Family of cylindrical map projection

This is based on Family of Cylindrical Map Projection.

1. Family of Cylindrical Map Projection Nisa Manzoor Nasir Mughal

2. Topic Simple Cylindrical Map Projection Cylindrical Equal area Projection Mercator’s Projection / Cylindrical Orthomorphic Projection Transverse Mercator’s Projection(also called UTM )

3. Projection Is the science of converting the spherical earth surface to a flat plane. Define the spatial relationship between locations on earth and their relative locations on a flat map.

4. Cylindrica l Easy to use Latitude and longitude are at right angles Shows true direction Distorts high latitudes Planar Useful for showing polar regions Distorts direction and distance Conic Good for showing a small area accurately Three Types of Map Projection

5. Simple Cylindrical Map Projection

6. Properties All parallels & meridians are straight lines. The meridians intersect the parallels at right angles. The distances between the parallels & meridians remain the same throughout the projection. Length of all the parallels is equal to the length of the equator. The length of the equator on this projection is equal to the length of the equator on the globe . The projection is neither equal-area nor orthomorphic. Merits: Simple, Scale along equator & meridians is correct Demerits: Scale along parallel away from the equator is exaggerate. It is neither equal-area nor orthomorphic. uses: For narrow belt along the equator

7. Cylindrical Equal-area Projection

8. Properties All parallels & meridians are straight lines. The meridians intersect the parallels at right angles. The distances between the parallels decreasing, but distances between the meridians increasing. The scale of parallels increases and that of meridians. It is an equal-area projection . It is not useful for polar areas because the shape is too much distorted near the poles. Merits :   Correct impression , showing good distributions of characteristics Demerits: It is not useful for polar areas because the shape is too much distorted near the poles Uses: for distribution maps of tropical countries & especially for tropical products

9. Mercator’s projection A projection of a map that all the parallels of latitude have the same length as the equator, used especially for marine charts and certain climatological maps.

10. Properties : All parallels & meridians are straight lines. The meridians intersect the parallels at right angles. The distances between the parallels increasing, but distances between the meridians remain the same. Length of all the parallels is same & is equal to the length of the equator . The meridians are longer than the corresponding meridians on the globe . At a point, the scale along the meridian is equal to the scale along the parallel. Therefore the projection is also called “Orthomorphic Projection” Merits: Direction and shape are accurate   Demerits: Polar areas cannot be shown due to the exaggeration of parallels & meridians. Uses: For navigational purposes in sea & air. Ocean currents, wind directions & pressure systems are shown on this projection due to its true directions. For showing tropical countries for general purposes. Mercator’s Projection / Cylindrical Orthomorphic Projection

11. Rhumb Line An imaginary line on the earth's surface cutting all meridians at the same angle. S traight lines represent lines of constant bearing on the real sphere. These straight lines are called loxodromes/ rhumb line .

12. The Universal Transverse Mercator projected coordinate system uses a 2-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system to give locations on the surface of the Earth. It is a horizontal position representation . Universal Transverse Mercator UTM

13. Derivation of UTM UTM derives from Standard and Transverse Mercator, both projections are cylindrical, which are given below. Standard (or Normal) Mercator Transverse Mercator Standard Mercator Axis of the cylinder coincides with the polar axis and the line of tangency with the equator. Transverse Mercator The axis of the cylinder lies in the equatorial plane, and the line of tangency is any chosen meridian.

14. Properties 1 . Shape Conformal, Accurate representation of small shapes. Minimal distortion of larger shapes within the zone. 2. Area Minimal distortion within each UTM zone.  3. Direction Local angles are true. 4. ArcGIS Define a projection Project a shape file or grid to a new projection. Change the projection for display and Calculation.

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