Fabric structure and properties PPT .pptx

I describe about topic :- Fabrics formed from Fibrous, non fibrous, and yarns in this presentation. And show some pictures of fabrics, their application and uses also. Fabrics like non woven, felts, films etc.

1. Submitted by :- Simran Choudhary Class :- 2 nd year Subject :- advance textile Topic :- fabric structure and properties Submitted to :- Ms. Nidhi Ma’am

2. Fabric structure and properties

3. Lesson 1 Fabrics formed from noN -fibrous Material FILMS Definition :- Films are made directly from a polymer solution by melt extrusion or by casting the solution onto a hot drum. There are two types of chemicals used for most apparel and furnishings:
1.Vinyl chloride. :- washable but become brittle and stiff in dry-cleaning solvents. 2.Polyurethane solutions. :- washable and dry cleanable, soft in cold weather. There are several structures of films. Plain films Expanded films Supported films

4. PLAIN FILMS Plain films are firm, dense, and uniform.
Impermeable (not allowing a liquid or gas to pass through) to air and water have excellent soil and stain resistance good recovery from deformation(distortion). Uses:- Plain films such as latex, chloroprene, vinyl and nitrile are used in disposable gloves for health-care workers. EXPANDED FILMS spongier, softer, and plumper. not as strong or as abrasion – resistant as plain films. Impermeable to air and water. Micropores , permit air & water vapor , but not liquid water.

5. SUPPORTED FILMS more durable, more expensive, easier to sew. less likely to crack and split than non reinforced films.
Composite fabrics. PROCESS Solution is extruded through narrow slits into warm air or cast onto a revolving drum. Molding powders may be pressed between hot rollers. PROPERTIES Films are waterproof, impermeable, stiff, low cost, resistant to soil, and non fibrous . Films have poor drape ability . W eak unless supported by a fabric back. Films can be finished to look like many other fabrics . USES :- Films are used for shoes, shower curtains, upholstery, cooking bag, packaging and plastic bags. They are often used in outdoor clothing, rainwear, tents, and other applications where waterproofing and weather resistance are essential.

6. COMPOSITE FABRICS Composite fabric refers to a type of fabric that is made by combining two or more different materials. The combination of these materials creates a fabric with unique properties and performance characteristics. Composite fabrics are often used in applications where specific performance requirements, such as strength, durability, or moisture-wicking capabilities, are needed. Properties of Composite Materials It has a reinforcement phase embedded in a continuous matrix material. While the reinforcement material and the matrix act on their own before being combined, they act as a single material after combining. Reinforcing materials have at least micro-level dimensions. While the reinforcement materials carry a load, the matrix materials have the task of protecting the reinforcement.

7. ULTRA-SUEDE CONSTRUCTION Suede has beautiful texture .It is “fuzzy” on both sides.
Suede like fabrics are needle-punched fabrics made from micro denier fibers combined with a resin coating and non-fibrous polyurethane. It is used in fashion, interior decorating, automobile and other vehicle upholstery, and industrial applications, such as protective fabric for electronic equipment. Suede like fabrics are being manufactured under two main trade names. 1.Ultra suede®
2.Ultra leather® Ultra suede® is made of 60 percent micro fine polyester and 40 percent polyurethane foam. Ultra leather® is 100 percent polyurethane with a knit back of 70 percent rayon and 30 percent nylon. Belleseime ® is a similar fabric made from 65 percent polyester/20 percent nylon matrix fiber.

8. Lesson 2 Fabrics formed from fibrous material NON-WOVEN FABRICS Definition :- Nonwoven stuffs are largely described as piece or web structures, bonded simultaneously by entangling fibre or filaments mechanically, thermally or chemically. Nonwoven fabrics are also defined as textile materials made directly from fibers and held together as a fabric by adhesives, heat fusion (if thermoplastic fibers ) or through entanglement of the fibers . Non-woven fabrics are a type of fabric that are made by bonding or interlocking fibers together, rather than weaving or knitting them.

9. PROPERTIES of non-woven fabrics Lightweight, breathable, and often disposable.
Good insulation properties.
Durable, tear-resistant, and have good strength.
Easily molded or shaped. Usually flat and flexible.
They can be of any thickness.
Do not ravel or fray at the cut edges.
Easy to care for – machine washable as well as dry cleanable.

10. Uses of non-woven Medical Isolation gowns Surgical gowns
Surgical drapes and covers
Surgical scrub suits
Medical packaging: porosity allows gas sterilization HYGIENEC Baby diapers or nappies Feminine hygiene Adult incontinence products Wet wipes Bandages and wound dressings Disposable bath and face towels Disposable slippers and footwear

11. FILTERS Gasoline, oil and air – including HEPA filtration
Water, coffee, tea bags Pharmaceutical industry
Mineral processing Liquid cartridge and bag filters
Vacuum bags Allergen membranes or laminates with non woven Layers GEOTEXTILES Soil stabilizers and roadway underlayment
Foundation stabilizers
Erosion control
Canals construction
Drainage systems Geomembrane protection
Frost protection
Agriculture mulch
Pond and canal water barriers
Sand infiltration barrier for drainage tile
Landfill liners

12. Uses of non-woven fabrics in the below sectors of technical textiles: Agrotech : Agriculture, aquaculture, horticulture and forestry. Buildtech : Building and construction. Clothtech : Technical components of footwear and clothing. Geotech : Geotextiles and civil engineering. Hometech : Technical components of furniture, household textiles and floor coverings. Indutech : Filtration, conveying, cleaning and other industrial uses. Medtech : Hygiene and medical. Mobiltech : Automobiles, shipping, railways and aerospace. Oekotech : Environmental protection. Packtech : Packaging. Protech : Personal and property protection Sporttech : sports and leisure.

13. PROCESS Non-woven fabrics are produced in the following way:
Fiber → Fabric This process involves using heat, chemicals, or mechanical methods to create a cohesive fabric structure without the need to convert fibers into yarn.
Non- woven fabric is typically manufactured by putting small fibers together in the form of a sheet or web, and then binding them either mechanically (as in the case of felt, by interlocking them with serrated needles such that the inter- fiber friction results in a stronger fabric), with an adhesive, or thermally (by applying binder (in the form of powder, paste, or polymer melt) and melting the binder onto the web by increasing temperature). The first fiberweb , tapa cloth, is made from fibrous inner bark of the fig ( anjeer ) or paper mulberry tree. It was used for clothing by people in many areas of the Pacific Islands and Central America.

14. Bonding methods used for nonwoven production Adhesive bonding: By saturation padding.
By printing.
By foam.
By spraying. Thermal bonding: By applying heat on.
Thermostatic fibers .
Bi-component fibers .
Thermoplastic powder. Mechanical entanglement of fibers : By needle punching.
Water-jet entanglement. Stitch bonding.

15. Fibers used to produced Non-Woven fabric: Cotton Viscose Lyocell Nylon Vinyon Cotton Acetate Polyester
Polypropylene
Bicomponent Fibers Recycled Fibers Polylactide Acrylic

16. Nonwovens are often application-designated as either durable and disposable. Durable Non-woven Definition :- Durable nonwovens have enhanced durability and longevity. These fabrics are designed to withstand repeated use, wear, and washing without losing their structural integrity or performance. Uses :- commonly used in apparel interlinings, carpet backings, subsoil covers for road beds, tiles on a space shuttle, upholstery, automotive interiors, and industrial applications. It also used as house wraps to prevent water infiltration. Properties :- balance of strength, flexibility, and resistance to tearing or fraying. Used fiber :- The major fibers for durables include rayon, polyester and olefin.

17. Disposable Non-woven Definition :- These materials are manufactured and designed with the intention of being thrown away after a single or limited number of applications.
These fabrics are often made from synthetic fibers and are engineered to be lightweight, cost-effective, and easy to dispose of. Uses :- Disposable nonwovens are commonly used in applications such as hygiene products (like diapers and wipes), medical supplies (like surgical gowns and masks), and cleaning products. They provide convenience and hygiene benefits, as they can be easily replaced after use. Used fiber :- The Major Fiber used in nonwovens for the disposables is rayon. The input materials to produce nonwoven fabrics are: The fibers The specialty chemicals such as bonding agents to provide strength.
The auxiliary agents which can be used, for example, to control flexibility, enhance surface texture, or alter moisture transport.

18. Examples of nonwoven materials, made by the systems named above: Needle Punched Nonwovens Needle punched nonwovens are sometimes called mechanical felt or needle punched left. Unlike felt (which is made primarily from wool), needle punched nonwovens can be made from any staple fiber: mechanical intertwining of fibers by needle. This mechanical interlocking is achieved with thousands of barber felt needles repeatedly passing into and out of the web.

19. Bonded Web Nonwovens Bonded web nonwovens were the first nonwovens. Bonded nonwovens are used extensively in disposable items, such as cook‟s hats, hospital and beauty parlor protective gowns, disposable bed sheets, towels tablecloths and draperies . Spunlaid Nonwovens Spunlaid non- wovens are made in one continuous process. Fibers are spun and then directly dispersed into a web by deflectors or can be directed with air streams. This technique leads to faster belt speeds, and cheaper costs. Spunlaid is bonded by either resin or thermal. Slit Extrusion This type of nonwoven is used in food packaging, reinforcing scrim, adhesive networks, and disposable cover stock. Spunlaced Hydro-entanglement: mechanical intertwining of fibers by water jets (called spunlace )

20. 6. Spunbonded Nonwoven Spunbond has been combined with meltblown nonwovens, conforming them into a layered product called SMS (spun-melt-spun). Spunbonded nonwovens are made in a wide variety of weights, degrees of softness and drapability . They are used in geotextiles, clothing interliners , backing for wall papers and vinyl films, carpet backing and shoe linings.

21. 7. Melt Blown Nonwovens Meltblown nonwovens have extremely fine fiber diameters but are not strong fabrics. SMS fabrics, made completely from PP are water-repellent and fine enough to serve as disposable fabrics. Melt blown is often used as filter media, being able to capture very fine particles .

22. Felts Definition :-Felt fabric is a type of non-woven material that is made by compressing and matting fibers together. It is known for its soft and fuzzy texture. The ingenuity of human beings in forming flexible covering materials first expressed itself in felts. Felt manufacture depends upon special characteristics of wool, hair, or fur fibers . Used Fiber :- Felt fabric can be made from natural fibers like wool or synthetic fibers like polyester. It’s a versatile material that can be easily cut, sewn, and molded into various shapes.

23. Uses of felt Felt fabric is commonly used in crafts, such as making hats, bags, and ornaments. It is also used for insulation, soundproofing, and as a lining material.
Also used for Wearing apparel such as skirts and jackets, home furnishing items (tablecloths, pillow covers) , crafts and decorative accents, and industrial purposes.

24. Characteristics Soft, fuzzy, and has a dense structure.
Excellent insulation properties
durability and ability to absorb sound.
Not fray when cut
shaped and molded easily. will not travel, so edges need no finish show good to excellent resilience good shock absorbers will not tear, though fibers may pull apart can be finished to be mothproof, water-repellent, fire proof and fungi-resistant. PROPERTIES The breaking load  is low Low breaking elongation
Loose to be durable.
No elastic recovery
not return to shape after deformation

25. Care of felt fabric Avoid washing it in water. Spot clean any stains with a mild detergent and a damp cloth. Gently blot the stained area without rubbing or scrubbing. Using a fabric freshener spray or hanging it outside in fresh air for freshening up. Store felt items in a cool, dry plac Dry cleaning is recommended for most felt products.

26. Lesson 3 Fabrics formed from the yarns BRAID Definition :- Braiding, in textiles, machine or hand method of interlacing three or more yarns or bias-cut cloth strips in such a way that they cross one another and are laid together in a diagonal formation, forming a narrow strip of flat or tubular fabric. A braid refers to a decorative or functional technique where strands of fabric, yarn, or other materials are intertwined or woven together to create a structured and patterned design. Materials used: Cotton, Jute, Nylon, Glass, Rubber As well as from metal threads, tinsel, straw, wire or leather. Types :- Braids are divided into two types. (1) flat braids , in the form of strips or narrow flat tapes; and (2) round braids , tubular in form, which may be hollow or have a center core of some material.

27. USES Braids can be used as trims, embellishments, or even as functional elements like drawstrings or closures.
They can be used as decorative trims on clothing, such as on the edges of sleeves or along the neckline, as cords for drawstrings or closures on garments like hoodies or jackets.
Such as ribbons and braids for millinery and accessory dress materials; cords and tapes, such as fish lines, shoelaces, wicks, parachute and glider cords, and elastic of various types; and cord coverings for tires, tubing, hose, wires and cables.

28. Properties Have good elongation
Very pliable
curving around edges nicely.
They can add texture, dimension, and visual interest to fabrics.
Durable and can withstand wear and tear.
Flexible and easily manipulated for various design purposes. Yarns are interlaced both diagonally and lengthwise.        Braid is stretchy and easily shaped.
Provide structural support and reinforcement to garments or accessories. Flat or three-dimensional braid is used for trim and industrial products. CHARACTERISTICS

29. LAce Lace is an open work fabric consisting of a network of yarns formed into intricate designs. Lace fabric in textiles is a delicate and intricate fabric that is characterized by its openwork fabric with complex patterns or figures, handmade or machine-made on special lace machines or on raschel knitting machines. The techniques of lace-making involve looping, knotting, braiding, twisting, or stitching thread into decorative, open-work patterns. Quality in lace is based on the fineness of yarns, number of yarns per square inch or closeness of background net, and intricacy of the design. • The two main types of laces are 1. handmade lace 2. machine made lace

30. Types of Handmade laces Bobbin lace: Sometimes called pillow lace, the lace design is drawn either on pillow or on a paper that is placed over the pillow. Antique lace : Has a darned lace pattern on a rectangular mesh ground. Filet lace :Has a darned lace design on a square mesh ground. Darned lace: It has a design darned by a chain stitch onto a mesh background. Needle point lace: Needle point lace is made entirely with a sewing needle and thread. A design is drawn on paper, thread is laid over the design, and the thread is then sewn in place with button hole and blanket stitches. Crochet lace: When handmade, this is made with a crochet hook, to form a series of loops, each one of which is finished with a fine stitch, working usually with specially twisted cotton thread. It originated in Ireland as an imitation of Venetian needle point. It is a comparatively inexpensive heavy lace.

31. Types of machine made laces Leavers lace: The leavers lace machine can produce the most intricate patterns from any type of yam into fabrics up to ten yards wide. It is huge, complex machine that takes an operator two to three weeks to thread. Leavers lace is used to a great extent in the dress industry. Nottingham Lace The Nottingham machine originated in Nottingham, England. It also utilizes swinging brass bobbins but produces a flat lace that is coarser than leavers lace. Bobbin lace: The bobbin machine employs the braiding principle. The lace produced has a fairly heavy texture, with an angular appearance and a uniform count. Rachel lace: Knitting machines can be constructed to make lace resembling levers  and crocheted laces. The Rachel machine, which has its needles set horizontally instead of vertically as for knitting. Ratine lace: It is a machine made lace that has a ground of heavy loops resembling that of terry cloth.

32. EXAMPLES

33. History of lace Lace, a decorative openwork web, was first developed in Europe during the sixteenth century. Lace was very important in men’s and women’s fashion between the 16 th and 19 th centuries, and all countries in Europe developed lace industries. Two distinct types of lace making needle lace and bobbin lace began simultaneously. Needle lace is made with a single needle and thread, while bobbin lace entails the plaiting of many threads. Lace thread was typically made from linen, and later silk or metallic gold threads, followed by cotton in the nineteenth century. Needle and bobbin laces were often named after the region or town where they were made. Preeminent lace making centers were established in Italy, Flanders, and France.

34. Parts of Lace Construction Bride, or Reseau : It is the fine yarn that forms the mesh which provides the sheer ground(background)between the prominent parts of the pattern. Cordonnet : It is the heavy yarn that outlines the pattern.
Picot: It is a decorative loop used both in the pattern and on the edge of the lace.
Toile: It represents the predominant parts of the pattern made by braiding. Knotting, looping, or twisting the yarns.

35. Uses Of Laces. Lace is a decorative fabric used in apparel and home furnishings. Narrow laces are used for trims and insertions; wide lace fabrics are used for curtains, table cloths, and garments.
Lace is a decorative fabric used in apparel and home finishing. Narrow laces are used for trims and insertions; wide lace fabrics are used for curtains, table cloths, and garments.
Laces are made in different widths for different uses. For example, a narrow lace with a Scalloped edge is used for trimming a baby’s dress; a lace with slits or eyelets is so made that ribbon may be run through it.

36. Quality and care Handle it with care. Avoid sharp objects or rough handling. To keep lace in good condition Gently hand wash it with a mild detergent and cold water. Avoid wringing or twisting the lace. Gently squeeze out excess water and lay it flat to dry. Use a fabric steamer or iron on a low setting to remove any wrinkles.

37. Netting Definition :- Netting is a type of fabric that is made by knotting or looping threads together to create a mesh-like structure. There are several types of mesh; they are square, hexagonal, and octagonal. The ranges of mesh sizes is from coarse and open to fine and shear. Uses :- It is commonly used in various applications such as fishing nets, birdcage covers, veils, and even in some types of lace construction. Material used :- Netting can be made from different materials like nylon, polyester, or cotton, and it comes in different weights and sizes depending on its intended use. Properties :- It provides a lightweight and breathable fabric that allows air and light to pass through while still providing some level of coverage or protection.

38. Types of net fabric Net fabric comes in various types, including tulle net, fishnet, power net, and mesh net. Each type has its own unique characteristics and uses. Tulle net is often used in bridal veils and tutus. Fishnet is commonly seen in fashion and accessories. Power net is a stronger and more supportive net used in shapewear and lingerie. Mesh net is popular for sportswear and breathable garments. Bobbinet is a thin to medium weight hexagonal netting. A typical use is for bridal veils. Malines is a very thin, diaphanous diamond-shaped net named after the city of Belgium, its origin.