 lakh km2 of the vegetation cover is left here, among which only 1.12 lakh km2 is protected area.  The Himalayas house more than 10,000 plant species, 300 mammals, 970 birds, 105 amphibians, 170 reptiles and 270 freshwater fishes .

19. The Snow Leopard is a rare sight in the Himalayas Potentilla astrosanguinea , Himalayan Cinquefoil  

20. #2 THE INDO BURMA REGION This region spans over the North-eastern states, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam and the southern part of China. It covers more than 23 lakh km2 area. However, the vegetation cover left is merely 1.18 lakh km2. This hotspot region houses over 13,500 species of plants; over 430 of mammals, 1260 of birds, 520 of reptiles, 290 of amphibians and 1260 of freshwater fishes.

21. Green Imperial Pigeon   Hill Myna

22. #3 THE SUNDALAND The Sundaland biodiversity hotspot region covers indo-Malayan islands (Indonesia and Malaysia). It includes the Nicobar group of Islands – Borneo, Java and Sumatra, Singapore, Philippines.  It covers 15 lakh km2 area of which only 1 lakh km2 vegetation cover is remaining while the area under protection is 1.79 lakh km2.  The Sundaland has more than 25,000 species of plants, 380, 770, 450, 245, 950 of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, freshwater fishes respectively. 

23. #4 THE WESTERN GHATS The Western Ghats are home to some amazing bio-diversity. These mountain ranges run all the way from southern tip of India in Kerala up to Maharashtra while Karnataka falls in the middle. The mountain ranges are one of the prime sources of fresh water to the state and also play an important role in the climate. 2 ) The Western Ghats are home to more than 5000 species of plants and about 35% of these are endemic to this area. 3) These Ghats that are home to several species of animals are also life giving. They refresh the atmosphere with the oxygen they produce. The Ghats also account for most rivers that feed our towns and cities. 

24. bright in color and the rufous colored Malabar Giant Squirrel ( Ratufa indica ) The Blue-eyed bush frog ( Philautus luteolus ) is one of the prettiest bush frogs and was recently discovered in the Western Ghats.   beautiful non-venomous snake of the Western Ghats is the Green Vine Snake ( Ahaetulla nasuta ).

25. ENDANGERED SPECIES Plant or animal species which are at the edge of their extinction are called endangered species. Flying squirrel, Crocodile, Flamingo, Wild ass, etc. are some endangered animal species of India. Guggul , Sarpagandha , Sandal, Kalpavriksha , Pitcher plant, Cycas , Ephedra etc. are some endangered plant species of India.

26. Few endangered species of India Reptiles :Green sea turtle, Tortoise, Python. Birds: Peacock, Great Indian Hornbill, Pelican, Siberian White Crane. Carnivorous mammals: Indian wolf, red fox, tiger, lion, red panda, leopard, striped hyena, desert cat, dugong. Primates: Capped monkey, golden monkey, nilgiri langur , hoolock gibbon. Plants:species of orchids, rhododendrons Santalum , Cycas beddonei ,etc.

27. Some Endangered Plant Species of India

28. Acacia Planifrons Also called the umbrella thorn, this plant grows as a shrub or a short tree. In Tamil they are called kudai vel. The tree is used as fuel and fodder for sheep and goats. When the tree is fully grown, it looks like a spread umbrella.

29. What Happens When Plants Go Extinct ? When some species of plants become extinct, the whole ecosystem of that environment changes or gets disturbed, depending on their importance. The ecosystem is never the same after a plant's total disappearance. Animals or other plants that depend on that plant may also become extinct because of its loss. According to a report published in the scientific journal, ‘Science ,’ between 22% and 47% of the world’s plant species are endangered.

30. Some Endangered Species of India

31. Snow Leopard These animals are large cats. Ladakh , Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand , and the western and eastern parts of the Himalayas are popular for these species. Due to human activities, they are more prone to extinction in the future. 

32. Spoon Billed Sandpiper   Spoon Billed Sandpiper is the world’s most threatened bird species and fall in the category of critically endangered in India too. Extremely small population, habitat loss and loss of breeding grounds takes spoon-billed sandpiper chicks on the verge of extinction. Main wintering grounds in India are delta of Sundervan and neighbouring countries.

33. Reasons for the Increasing Endangered Species 1. Extinction of Wildlife The biggest reason for the extinction of wildlife is human activity. Do you know that the 7 billion human populations represent only 0.1% of all living beings on earth? Yet since the dawn of civilisation , humanity has wiped out more than 60% of mammals, birds, fishes and animals. The inhalation of wildlife is now reached to the level of emergency that threatens civilisation . And even if the distraction now were to end now. 2. Killing for food Killing for food is also a cause of the exploitation of wildlife. Three hundred mammal species are at the door of extinction while the ocean is mostly outfished .

34. 3. Degradation of Forests The vast and growing consumption of food by the global human population is destroying the way of life upon which the human society ultimately depends on clean air, water and everything. According to scientists, the world has begun the 6th mass extinction, the first to be caused by humans. When human tries to step into the habitat of animals, we push them away. Hence it leads to lesser migration lesser breading, and ultimately we are losing the species. The human activity is destroying the wildlife an unacceptable rate threatening the wellbeing of our future generation. 4. Climate change Climate change is also a major cause of endangered wildlife. Climate change threatens organisms and the ecosystem, and they cannot adjust to the changing environmental conditions leading to their death and extinction.

35. ENDEMIC SPECIES Endemic species are plant and animal species that are found in a particular geographical region and nowhere else in the world. Some species are endemic to a continent while the others can be endemic to an island. Restrictions of species in small region is known as Endemism. Asiatic Lion in Gir Forest, Lion-tailed Macaque in Western Ghats of India, Nilgiri Tahr ,etc. are some of the species of animals endemic to India. Nevada primrose, Wax flower, Pennell’s whitlow grass, Intermountain wavering ,etc. are some of the species of plants that are endemic.

36. Asiatic Lion Lion-Tailed Macaque Kashmir Stag Nilgiri Blur Robin SOME ENDEMIC SPECIES OF INDIA Citrus Indica Banyan Tree ( Ficus benghalensis