Farm machinery used in Pakistan for ploughing and cultivation

Farm machinery used in Pakistan for ploughing and cultivation

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2. Speaker: Engr. Muhammad Nazim Assistant Agriculture Officer (Internship) Department Of Agriculture Extension, Rahim Yar Khan Agriculture Farm Implements THE UNIVERSITY OF POONCH RAWALAKOT 4/14/2014 2 Dr.Muqarrab Ali(PhD, Agronomy) Australia Deputy District Officer Rahim Yar Khan

3. TILLAGE SYSTEMS AND IMPLEMENTS Tillage: refer to the field operation needed to improve the Physical conditions of the soil for satisfactory plant growth. 4/14/2014 3

4. TILLAGE SYSTEMS The various tillage operations mey be categorized: Seasonal Off-Seasonal Special purpose 4/14/2014 4

5. 1.Seasonal Tillage: Tillage operations performed for raising the seasonal(Rabi/ Kharif ) crops are called seasonal tillages. They may be Preparatory Tillage Inter-tillage 4/14/2014 5

6. Preparatory Tillage: It refer to tillage operation required for the preparation of good seed-bed for a normal crop stand. Two types of preparatory tillage operations are: Primary Tillage Secondary 4/14/2014 6

7. Primary Tillage: It is usully the intial major soil working(Ploughs) operational break and pulverize the soil after the harvest of the previous crop. The purpose is loosening of the soil and burial of weeds. Stubble and remains of the previous crops. The Depth of ploughing mey range from 10-30cm. The traditional bullocks ploughs ( Desi and Mesion ploughs) have been used for Primary tillage since long. the new tractor- drwn primery tillage implements have been designed for specific operations.These are :Mould board Plough,Disc Plough, Chisel plough, Sub Soiler and Rotavator . 4/14/2014 7

8. Secondary Tillage: It refers to field operations after Ploughing (Primary Tillage) to prepare the seed-bed for planting. In this operation soil is not inverted but instead stirred and conditioned by breaking clouds and crusts, uprooting and removing weeds, stubbles and rootstocks. The conventional local secondary tillage implement is called “SOHAGA” used for land leveling after the final ploughing . Its new improved version is knownas land planner. Some other common secondary tillage implements are ;Disc Harrow, Cultivator(Also called tiller) and Roller or Surface Bcker . 4/14/2014 8

9. 2.Inter-Tillage: It refers to tillage operations after Seeding and before harvesting of the crop. This is also known as inter-cultivation. Hoeing: is the removal of Weeds by hands tools Harrowing : is the use of harrows Earthing Up : refers to the practice of covering the plants with soil in order to facilitate their firm establishment in the field. 4/14/2014 9

10. OFF-SEASNAL TILLAGE: Tillage operations required for soil conditioning, but not for immediate seeding of crop are said to be Off-S easnal tillages. These are done in the off season period for leveling the soil,for leaching to remove salts, and for reducing the population of harmful flora and fauna in the soil. Off-Seasonal tillages mey be Post Harvest, Summer,Winter and fallow tillage. Post-harvest Tillage Summer Tillage Winter Tillage Fallow Tillage 4/14/2014 10

11. Special Tillage Purpose: Tillage operations done for specific Purposes are said to be special purpose tillages. They mey be: Sub-soiling Leveling Blind tillage Clean Tillage Mulch Tillage, Contour Tillage, Wet Tillage Minimum Tillage Systems. 4/14/2014 11

12. TILLAGE IMPLEMENTS / MACHINERY A Wide variety of tillage implements and machinery are used for various tillage operation. These include both the traditional bullocks ploughs ( Desi and Mesion ploughs) and the tractor-drawn modern machinery. DESI HAL / WOODEN PLOUGH: It is made of wood with an iron share to cut the soil surface. It can not penetrate deep in the dry, hard soil, particularly in summer. So it is used when the soil is in workable(water) condition. A drill tube ( Pora ) can be attached to its wooden handle for drilling and seeding. 4/14/2014 12

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14. 2.MESION PLOUGH: It is consist of a long wooden beam and an iron body with a shear having moldboard on its leftside . It can be used for both primary and secondary tillage operation, particularly on light soil found in many parts of country. Mesion plough is better than ordinary “ Desi hal ” because it cuts a rectangular furrow and leaves no uncut land between contiguous furrows. Both “ Desi ” and “ Mesion ” are used by small farmers for cultivation drilling and covering the seed. 4/14/2014 14

15. 3. MOULDBOARD PLOUGH : It is the most popular and frequently. Used primary tillage implement in modern farming. It is designed to cut a narrow strip of soil( furrow slice) The soil upto a depth of 20 to 30 cm. It usually consists of a Main frame, Plough, Bottoms, coulters, Axiles and wheels. 4/14/2014 15

16. 4. DIDC PLOUGH : It is a heavy duty plough used for hard soil, particularly in tropical counties. Heavy steel concave disc of about 60-70cm diameter Rotate and cut the soil to make the furrow slice The number of disc may varies from 3to 6. Disc plough is different than Moldboard plough. 4/14/2014 16

17. Disc plough

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19. 5. CHISEL PLOUGH: Popular primary tillage implement in row crop farming areas. Multi-tines heavy duty field cultivators Operate at soil depth ranging from 15 to 46 cm. Tines are upto 60cm length bolted to strong steel frame. Implements with only 9 tines, working width of about 3m Break plough pan or hard pan. 4/14/2014 19

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21. Chisel plough

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23. 6. SUB-SOILER: Used to break the compact deep layer of the soil. One and more tines, depth of 50cm or more. Like chisel plough Sub- soiler shaters the soil Does not invert, pulverize and bring it to the surface 4/14/2014 23

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25. 7. ROTAVATOR / ROTARY PLOUGH: Primary and secondary tillage operation A set of L-shaped tines Rotate round a horizontal shaft, set at right angles to the direction of travel Shaft is driven from the PTO(power take off) the tractor Directly mounted to the tree-point linkage of the tractor. It is useful for hard,sticky,clay soil Preparation of fine seed-bed Rice, Wheat and Vegetables growing areas 4/14/2014 25

26. Proper land preparation Rotavator

27. 8. HARROWS: Harrow are secondary tillage implement level the soil, break up clods and destroy weeds Different types of harrows used in different Agro-Climatic Zone Disc Harrows Spike-Tooth Harrow Spring-Tined Harrow 4/14/2014 27

28. Disc Harrows: Concave disc blades Share dgess Disc blades with a diameter of 40 to 60cm b . Spike-Tooth Harrow: 25-35 teeth(Spikes) arranged in 5 rows. Depth 5 cm Leveling the soil c. Spring-Tined Harrow: Field cultivator is just like spring-tined harrow Used for Inter-culturing &Fertilizer mixing 4/14/2014 28

29. Disc ratooner

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31. Ridger

32. Ridger with fertilize bow

33. Inter-row cultivator

34. Disc plough

35. Disc ratooner

36. Disc harrow

37. Disc plough

38. Chisel plough

39. Sub soiler

40. Ridger with fertilize bow

41. Ridger

42. Inter-row cultivator

43. Disc ratooner

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