FACTORS AFFECTING CROP PRODUCTION PPT SLIDESHARE

factors affecting crop production

1. FACTORS AFFECTING CROP PRODUCTION

2. Abiotic Factors 2. Biotic Factors 3. Human Factors

3. Abiotic Factors - The physical environment in which crops are grown can have large effects on the type and rate of growth and development.

4. 1. Climate and Weather Weather- day to day changes of environmental conditions as influenced by wind, rainfall, temperature and light . Climate- general state of the atmosphere at a given location over a long period of time.

5. 2. Temperature - Temperature is a measure of intensity of heat energy. The range of temperature for maximum growth of most of the agricultural plants is between 15 and 40ºC.

6. CROPS MINIMUM temperature °C OPTIMUM temperature °C MAXIMUM temperature °C RICE 10 32 36-38 WHEAT 4.5 20 30-32 MAIZE 8-10 20 40-43 SORGHUM 12-13 25 40 TOBACCO 12-14 29 35 CASSAVA 12 25-29 40 SWEET POTATO 10 21-28 40

7. Generally all aspects of crop growth and development are affected by temperature such as: - photosynthesis and respiration -seed germination -vegetative growth to reproduction - maturity – low temperature delays maturity

8. 3 Cardinal temperature Minimum – The lowest temperature at which growth occurs. Below which growth does not take place. Optimum – That temperature at which rapid growth and development are attained. Maximum – the higher the temperature at which growth would occur. Beyond this the plant ceases to grow.

9. Plants may be classified based on temperature requirements as follows: Cryophillous plants – They require low temperature or cold environment during floral induction. They do not produce seeds in the tropics. Ex. Wheat, apples,

10. 2. Non – cryophillous plants Cold environment is not necessary requirement but warm environment is needed for floral initiation. Example: Corn, rice, sorghumm , mungbean , sweetpotato , coconut

11. 3. Light Three basic aspects of light that affect crop growth and development are the following: Light intensity (solar radiation) Light duration ( daylength ) Light wavelength (light quality)

12. Light intensity - Refers to the quantity of light needed in photosynthesis. Crops are classified as a sun loving crops which require high light intensity or an open field for normal growth and development and shade loving crops which thrive well under partial shading.

13. Light duration - This influences the synthesis of carbohydrates and photoperiodism . Photoperiodism is the response of the plants to the relative length of the light and dark periods. In photoperiodic response, the length of duration of the dark period is more important than the light period and that flowering is more of a response to the dark period rather that the light period.

14. Types of plants according to their reaction to light Short-day plants Long day plants Day neutral plants

15. Short day plants – They bear flowers when daylength is less than the critical value (11-14 hours.)They generally requires 10-14 hours of continuous darkness to form flower buds and develop flowers. Exposure of the plants to longer daylengths (April - August) will keep the plants in the vegetative stage. Ex. Rice, sorhum , soybean, tobacco

16. Long day plants – They bear flowers when the length of day exceeded the critical value of 12-14 hours of daylight. It requires 8-10 hours of darkness for the plants to flower. Ex. Garlic, onion, potato, radish, oats, tobacco and wheat

17. Day neutral plants These are plants whose flowering ability is not affected or conditioned by day length or dark period. They flower after the period of vegetative growth is completed, regardless of the length of daylight. Ex. Tomato, pepper, sunflower, pegion pea, sunflower, corn, cucumber

18. Light wavelength Red light has relatively long wavelength , while blue light, has a shorter wavelength. Ultraviolet rays cause burning of skin and leaves.

19. 4. Water Importance of water in growth and developments of a plant: 1. A constituent of protoplasm – it is an important component of an active plant cell, constituting 80-90 % of the fresh weight of most herbaceous plant parts and over 50 % of the fresh weight of woody plants.

20. 2 . Solvent – a second essential function of water in plants is as the solvent in which gases, nutrients and other solvents enter plant cells and move from cell to cell and organ to organ. The permeability of most cell walls and membranes to water result in a continuous liquid phase extending throughout the plant in which translocation of solutes of all kinds occurs.

21. 3 . Reagent – water is a reactant or reagent in many important processes such as hydrolyses of starch to sugar. 4. Maintenance of turgidity – Another essential role of water is the maintenance of turgidity so essential for cell enlargement and growth, and for maintaining the form of herbaceous plants. Turgor is also important in the opening of stomata and the movement of leaves, flowers petals and various specialized plant structures. Inadequate water to maintain turgor results in an immediate turgor results in an immediate reduction of vegetative growth.

22. GASES The gas composition of the earth’s atmosphere is 78 % nitrogen, 21 % oxygen and 0.03 % carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is very essential in the process of photosynthesis, being a raw material for the process. However, the gaseous composition of the aerial atmosphere remains relatively constant over a wide range of conditions. Oxygen is essential for respiration but deficiencies in the aerial environments are not a problem. In the soil, oxygen deficiencies can occur in periods of waterlogging and root growth can be adversely affected.

23. Wind – It is important in seed dispersal and pollination of plants. They affect the plant differently in higher and lower elevations.

24. 5. Soil/Edaphic Factors - Edaphic means those that are related to the soil and whose effect is more due to soil than climate.

25. Importance of Soil to plants: The basic medium for plant growth Source of moisture and air Source of essential nutrient elements

26. Soil properties and land use The following soil properties determine what crops to grow in the particular area: 1.Topography – refers to the contour of the land, its elevation and depression and other features of the terrain.

27. 2. Soil Texture – refers to the relative proportion of soil separates (% sand, silt and clay.) The following are the effects of soil texture. affect root penetration affect the infiltration of water affect the rate of water movement a ffect the water and nutrient holding capacity.

28. 3. Soil Structure – refers to the size stability and spatial arrangement of the naturally occurring soil particles. The following are the types of soil structure. P latelike Prismlike Blocklike Spheroidal Soil pH- this refers to the degree of acidity or alkalinity of soil. It affects the activities of microorganisms as well as the availability of nutrients in the soil

29. Orographic effects Orographic effects – refers to the geographic location of the farms in relation to the mountains.

30. Climatic stresses The following climatic stresses need proper consideration for they are basically threats to crop production. Drought Salinization or sodic soils Lahar - El Ni ἦ o and La Ni ἧ o Green house effect, ozone and global warming

31. Drought – a long period of time during which there is very little or no rain. Salinization – saline soils are soils that are high in salts. Lahar – volcanic mudflow deposit from hot ash and water El Ni ἦ o and La Ni ἧ a Global warming – an increase in the earth’s atmospheric and oceanic temperatures widely predicted to occur due to an increase in the greenhouse effect resulting especially from pollution.

32. Biotic Factors

33. These factors are related to life especially caused or produced by living things. They also make up an important part of the plants environment.

34. Beneficial Organisms- this includes the pollinators, decomposers, natural enemies of pest and nitrogen fixers. Pest – Their presence also influences plant community like: Weeds Insects and disease organisms Invertebrates and vertebrate pest – Golden snail ( kuhol ) is big problem in rice production.

35. Humans – have great impact since they intentionally alter the plants environment to the extent of controlling it completely, in some instances.

36. Human Factors

37. a. Preferences of Farmers - The decision making of the farmer affects the productivity of his farm. His preference with regards to the crops to grow or enterprise to establish or technology to accept or reject partly determines the nature of the production system. This influence by the farmers knowledge, beliefs, attitudes and goals.

38. b. Capability of the Farmers The capability of the farmers determines the productivity of his production system. This factor is partly affected by the availability of household resources such as land, labor , capital and management capability. A farmer always tends to increase productivity in response to market availability for the commodity produced.

39. c. Cultural Practices - Sociocultural factors influence the production system of the farmers. The sociocultural environment involve the religion, norms and customs, and social institution which strongly influence the productivity of the farming system.

40. d. Political Factors Emphasis should be given to the influence of political decisions on the agricultural productivity of a certain country. Government policies plays a major role in all levels of development programs. In addition, the importation of certain commodities results in the reduction of the productivity by some farmers due to price competition.

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